O. V. Abashkin, Yu. A. Masyuk, D. V. Abrosimov, O. A. Aleksyutina, V. I. Chernikov
I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ko mākou ʻāina i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā herbivorous bugs, me kēlā mau ʻano i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he ʻuala. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻopōʻino pololei ʻana i nā mea kanu, ʻo kēia mau ʻano ka mea lawe i nā pathogens o nā maʻi viral, ʻo ia hoʻi ka potato spindle tuber viroid a me ka mosaic leaf curl virus.
ʻO ka ʻuala spindle viroid (ʻO Pato ka pale ʻūhā viroid). Hōʻike ʻia ka maʻi e ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻōpuʻu, ʻokiʻoki i nā lau, a me ka curvature o ka ʻili lau. Aia nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā petioles o nā lau ma kahi kihi koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā lobes hope o ka papa kiʻekiʻe ua hoʻololi ikaika ʻia, kūlou i nā ʻaoʻao, e hana ana i kahi ʻano ʻoki, lilo nā lau i ke ʻano ivy ma muli o ka curvature o nā veins a me ka ʻoki ʻana o nā lobes lau marginal. ʻO nā lāʻau i hoʻopilikia ʻia e lilo i chlorotic, a loaʻa i nā poʻo kahi kala anthocyanin. ʻO nā ʻuala i hoʻopili ʻia e elongate, lawe ʻia i kahi ʻano spindle, a i kekahi manawa ua puka nā māwae hohonu ma luna o lākou. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻuala ʻōpuʻu a pōʻai liʻiliʻi mai 0.5 a 2.5 cm ke anawaena; i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana, ʻeleʻele nā kiko, paʻakikī ko lākou ʻili a kaomi ʻia i loko o nā ʻōpala. I nā ʻano like ʻole me ka waihoʻoluʻu anthocyanin (ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula), i ka wā i hoʻopilikia ʻia e viroid, e emi ana ka nui o ka kala o nā ʻōpala. ʻO ka maʻi e alakaʻi i ka nui o nā mea kanu.
ʻo Mosaic virus cka wili ʻana i nā lau o ka ʻuala ʻike ʻia ʻo: K-mosaic leafroll virus, M-ʻuala ʻuala, ʻuala paracrincle virus Salaman, ʻuala M (PVM), ʻuala 7 Smith. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia e nā hōʻailona hiʻohiʻona: nā ʻaoʻao wavy o nā lau o luna, e like me nā moku. Hōʻike nui ʻia kēia hōʻailona i ka wā pua. I ka pau ʻana o ke kau ulu ʻana, nāwaliwali a nalowale loa nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi. I ka manawa pinepine, aia ka maʻi ma kahi kūlana huna (latent) a laila hiki ke ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ala kūikawā - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). I kekahi manawa ua hui pū ʻia ka maʻi me nā maʻi maʻi ʻē aʻe (nā maʻi ʻuala S a me X). ʻO nā mea kanu maʻi e hoʻemi i ka hua (e 25-40%) a me ka starch maʻi o ka tubers (e 2-3%). I nā ʻāpana hua o nā ʻuala elite, lawe ʻia nā viroid maʻi a me nā mea kanu viral i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe phytosanitary.
Nā pāpaka moe (hemiptera a i ʻole hemiptera) he suborder nui o nā pepeke me ka ʻoi aku o 40 mau ʻano.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau i nā ʻelele a pau o kēia kauoha ʻo ko lākou mau waha hū ʻūhā (ua hui ʻia ka proboscis, e hohola ana mai ke alo o ke poʻo). He ʻokoʻa loa ka noho ʻana o nā moena moe: hiki ke loaʻa nā inike ma ka home (nā ʻōpala moe), i loko o nā kino wai (nā wai hoʻoulu wai e noho ana ma ka ʻili o ka moana, a me nā moena moe wai maʻemaʻe, nā ʻupena o ka iʻa e ʻai ai i ka palai iʻa), ma ka ke one, nā ululāʻau, a pēlā aku. Nui nā ʻano moena moe i ka pōmaikaʻi nui ma ka ʻai ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea ʻino o nā mea kanu mahiʻai, me ka ʻuala. Akā hiki i nā ʻōpala herbivorous ke hōʻeha nui i ka mahiʻai.
Loaʻa nā ʻuala ma ka ʻuala
Loaʻa nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻōpala herbivorous ma nā mea kanu ʻuala: pua sinapi (Eurydema festiva L), ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo (Nezara viridula L), ʻōpala beet ʻōmaʻomaʻo (Orthotylus flavosparsus C), ʻo Norway bug (Calocoris norvegicus Gmel) - ma kahi o ka hānai ʻana i ka mea kanu. meaʻai, hoʻopau kēia ʻano i nā ʻupena pepeke - me ka pīkī potato Colorado; ʻo ka meaʻai (Lygus pratensis L), ka ʻōpala alfalfa (Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze), ka ʻōpala kumulāʻau ʻōmaʻomaʻo (Palomena prasina L), ka ʻōpala ʻoniʻoni (Graphosoma italicus Mull), ka ʻōpala beet (Poecilos cytus - Polymerus cognatus Fieb), ka ʻōpala palaoa (Trigonotylus ruficornis Geoffr). ). ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana horsefly e hoʻouna ikaika loa i nā pathogens o nā mea kanu mea kanu.
Slepnyaks a ʻo Miridae paha - nā ʻiniko liʻiliʻi, elongated maʻamau, me nā uhi palupalu. ʻAi nui lākou i ke kohu mea kanu. ʻO ka huina, aia ma luna o 650 mau ʻano i loko o ka ʻohana - ʻoi aku kēia ma mua o ka hapalua o nā ʻano o nā moena moe i loko o ka fauna home. Ma kahi o 50 mau ʻano e hōʻino i nā mea kanu mahiʻai. Lawe kekahi mau ʻano i nā pathogens o nā maʻi kanu viral. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano mai kēia ʻohana ka mea ʻino loa.
ʻuala ʻuala (Calocoris norvegicus ʻO Gmel) - he ʻiniko o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻeono a ʻewalu mm ka lōʻihi. He lōʻihi a ʻano like nā antennae. He melemele nā hua a hiki i ʻelua mm ke anawaena. Loaʻa ma ke kāpeti, ʻuala, rosa, a me nā chrysanthemums. ʻO nā larvae (nymphs) a me nā pepeke makua e omo i ka wai mai nā lau, nā inflorescences, a me nā pua. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiko necrotic ma nā wahi ʻino o nā lau. Miminoni nā lau a ʻano ʻino ke kumu. Ma waena o nā latitudes, hoʻopuka ka bug i ʻelua hanauna i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Waiho nā wahine i nā hua i loko o nā kumu lāʻau, kahi e hoʻoilo ai lākou. Hāpai nā nymphs mai nā hua i ka pūnāwai a ʻai i ke kohu mea kanu.
Bug nahelehele a i ʻole ke kīpē kahua (Lygus pratensis L). ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino 5-7 mm. He oval pōkole ke kino, mai ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo-melemele a i ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. ʻEkolu laina ʻeleʻele o ke poʻo, he melemele-'ōmaʻomaʻo ke poʻo, me ʻelima mau kiko ʻeleʻele ma ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino (ʻelua ma ka pronotum, ʻelua ma ka mesonotum a hoʻokahi ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka ʻōpū). Hāʻawi ʻia ma nā wahi āpau koe wale ka tundra zone. ʻO nā ʻōpala moe makua i ka hoʻoilo ma lalo o nā ʻōpala o nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu lāʻau. Ma hope koke o ka hehee ʻana o ka hau. I ka pūnāwai (ʻApelila - Mei), hānai nui ka meadow i nā mea kanu hoʻoilo, a laila neʻe i nā mea kanu mea kanu, sugar beets a me nā mauʻu forage, a laila neʻe ia i nā kanu ʻuala. Hoʻomoe nā wahine i nā hua i loko o nā ʻiʻo succulent o nā petioles a i ʻole veins o nā lau o nā ʻano mea kanu he nui. ʻO ka manawa embryonic he 10 mau lā. Hoʻokumu nā ʻōpala i nā lā 25-35. Ma ka steppe zone ma ka hema o Ukraine, ma ka Lower Volga a me ka North Caucasus, hāʻawi ka pest i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau hanauna, ma ka nahele-steppe zone - ʻekolu mau hanauna, ma ke kikowaena waena o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka Lūkini. Federation - ʻelua hanauna, ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha hanauna. ʻO ka lele o ka hanauna mua ma ke kikowaena o ka Russian Federation e ʻike ʻia i ka hopena o Iune - i ka hoʻomaka o Iulai, ʻo ka lua o ka hanauna - mai ka lua o Iulai a hiki i ka hopena o ʻAukake. ʻO nā ʻōpala ʻo Meadow he mea paʻa loa, lele pinepine e ʻimi i nā mea kanu meaʻai kūpono. ʻAi ʻia nā lau e ka pest curl, nā lālā lāʻau i hoʻopilikia ʻia me ke ʻano ʻole a keakea i ka ulu ʻana. Hāʻule nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā pua i pōʻino. I kekahi mau makahiki, hoʻopōʻino nui nā bedbugs i nā mea kanu mahiʻai, ʻo ka nui maoli o ia mea ʻaʻole hiki ke loiloi mau ʻia e ka maka, no ka mea, ʻo nā pests kekahi e lawe i nā maʻi viral.
Alfalfa bug maʻamau ai ole ia, lele lio alfalfa (Adelphocoris lineolatus ʻO Goeze). ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino 7.5 - 9.0 mm. Hoʻonui ka proboscis i waena o ka prothorax. Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino i ka lauoho kala. Aia ʻelua a ʻehā mau kiko ʻeleʻele ma ka pronotum. Loaʻa ia ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Rūsia - ma ke kūkulu ʻākau a hiki i Karelia, Kirov a me Sverdlovsk, ma ka nahele a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau-steppe o Siberia a ma Central Asia - a hiki i 62о Me. w. Waiho ʻia nā hua i loko o nā kumu o nā legumes perennial i ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka maʻi ma hope o ka pua ʻana he 14 - 60 mau lā ma kahi mahana o + 15 - 20.оC. ʻO nā mahana maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pest: + 20 - 30оC. Bedbug larvae molt eha manawa a ulu, ma muli o ka mahana, mai 14 a 34 lā. Ma Ukraine hāʻawi lākou i ʻelua, a ma Central Asia - ʻekolu mau hanauna.
I ka mahana ma lalo o + 15оMe ka ulu ʻana o nā hua i nā wahine, pau ka ulu ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka steppe zone o Ukraine a ma ka hikina hikina o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Rūsia, ʻo ka wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻemi i ka nui o nā bedbugs. Hoʻemi pū ka heluna pest i nā mahana wela haʻahaʻa.
Ma ka ʻuala, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpala alfalfa ma nā ʻāpana hema. ʻO ke kumu, hānai nā pests i nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu, kahi e maloʻo ai nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā pua.
Bug kahua (mauʻu (Lygus pratensis L)). ʻO 6.0 - 6.5 mm ka lōʻihi o ka insect. He palahalaha ke kino, elongated. ʻO ke kala he ʻōmaʻomaʻo hina a ʻeleʻele paha. He polyphagous ka pahu kahua. ʻAi ia i nā mea kanu lāʻau he nui. Hoʻomoe nā ʻiʻo makua (imago) a ala koke ma hope o ka heheʻe ʻana o ka hau. I ʻApelila - Mei, hānai nā ʻōpala i nā mea kanu hoʻoilo, a laila neʻe i nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu mea kanu, sugar beets, forage mauʻu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a laila ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka ʻuala. Hoʻolaha ʻia ka ʻano i nā wahi āpau koe wale nō ma ka ʻāpana tundra. Ma ke kikowaena waena o ka Russian Federation, hāʻawi ka bug i ʻelua mau hanauna (hanauna), ma ka hema o Ukraine, ma ka ʻāina Lower Volga, ma ka North Caucasus - ʻekolu a ʻehā mau hanauna. Ma ka waena waena, lele nā ʻōpala mua i ka hopena o Iune, i ka hoʻomaka o Iulai, a lele ka lua o nā mākua makua mai ka hapa ʻelua o Iulai a i ka hopena o ʻAukake. He kiʻekiʻe ka hana o nā manu lele, e kōkua ana i ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi kanu viral a lākou e lawe nei (e like me ka potato spindle tuber viroid a i ʻole potato gothic virus, potato mosaic viruses, stolbur of nightshade plants), ma ka hema o Rūsia.
Bug beet a i ʻole iālop palaunu beet (Poeciloscytus, Polymerus cognatus ʻO Fieb) ai ole ia, Lelele lio beet. 3-5 mm ka lōʻihi. Ua uhi ʻia ke kino me ka lauoho silika; ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka pronotum, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke apo cervical e kahi awāwa hohonu. He ʻokoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu, ʻano like ʻole, maʻamau brownish-yemele. He melemele mau ka piko o ka scutellum. ʻO nā ʻēheu mua he ʻeleʻele-melemele me kahi ʻano ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i waenakonu. He ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula ka huinakolu ma waena o ka membrane a me ke koena o ka elytra. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka larva me nā maka ʻulaʻula, a hiki i 3.3 mm ka lōʻihi. Aia nā kiko ʻeleʻele ʻelua ma ka pale. He wahi poepoe eleele ma ka aoao hope o ka opu. Hoʻopau nā hua i ka hoʻoilo ma nā mea kanu like ʻole (bindweed, quinoa, alfalfa, pigweed, rapeseed, etc.). I ka pūnāwai, hoʻoulu ʻia nā ʻōpala ʻōpala ma kēia mau mea kanu. Puka aʻe nā ʻōpala makua a lele i ka hopena o Mei - i ka hoʻomaka o Iune. Hoʻopuehu lākou ma kahi radius a hiki i ʻekolu mau kilomita a neʻe i nā mea kanu like ʻole, me ka ʻuala. Hoʻopilikia ka ʻano i nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu beet. ʻO nā wahine o ka pest e waiho i nā hua i loko o ka ʻiʻo o nā veins a me nā petioles o nā lau, ma nā ʻāpana palupalu o luna o nā ʻōpala, e waiho ana iā lākou i loko o nā pūʻulu o kekahi mau ʻāpana, pili pono kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻokahi wahine mai 70 a 240 mau hua. ʻO nā embryos Bedbug, e pili ana i ka mahana, e ulu i loko o 5-15 mau lā. Hānai a hoʻomohala nā larvae no 1 - 1.5 mahina. Ma ka ʻaoʻao waena o Rūsia, hāʻawi ka bug i ʻelua mau hanauna, ma nā ʻāpana hema - ʻekolu a ʻehā mau hanauna. Ke lilo ka lau beet i mea ʻeleʻele a lilo i mea kūpono ʻole no ka hānai ʻana i nā pōpoki, neʻe lākou i ka quinoa, alfalfa, wormwood, etc. mea kanu, kahi e noho ai a hiki i ka hopena o ka hāʻule ʻana a waiho i nā hua i koe no ka hoʻoilo. I ka ʻai ʻana i nā beets, ʻūlū nā ʻōpala i ka wai mai nā lau, e ʻōwili ai lākou. Huli ʻeleʻele a maloʻo nā lau i pōʻino. A laila, neʻe ka pests i nā lau waena ʻoi aku ka palupalu, ma muli o ka pau ʻana o ka ulu ʻana a maloʻo paha nā mea kanu. Maloʻo nā ʻōpuʻu pua a ʻeleʻele nā hua o ka hopena. Ke hoʻopōʻino ʻia e nā ʻōpala, hāʻule ke kaumaha a me ke kō o nā aʻa beet, a hoʻohua nā hua liʻiliʻi i nā hua liʻiliʻi me ka liʻiliʻi o ka germination. Hoʻouna ʻia nā maʻi maʻi mosaic nā ʻōpala beet. He mea maʻamau ka ʻōpala i nā wahi ulu lāʻau-steppe a me nā steppe o ka beet ulu. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ia he pest koʻikoʻi o nā beets ma nā wahi steppe (Central Asia, Altai Territory, ʻaoʻao hikina o ka steppe zone o Ukraine, Voronezh region, Krasnodar Territory, Western Siberia). Polyphagous. ʻO nā mea kanu meaʻai nui - ma waho aʻe o ka ʻuala a me nā beets - he vetch, peas, mustard, hemp, flax, alfalfa, sunflower, soybeans, lentils, sainfoin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. i waho, neʻe nā ʻōpala mai nā fallow kokoke a me nā ʻāina neoneo no nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia. ʻO nā ʻōpala a me nā larva makua e omo i ka wai mai nā lau, a i ka wā mua ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kā lākou hana. Ma nā lau maloʻo e ʻike wale ʻoe i nā kulu alohilohi o ke kohu maloʻo. ʻeleʻele a maloʻo nā mea kanu make, a lilo nā ʻōpuʻu e like me ke kaula. Hoʻouna nā moena moe i nā pathogens o nā maʻi viral o ka ʻuala a me ke kō.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻōpala herbivorous: nā ladybugs, pseudoscorpions, kekahi ʻano o ka centipedes a me nā ʻanuʻu.
Ke kauaʻana
- Wehe i nā koena mea kanu mai ke kula.
- ʻO ka ʻōʻō palau mua.
- Ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mauʻu ma nā palena a me nā wahi e pili ana i nā mea kanu mahiʻai.
Pono e ʻoki pono a wehe i nā mea kanu ʻāhiu mai ke kula, a ʻoki i ka alfalfa haʻahaʻa i mea e hoʻoneʻe ai i nā hua puaʻa overwintering mai ke kula.
Ma mua o ka ulu ʻana o ka punawai, pono e hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi ʻia a puhi ʻia nā mea kanu hihiu.
ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia e kanu i nā mea kanu ʻuala kokoke i nā mea kanu o nā mauʻu perennial.