Mai ka makasina: No. 2 2014
Māhele: Māhele
ʻO Viktor Narushev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiʻai, Kumu o ke Keʻena ʻOihana Hoʻoulu Mea kanu, Breeding a Genetics, Saratov State Agrarian University i kapa ʻia ma hope o N.I. Vavilov
Ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻoihana ulu ʻuala kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi o ka ʻoihana agro-industrial o ka ʻāina ʻo Volga. ʻO ka lepo a me nā kūlana o ka ʻāina ʻo Saratov he mea maikaʻi loa ia no ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻuala, kahi e hoʻoholo ai i kona koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka ʻāina. I ka manawa like, ua nui nā loli i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala ma ia wahi i nā makahiki i hala. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hoʻoikaika ikaika a me nā kumuwaiwai liʻiliʻi i alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻuala. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻemi nui ka ʻoihana aupuni i ka wahi ma lalo o ka ʻuala a me ka nui o kāna hana. No laila, ua emi ka māhele o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai i ka hana ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Saratov mai 22% i 1990 a i 5% i 2012.
ʻO ke kūlana o kēia manawa he hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻolako paʻa ʻana o ka ʻuala i ka heluna kūlanakauhale, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā hoʻoilo-puna, alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o nā huahana, ua hoʻemi i ka hoʻokūkū o nā ʻuala kūloko i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā huahana mai. nā ʻāina ʻo Penza, Tambov, Voronezh a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i Rusia, a me nā ʻāina ʻē.
ʻOiai ka paʻakikī paʻakikī, ʻo kēia mau mea e kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana ʻuala ma ka ʻāina:
- ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻuala ma ke ʻano maʻamau a ka lehulehu;
- nā kūlana kūlohelohe a me ke anuanu ma ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina;
- ka momona kiʻekiʻe o nā lepo chernozem ma ka Bank Right, nā ʻāpana ʻākau a me waena o ka Left Bank, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻonohonoho i ka hana paʻa o ka ʻuala ma lalo o ka irrigation;
- hoʻomohala i ka halihali a me ka ʻike ʻike;
- ke alo o nā pilina no ke kākoʻo ʻepekema o ka ʻoihana mai ka All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming (VNIIKH, Moscow region), Saratov State Agrarian University i kapa ʻia ma hope. ʻO N.I. Vavilov", Research Institute o Mahiai o ka Hema-hikina a me Penza Research Institute o Mahiai;
- ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā papahana hoʻopukapuka nui e hoʻomohala i ka hana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana mālama ʻuala (i ʻOkakopa 2012, ua hoʻopau ʻia kahi ʻaelike me ka hui ʻo Malino, e hoʻomohala nei i nā ʻenehana ulu ʻuala hou ma nā wahi he nui o Rūsia);
- nā hana kūpono o ke kākoʻo aupuni no nā mea hana ʻuala mai ka waihona kālā kūloko.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike nā ʻoihana mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai i ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā hua ʻuala i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mahiʻai hale (papa). Eia naʻe, liʻiliʻi nā wahi i lūlū ʻia - i ka makahiki 2012, i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai o ka ʻāina, ua ulu ʻia ka ʻuala ma kahi o 0,5 tausani ʻeka a ma K(F)H - 0,7 tausani ʻeka. I loko o ʻelima mau mahiʻai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻāina i lūlū ʻia ma mua o 50 mau ʻeka (RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC ma ka moku ʻo Krasnokutsk, ʻo Rubin mahiʻai ma ka moku ʻo Bazarno-Karabulak, VIT LLC, Shcherenko P.Yu. mahiʻai mahiʻai a me Kryuchkova M.P. mahiʻai." Engels region). I ka makahiki 2013, ma luna o 35 mau mea mahiʻai nui, waena a me nā mea liʻiliʻi i hana i ka mahi ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Saratov. I ka manawa like, i loko o ʻewalu mau mahiʻai ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻuala ma mua o 50 mau ʻeka.
Dynamics o ka hana ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Saratov
Hōʻike | 2011 g | 2012 g | 2013 |
Wahi ulu ʻuala, tausani ʻeka | 27,0 | 26,8 | 25,4 |
Hua ʻuala, c/ha | 157,6 | 132,3 | 144,6 |
ʻOhi ʻuala nui, tausani tona | 425,8 | 354,6 | 353,4 |
Pono ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka poʻe kūlanakauhale o ka ʻāina me nā huahana maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wā hoʻoilo. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala i kēia manawa, e pili ana i nā kūlana olakino kūpono (95 kg i kēlā me kēia makahiki), hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 60,0 tausani tons. Mai ka 10 a hiki i ka 20 tausani mau ʻuala i lawe ʻia i loko o ka ʻāina i kēlā me kēia makahiki, kahi hapa nui o ia mea e hiki ke hana ʻia i nā mahiʻai ʻuala ma ia wahi. ʻO kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo ia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana no ka mālama ʻana, ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku.
I nā kūlana mākeke o kēia wā, he mea nui ʻaʻole wale ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuala kiʻekiʻe, akā e mālama pū iā lākou a hiki i ka hōʻiliʻili hou ʻana, e hāʻawi i nā huahana i kahi hiʻohiʻona mākeke, a e hana i nā pūʻulu nui e hōʻoia i nā lako maʻamau i nā hui kūʻai kūʻai nui a me nā hale kūʻai. . Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia inā loaʻa kahi ʻōnaehana mālama a hoʻomohala i kūkulu ʻia.
I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole lawa nā hale mālama ʻuala kūikawā i hoʻolako ʻia me ka mechanization, ventilation ikaika a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele ea. Mālama ʻia ka ʻuala i loko o nā hale kūʻai mea kanu a i ʻole nā hale kūʻai kahiko. ʻO nā hale mālama ʻuala hou loa, i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 2008-2012, e hana ana i ka mahiʻai mahiʻai "Shcherenko P.Yu." a me ka mahiʻai mahiʻai "Kryuchkova M.P." ʻĀpana ʻEnelani.
Loaʻa i nā mea hana ʻuala ka hiki ke mālama i ka ʻuala ma kahi o 10 tausani tons. Pono e hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka puʻunaue ʻole ʻia o nā hale mālama i waena o nā mea kūʻai aku: 12 mai 35 mau mea nui, waena a me nā mea liʻiliʻi ua loaʻa iā lākou. ʻIke ʻia ʻaʻole lawa nā hale mālama i kēia manawa no ka nui o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka ʻuala.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā hale kūʻai hou e ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o kā lākou hana. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi hale mālama ʻuala me ka nui o 1,5-2 tausani tons a hiki i 11-12 miliona rubles, me ka nui o 3-3,5 tausani tons - 22-23 miliona rubles.
ʻAʻole loaʻa nā ʻoihana hana ʻuala ma ka ʻāina e hiki ke kōkua i nā mea hana mahiʻai me ke kūʻai maikaʻi ʻana o nā huahana, e like me ka mea i hana ʻia ma Holland, Kelemānia, Denmark, Farani, USA a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
I mea e hoʻomohala ai i ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma ka ʻāina, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi papahana "Hoʻonui i ka hana ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Saratov no 2013-2013" i 2015. Hāʻawi ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka Polokalamu no ka hoʻonui lohi ʻana i ka ʻeka o ka ʻuala i mahi ʻia ma ke kumu o ka ʻenehana a me ka ʻenehana hou, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua a me ka hana nui o nā huahana ʻuala, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi mea hou a me kahi kumu ʻenehana i nā mahi ʻuala, a me ka hana ʻana i nā hana hou.
I ka makahiki 2013-2015, hoʻolālā ke Aupuni o Saratov Region e hāʻawi i ke kōkua i nā hui mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai e hana ana i ka hana ʻuala i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mīkini a me nā mea hana, nā hua a me nā mineral fertilizers, etc. 2015 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2012 a me 2013 e 1,9 a me 1,5 mau manawa.
ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi pūʻulu o ke kākoʻo mokuʻāina no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma ka lilo o ka waihona kālā o ka ʻāina ʻo Saratov e kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoihoi o kēia ʻoihana no nā ʻoihana mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai.
1. Ka lawe ʻana i ka hāʻawi kūpono ʻana o nā ʻuala ma ka ʻāina e ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana, e hoʻonui ana i ka waiho ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hua elite.
Hoʻolālā ʻia ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ua hoʻolālā ʻia e kūkulu ʻia ma Bazarno-Karabulaksky, Novoburassky, Lysogorsky a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka Bank Right. Ma ka Left Bank, e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāina irrigated o nā mahiʻai ma Engels, Sovetsky, Krasnokutsky, Marksovsky a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala.
ʻO ka mea ʻoi loa a hoʻololi ʻia i ka lepo a me nā kūlana climatic o ka ʻāina he mau ʻano ʻuala kūʻokoʻa maloʻo i hana ʻia e nā mea hānai home o ka All-Russia Research Institute of Agriculture a me ka Penza Research Institute of Agriculture kūikawā no ka ʻāina ʻo Volga. I ka manawa like, e hoʻonui i nā huaʻōlelo o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ʻōlelo ʻia e ulu i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā pūʻulu oʻo - nā ʻano ʻano mua no ka ʻai ʻana i ke kauwela; ke kau waena - no ka hāʻule; hope-ripening - no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻoilo a me ka puna mua.
2. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho o nā hana ulu elite ma ka'āpana.
E hoʻomohala ʻia ka hana hua ʻuala Elite i nā hui mahiʻai o ka microzone ʻākau o ka Right Bank, kahi i hiki ʻole ai ke loaʻa nā mea kanu i nā maʻi viral a hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana hoʻomohala holomua (ke kanu ʻana i ke kauwela, varietal weeding, integrated plant protection system, etc.). E hāʻawi nā loea mai VNIIKH a me Saratov State Agrarian University i ke kākoʻo ʻepekema no ka hana hua elite. No ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana hua zonal, pono, ʻo ka mea mua, e hana i nā kūlana no ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hua o nā ʻano ʻuala i hana ʻia e nā mea hānai home.
3. ʻO ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā ʻenehana waiwai hoʻonaʻauao hou o nā wā kanu.
ʻO ka hanana nui i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka Polokalamu ʻo ia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala e pili ana i ka biologization a me ka mālama waiwai. Pono lākou e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma muli o ka lepo a me nā kūlana climatic o nā microzones like ʻole o ka ʻāina a me ke kumu waiwai a me ka ʻenehana o nā mahiʻai.
ʻO ka ʻenehana biologized e pili ana i ka mahi ʻana i nā mauʻu perennial a me nā manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana olaola no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻuala a me nā mea kanu ʻuala (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rizoagrin, flavobacterin, etc.), e hiki ai ke hōʻemi i ka noi nā minerala a me nā mea kanu i ka mālama ʻana i ke koena o nā mea kūlohelohe a me ka momona o ka lepo. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻomākaukau olaola no ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu (boverine, trichogramma, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e hōʻemi i ke kumukūʻai o nā pesticides a hōʻoia i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana kūlohelohe. No ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena koʻikoʻi o ka maloʻo ma ko mākou wahi, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau anti-stress biological kūikawā.
4. ʻO ka hōʻano hou ʻana o ka ʻoihana ʻenehana.
No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala hou i ka ʻāina, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻolako i nā mahiʻai o nā mea mahiʻai me nā mīkini waiwai a me ka ikehu a me nā lako hana no ka hana ʻana, ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻuala, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā ʻano o nā ʻano hoʻokele like ʻole. ʻO nā kumu nui no ke koho ʻana i nā mea hana: hilinaʻi, versatility, loaʻa o nā ʻāpana a me ka lawelawe wikiwiki.
5. Ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻuala i hoʻoulu ʻia ma o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā wahi wai hou.
ʻO ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma lalo o ka irrigation ʻaʻole e hōʻemi wale i nā pōʻino kūlohelohe, akā hoʻonui nui hoʻi i ka hoʻokele waiwai o kāna hana. ʻO ka hua o nā huahana mai nā ʻāpana ʻuala irrigated ʻelua mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ʻāpana like ʻole me ka ʻole o ka irrigation, a me ka huahana hana a me ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu waiwai a me nā ʻenehana, me nā fertilizers, e hoʻonui i ʻekolu a ʻelima mau manawa.
Me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o nā mīkini wai ʻo Fregat a me Volzhanka i kēia manawa, ma nā wahi me ka lepo māmā a me ka lepo, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻololi hou i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻōla waiwai hou - nā mīkini ʻano pahu haʻahaʻa, hoʻopuehu maikaʻi a kulu wai.
6. Ka hana hou ʻana i nā hale mālama ʻuala hou.
No ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka heluna kanaka o ka ʻāina ʻo Saratov me ka ʻuala i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻōlelo ʻia e kūkulu i nā hale mālama ʻuala hou me ka nui o 40 tausani mau toni o nā ʻuala, i hoʻolako ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana ventilation, ka mālama ʻana i ke aniau a me nā ʻano hana o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana. o nā huahana.
Ma nā keʻena mālama ʻuala nui, e hana ʻia nā ʻoihana no ka hana mua (nā huahana semi-finished) a me ka hohonu (ka waiʻona, starch, chips, French fries, etc.) i ka hana ʻuala. Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia wahi e kūkulu ʻia i loko o ke ʻano o ka ʻaelike me ka hui ʻo Malino.
7. Hoʻokumu i nā kikowaena logistic no ka mālama ʻana, ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻuala mai nā mea mahiʻai kūloko.
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā kikowaena logistic e hoʻonui nui i ka hoʻokūkū o nā ʻuala mai nā mea mahiʻai kūloko.
8. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ʻia e nā loea.
E hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaelike no nā loea no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala e ka Saratov State Agrarian University, nona nā limahana aʻo e aʻo nei i nā loea kiʻekiʻe no ka ʻoihana agro-industrial complex. Hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kahi hui kūikawā o nā haku ma ke kula ʻo Potato Growing.
9. Hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pono o nā loea mai nā hui mahiʻai a me nā poʻo o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai i komo i ka hana ʻuala.
Hāʻawi ka papahana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa holomua makahiki o nā mea kanu ʻuala ma nā papa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ka hoʻoilo ma ke kahua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma ka Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Saratov State Agrarian University i kapa ʻia ma hope. ʻO N.I. Vavilov" me ka ICS kūloko.
I ka wā ulu ʻuala, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i kahi ʻano o nā seminar ʻepekema a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma ke kumu o ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā mahiʻai ulu ʻuala ma ka ʻāina, e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻike ma waena o nā mea komo. Ma ke ʻano o ka hōʻikeʻike kūloko makahiki a me ka hōʻike "Field Day", e ʻike nā luna a me nā loea o ka ʻoihana ulu ʻuala i nā hiʻohiʻona hou o nā mīkini mahiʻai a me nā mea hana a me nā ʻano ʻuala.