Mai ka makasina: No. 3 2014
Māhele: In Focus
Boris Anisimov, Hope Luna Hoomalu All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming i kapa ʻia ma hope. A.G. ʻO Lorja
Kūkākūkā ka ʻatikala i nā koi phytosanitary no nā maʻi viral a me nā maʻi bacterial, pono e hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia i loko o nā palena o nā ʻāpana hana hua ʻuala kūikawā. Hāʻawi ʻia ka manaʻo nui i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumu kumu a me nā vectors o ka maʻi, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ala kūpono no ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā phytopathogens i loko o nā ʻāpana kūikawā no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuala hua mua a elite.
ʻO nā maʻi maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi pathogenic a me ka bacteria hiki ke alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka hua ʻuala. Aia kekahi ʻano maʻamau i ʻae ʻia - ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka maʻi ma nā wahi i ulu ai nā hua uala, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi. ma ka hua a ma ka lepo, a ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka pōʻino e hiki ke hana ʻia e kēia mau maʻi [1].
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa honua hou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia pilikia ma ka hana ʻana i nā wahi i pale ʻia (zones) me nā kūlana kūlohelohe, climatic a me phytosanitary maikaʻi no ka ulu ʻana i ke olakino (free from phytopathogens) hua ʻuala. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ia mau ʻāpana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, lilo ia i ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o nā ʻōnaehana hou o ka hana hua ʻuala-free virus [2,3,4,5].
ʻIke ʻia, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka ʻike kūleʻa o ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻāpana kūikawā no ka ulu ʻana i nā hua ʻuala o ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe loa ma Finland, ma kahi ʻāina me kahi anuanu (Tyrnavä province), kahi i ʻoi aku ka paʻa o nā kūlana no ka pono phytosanitary. i hookomoia iloko o keia teritore. ʻO ka hoihoi nui i kēia mea ka ʻike o Great Britain, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā wahi phytosanitary maikaʻi loa i nā ʻāina ʻo Scotland a me Northern Ireland, i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi kūlana EU kūikawā. "Teritori no ka ulu ʻana i nā hua ʻuala o ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe" (High Grade Seed Potato Region) [6,7].
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma kekahi mau wahi o ka Russian Federation, ua hana ʻia ka hana ikaika i ka hana ʻana i nā wahi kūpono no ka hana hua ʻuala, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka mana phytosanitary state stricter a ua uku ʻia ka nānā kūikawā i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pilikia o ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi. ma ka hua a ma ka lepo [2,3,4].
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻana o ka mana phytosanitary i loko o nā palena o nā ʻāina kanu hua i koho ʻia, ʻehā mau pūʻulu o nā mea pathogenic i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia:
- nā maʻi a me nā pests o ka quarantine significance (ka maʻi ʻuala, ka pala ʻeleʻele, ka nematode ʻuala ʻuala);
- nā maʻi phytopathogenic i hoʻouna ʻia e nā ʻano aphid migratory (Y-ʻuala maʻi (YBK - nā ʻano like ʻole), A-ʻuala maʻi (ABK), M-ʻuala maʻi (MBK) a me ka ma'i 'oloka lau 'uala (PLV);
- nā maʻi maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā nematodes a me nā fungi e noho ana i ka lepo (ʻO ka maʻi maʻi panicle kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻuala (“MOP-TOP”) a me ka maʻi hoʻomaʻi paka rattle (“RETTL”);
- bacteria pathogen ("ka wāwae ʻeleʻele" a me ka pala o nā ʻuala).
ʻO nā maʻi a me nā pests i loaʻa ka quarantine koʻikoʻi i manaʻo ʻia he pōʻino loa, no laila e hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia ma o nā mea kanu a ma o ka lepo ma nā wahi e ulu ai ka ʻuala.
Hoʻoponopono ʻia nā koi phytosanitary no nā maʻi viral a me nā maʻi bacteria e ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻae hoʻoponopono i loko o ke ʻano o nā kūlana o ka honua a me ka ʻāina no ka ʻuala hua [8,9]. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina e lawe aku ana i nā hua ʻuala, ʻaʻohe ʻae ʻia no nā maʻi bacteria (Dickey/Pectobacterium spp., Clavibacter michiganensis). Hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia ka maʻi ʻana o nā mea kanu me nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā ʻano aphid migratory ma muli o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua o nā ʻano tuber mai nā hua pololei o nā papa SE (super elite), E (elite), A a me B (1-2 reproductions ma hope o ka elite) me ka hoʻohana ʻana. nā koi hoʻoponopono kūpono o nā kūlana (Papa 1).
Papa 1. Nā ʻae hoʻoponopono o nā kūlana no ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o nā hua ʻuala e komo ana i ke kālepa ma nā ʻāina ʻo EU (ELIZA test)
Страны | ʻO ka ʻae ʻana no nā papa/hanauna o nā hua ʻuala, % | |||
SE | E1-3 | A1-2 | B | |
EC* | 4 | 10 | ||
UNECE** | 2-4 (1-2) | 10 (5) | 10 | |
Kelemānia** | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | |
Holland | 0,5 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Pinilana*** | 0,5-1 | 4-10 | ||
France | 1 | 2 | 5 | |
Pelekiuma | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
Pelekania | 0,5 | 0,5-4 | 8 | 10 |
ʻO Czech Republic | 2 | 2-4 | 5-10 | 10 |
*E like me ka EU Directives 2002/56 a me 93/17
** Ka hoomanawanui no YVK
***Ka hoʻomanawanui no nā maʻi maʻi YVK+AVK
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena o ka maʻi viral o ka ʻuala e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā ʻano kūlohelohe a me nā climatic o nā ʻāina. Ma ka ʻāina ākea o Rūsia, hiki ke ulu maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻuala ma nā wahi āpau, akā hiki ke hana i nā mea kanu hoʻokūkū kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe wale nō i nā kūlana me ke anuanu maikaʻi loa a me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka laha ʻana o nā pathogens o nā ʻano koʻikoʻi (acute). nā maʻi viral, ʻoi aku ka wrinkled and banded mosaic (YBK) a me ka necrotic ringspot potato tubers (YВКNTN) (Kiʻi 1).
Fig. 1 Nā hōʻailona o ka mosaic koʻikoʻi (acute) (YBK) a me kahi apo o ka ʻuala ʻuala (YBKNTN) [9].
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka nui o nā kūlana kūlohelohe a me nā ʻano climatic, a me nā mea i loaʻa ka hopena ikaika loa i ka maikaʻi o nā hua ʻuala ma nā wahi o kā lākou hana ʻana i ka Russian Federation, ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i ʻekolu mau ʻāina i loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa nui i ka. pae o ka hoʻouka maʻi a me ka nui o ka hana vector o nā inike e lawe ana i ka maʻi.
Māhele ʻĀkau a me ke komohana ʻākau ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea maikaʻi loa no ka ulu ʻana i nā hua ʻuala kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke anuanu i ka wā ulu, a me kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā insect vectors, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi ʻino loa. He pōkole loa ka wā ulu ma kēia mau ʻāina: mai ka hopena o Mei a i waena o Kepakemapa (100-110 mau lā). Akā ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka lā, kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā latitudes ʻākau, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā ulu mua, hana i nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka ulu wikiwiki a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, ka wikiwiki ʻana i ka tuberization a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻO kēia mau kūlana e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i kēia mau ʻāina no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea hua kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao waena o Rusia, me ka Central, Central Black Earth region, Middle Volga region, a me nā Urals, Siberia, a me ka Far East, ʻoiai ke ʻano ākea o ke aniau a me ka lepo, ua ʻike ʻia e kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa o ka haʻahaʻa infectious a hiki ke e noʻonoʻo ʻia he ʻāina maikaʻi loa i nā huaʻōlelo phytosanitary no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kāu hana ponoʻī o nā hua ʻuala e like me nā koi kānāwai o nā kūlana.
Hema a me nā ʻāina Hikina Hema ʻaʻole maikaʻi no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea anoano kiʻekiʻe. Ma muli o ke kau wela a maloʻo a, ma ke ʻano he kūlana, he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi maʻi a me ka nui o ka hana vector o nā iniseti e lawe ana i ka maʻi (koe naʻe nā ʻāpana mauna a me nā wāwae o ka North Caucasus), ka helu o ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka piʻi ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi me kēlā me kēia hanauna kula ma mua o nā wahi i loaʻa i nā latitu ʻākau. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi viral e hōʻemi i ka huahana a hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i ka maikaʻi o ka hua o ka ʻuala ma hope o ka lua o ka ulu ʻana, a ma nā ʻano maʻalahi ma hope o ka mua.
ʻO kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana ulu ulu kūikawā ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wahi o nā ʻāpana ʻāina ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka wehe ʻana o ka spatial pono o nā mea olakino mai nā kumu kumu o ka maʻi viral (ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala meaʻai, nā kīhāpai meaʻai, nā hale, etc.) . No kēia kumu, i loko o nā palena o nā ʻāpana ulu ulu kūikawā, pono ia e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i nā kūlana haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻokaʻawale spatial no nā ʻāpana kūpono a me nā papa o nā hua kanu kumu a me nā elite. Ma muli o nā manaʻo hou e pili ana i nā ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻoili ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi phytopathogenic, a me ka neʻe ʻana o kā lākou mea lawe i ka ʻuala, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hōʻoia i kahi mamao spatial mai nā kumu kumu o ka maʻi no nā mea kanu o nā pae mua o ka. ka hana hou ʻana o 500 m, nā hanauna kahua ma hope o 100 m (Papa 2)
Papa 2. Manaʻo ʻia nā kūlana o ka hoʻokaʻawale spatial no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻuala hua mua a elite.
waeʻano | Papa | ʻO ka hoʻonani |
Mea maka | Ke ulu nei i nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ka pale ʻana mai nā vectors infectious | Hoʻopili i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kauwela me ka uhi polycarbonate, e uhi ana i nā tunnel i hana ʻia me nā mea uhi māmā |
ʻuala hua kumu | Hoʻolaha kahua (1-2 hanauna) | 500 m ka mamao mai nā papa ʻuala hua ʻē aʻe |
ʻuala hua elite | Nā kahu hānai super elite a elite | Ka mamao o 100 m mai nā papa haʻahaʻa o nā hua a me nā mea kanu pāʻoihana |
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā wahi kahakai maikaʻi e kū kokoke ana i nā kai a me nā kino wai nui, nā māla i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā mea kanu ulu lāʻau pale-screening, a me nā ʻāina hoʻoulu ʻia ma nā wahi mauna i kūpono loa i nā mea hoʻomohala maikaʻi i loko o nā palena o nā hua- wahi ulu. He mea nui ka ʻāina i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no nā kahu hānai ma kahi mamao loa mai nā māla ʻuala o nā ʻoihana ʻoihana a me nā ʻāpana home o ka lehulehu. I loko o nā palena o kahi wahi e ulu ana i nā hua kanu, pono e haʻalele ʻia ka hiki ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā māla o ka lehulehu a me nā hale kauwela.
Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona kūpono, e hana i kahi kaiapuni maikaʻi loa i kahi ʻāpana hana hua kūikawā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana i nā hanauna kula mua, ʻo kahi ʻenehana hiki ke loaʻa a maikaʻi loa ʻo "micro-isolation" me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu pale o nā hua palaoa a mauu paha. nā ʻaoʻao o ke kahua (Fig. 2).
Laiki. 2. Hoʻolālā o ka micro-kaʻawale o nā mea kanu o nā hanauna kula mua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pale pale i ka lūlū ʻana i nā mea kanu palaoa ma nā kihi o ke kula.
I mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu i nā ʻāpana hana hua kūikawā, pono pono e hoʻohana piha i nā hana mahiʻai maikaʻi loa e kaupalena ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi viral i nā kūlana kula, me:
- ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana i hoʻokumu ʻia no ka hoʻokaʻawale spatial o nā ʻuala hua mua a elite mai ke kanu ʻana o nā reproductions haʻahaʻa;
- ka hana ʻana i nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka tuber i ka wā ulu;
- ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe phyto maʻamau me ka hōʻole ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana i nā mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻia mai nā mea kanu, e like me nā kumu o ka maʻi;
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides maikaʻi, a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā ʻaila mineral a me nā mea kanu e kūʻē i nā aphids e lawe ana i ka maʻi viral;
- ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo maikaʻi loa no ka wehe ʻana i nā piko i ka wā e loaʻa ai ka mākeke hua kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻuala, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana i nā kumu o ka maʻi a me nā iniseti e lawe ana i nā maʻi (migratory species of aphids) i nā kūlana o kēlā me kēia mahiʻai;
- disinfection o nā keʻena mālama, nā mea hana, nā mīkini, nā ipu ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i nā hua.
I loko o nā wahi kanu hua i koho ʻia, pono e hana ʻia nā mea kanu e like me nā koina maikaʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia no nā ʻāpana a me nā papa o nā hua ʻuala i hana ʻia.
Pono e kaupalena ʻia nā kumu o nā mea hoʻokomo i loko o nā palena o nā wahi i koho ʻia i nā mea i kūpono i nā pae hoʻohālike maʻamau. Ua ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai mai nā kumu like ʻole, akā inā kūpono ia i nā koina maikaʻi. Pono e hana ʻia nā mea hoʻomaka olakino ma nā hale hana a me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, aia paha ma waho o ka wahi i koho ʻia.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻāina, pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu i hana ʻia i loko o kona mau palena i kona wahi i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ke kanu ʻana i nā mea i hana ʻia ma waho o ke kahua. Ma kēia ʻano, he mea nui ia e hōʻoia i ka mālama pono ʻana i nā māla o nā kamaʻāina a, inā pono, e hoʻonohonoho i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hua kanu hua kiʻekiʻe no nā pono o nā māla kūloko a me nā kamaʻāina kauwela. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, hiki wale kēia ma ke kumu o ke komo ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lehulehu a me ka makemake o nā kamaʻāina i ka hoʻololi mālie ʻana i kā lākou mea kanu kūloko kahiko me kahi mea hou, i hana ʻia i loko o nā palena o ka hua i hoʻomalu ʻia. -'āina ulu.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi o kahi ʻenehana hana ʻenehana kūikawā i loko o ka ʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana nānā kūikawā, pono e hoʻohui i nā loiloi phytosanitary kahua maʻamau a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lau a me nā ʻōpala. Pono e hōʻoia i ka mālama pono ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokolohua maʻamau a me nā ʻano hana no nā papa / hanauna o nā hua ʻuala. No laila, i ka mea invitro mua i manaʻo ʻia no ka micropropagation clonal i loko o nā laboratories, 100% o nā mea kanu e hoʻāʻo ʻia e ELISA a me ka nānā ʻana PCR. Ke ulu nei ka mini-tubers i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o 250 mau mea kanu mai kēlā me kēia ʻano e hoʻāʻo ʻia e ELISA. I ka hanauna mua o nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi, 200 mau mea kanu no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o kēlā me kēia ʻano like ʻole e hoʻāʻo ʻia e ELISA (a i ʻole 200 mau ʻuala i loko o kahi laʻana o ka tuber post-harvest). Ma kahi laʻana ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana mai ka mea kanu super-super elite, 200 mau ʻuala mai kēlā me kēia pūʻulu e hoʻāʻo ʻia e ELISA. Ma luna o ka ʻuala super-elite a me ka elite, ma kahi o ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu, i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana i ke kula, ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu me nā hōʻike maopopo ʻole o nā hōʻailona maʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano immunodiagnostic.
ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana nānā e hui pū ana i ka nānā ʻana i ka phytosanitary kahua a me ka mana o ka laboratory mandatory o nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻuala hua i loko o nā palena o nā ʻāpana ulu ulu kūikawā pono e lilo i ʻāpana o nā lula ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala mua a elite.
I ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana kūikawā no ka hana hua ʻuala, ʻo ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai ma ka hana ʻana i nā noiʻi e ʻike ai i nā pōpoki, nā maʻi a me nā nāhelehele me ka hoʻopuka ʻana o nā passport phytosanitary o nā māla he mea nui. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā passport phytosanitary o nā māla ʻo ia kekahi o nā koi no ka hōʻoia manawaleʻa o nā poʻe a me nā hui kānāwai i hana ʻia i ka hana ʻana (ka mahiʻai), ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana (hoʻomākaukau), ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hua o nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe.
Palapala puke
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4. Anisimov B.V. Nā ʻāpana kūikawā no ka hoʻohua ʻana i ka hua ʻuala // ʻuala a me nā mea kanu. 2015. Helu 4. aoao 34-37.
5. Ka ʻike ʻana i nā wahi pest free a me nā wahi haʻahaʻa o ka laha ʻana o nā pest. Roma, FAO = ISPM 22:2005. Ke ano komo: https://www.ippc.int/core-activiities/standards-setting/ispms.
6. Na Hula Ula (Scotland) Hoololi i na Kanawai 2000 no. 201.= (lā i komo i ka ikaika 01.04.2006). Ke ano komo: https://www.legislation.gov.uk - ʻŌlelo: English, Russian.
7. ʻO ka Seed Potatoes (Scotland) Hoʻololi i nā lula 2010 no. 71.= (lā mana: 1.07.2010) Ala komo: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/-
8. UNECE Standard S-1, E pili ana i ke kuai ana a me ka hoomalu maikai ana i na hua uala. NA AINA HUI, Nu Ioka a me Geneva. 20B.- 41 p.
9. Alakaʻi UNECE i nā maʻi ʻuala hua. Pests a me nā hemahema. Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. Komisina Hoʻokele waiwai no Europ, Māhele Kūikawā no ka Hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻuala Hua .Geneva, 2014. –108p.