Mai ka makasina: No. 3 2015
Māhele: In Focus
Boris Anisimov, Ke poʻo o ke Keʻena Kūlana a me ka Certification o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming i kapa ʻia ma hope. A.G. ʻO Lorja
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa honua hou, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūlana ʻepekema ka mea nui loa i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā hua o nā mea kanu mahiʻai, me ka ʻuala. Ma ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pae o nā koi, hāʻawi nā kūlana i ka hana ʻana i nā hua kiʻekiʻe a lilo i kumu kumu no ke kumu kūʻai, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana kūpono a me nā papa o nā hua.
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa honua i ka ʻōnaehana o ka hana, ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka ʻuala hua e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono e pili ana i ka ʻike honua i kēia wahi. A ma kēia ʻano, he mea nui loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike hana kūʻokoʻa i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka UNECE Specialized Section i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kumu nui o ke kūlana kūlana honua no nā hua ʻuala.
ʻO ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana i nā ʻōlelo kūpono o ka maʻamau e hiki ai iā ia ke hōʻike koke i nā loli e pili ana i ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā hua ʻuala, ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā ʻano hōʻoia hou, ka ulu ʻana o nā pests a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūlana phytosanitary e pili ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻāina a me ka honua. kaʻina hana hoʻololi ea.
ʻO ka UNECE Standard for Seed Potatoes he ʻano hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono honua e kūlike me nā ʻaelike WTO e pili ana i nā pale ʻenehana i ke kālepa a me nā hana maʻemaʻe a me nā phytosanitary. Kuhi ʻia ka maʻamau UNECE no ka hoʻohana ʻana e nā mana hōʻoia ʻāina e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka hua ʻuala i nā koi kānāwai i ʻike ʻia i ka honua.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea i loko o ka UNECE maʻamau, nā huaʻōlelo like ʻole a me nā koi i hoʻohui ʻia e hāʻawi i ka ʻike kūpono e ka mea kūʻai aku a me ka mea kūʻai aku i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o nā hua ʻuala i kālepa ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka honua, a e hōʻemi i nā pilikia hiki ke pale ʻia i ka ʻenehana. kalepa honua.
ʻO nā mea i loaʻa ma ka UNECE maʻamau e uhi i nā ʻano āpau o ka mālama maikaʻi a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā hua ʻuala.
ʻO nā mea nui:
- kaʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka maʻemaʻe o nāʻano likeʻole;
- hiki ke ʻike i ke kumu o ka nui o nā hua;
- pae maikaʻi no nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea kanu e pili ana i nā maʻi, nā pests, nā hemahema;
- ka ʻae ʻana e pili ana i nā ʻano nui o nā ʻuala, kā lākou calibration a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana;
- nā lula o ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka sila a me ka lepili.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā koi o ka maʻamau UNECE no ʻekolu mau ʻano o ka ʻuala hua: pre-basic, basic and certified. Hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia kēlā me kēia o nā ʻano ʻekolu i ʻelua mau papa, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka degere o ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi no nā hōʻailona pilikino me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā hanauna kula i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala.
E like me nā koi o ka UNECE maʻamau, ʻo kēlā mau ʻano wale nō i ʻae ʻia i ke kālepa honua no ka mea e hiki ke loaʻa i kā lākou wehewehe kūhelu a me nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ka ʻokoʻa, ka kūlike a me ke kūpaʻa mai nā mana kūpono (nā kumu o nā ʻano) e like me ke kānāwai. a me ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka UPOV (International Union no ka pale ʻana i nā ʻano mea kanu hou).
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina e hoʻohua ana i nā hua ʻuala e hoʻoikaika nui e lawe i nā koi o kā lākou mau ʻuala hua kanu e pili kokoke i nā kūlana honua. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kūlana aupuni no kekahi mau hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā koi o ka maʻamau UNECE.
I nā kūlana o kēia wā, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea nui o nā ʻano ʻano hua ʻuala o ka ʻāina me nā analogues o ka honua a, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke kūlana UNECE ka mea pili.
ʻO nā koi hoʻoponopono o ke kūlana aupuni Lūkini, i hoʻokumu ʻia, no ka laʻana, e pili ana i ka nui o nā mea kanu o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻuala hua, a me nā mea kanu me nā hōʻailona o ka viral (nāwaliwali a me ka mosaic koʻikoʻi) a me nā maʻi bacterial. (ka wāwae ʻeleʻele) ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kūlana honua o ka maʻamau UNECE (Papa 1).
ʻO ka ʻae ʻana o ke kūlana aupuni Lūkini e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻuala me nā maʻi (Table 2) kokoke i ka pae o nā koi hoʻoponopono o ka maʻamau UNECE. ʻOiai ʻo ka pono o ka hoʻohui hou ʻana i nā pae maikaʻi no nā ʻāpana kūpono o ka ʻuala hua i ke ala e hoʻokokoke aku ai iā lākou i nā koi o ka honua, ʻaʻole ia he mea nui i kēia manawa i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala hua ma Rūsia a e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pilikia o nā pilikia ʻenehana. i ke kālepa ʻana o ka ʻuala hua.
Papa 1. Ka hoʻohālikelike o ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o ka UNECE a me ka Russian Federation e pili ana i ka maʻemaʻe varietal a me ka maʻi maʻi o nā kanu ʻuala.
Māhele / Papa | % o na mea kanu | ||
ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole | Virus* | ʻeleʻele | |
ʻO ke kūlana UNECE | |||
I(TC) kumu mua | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pre-kumu II | 0,01 | 0,1 | 0 |
Kumu I | 0,25 | 0,4 (0,2) | 0,5 |
Kumu II | 0,25 | 0,8 (0,4) | 1,0 |
Hooia I | 0,5 | 2,0 (1,0) | 1,5 |
Hooia II | 0,5 | 10 (2,0) | 2,0 |
GOST R 53 136-2008 | |||
Mea kumu (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kumu (OS) | 0 | 0,4 | 0 |
Elite (ES) | 0 | 3,0 (1,0) | 0 |
Hanau (RS (1-2)) | 1,5 | 8,0 (2,0) | 1,0 |
* hōʻike ʻia ka % ʻae ʻia o nā mea kanu me ka mosaic kaumaha ma nā bracket
Papa 2. Ka hoʻohālikelike o ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o ka UNECE a me nā kūlana o ka Russian Federation no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka maʻi ʻōpala.
Māhele / Papa | % o nā ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā maʻi** | |||||
Popopo maloo a pulu* | ʻO ka pehu maʻamau, mesh, | Scab poro ʻāhuehue | ʻO Rizok tonia | S'mores ʻuala pēpē | ||
ʻO ke kūlana UNECE | ||||||
I(TC) kumu mua | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Pre-kumu II | 0,2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0,5 | |
Kumu I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Kumu II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Hooia I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Hooia II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
GOST R 53 136 - 2008 | ||||||
Mea kumu (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Kumu (OS) | 0,5 (0) | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Elite (ES) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
Hanau (RS (1-2)) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
* hōʻike ʻia ka % ʻae ʻia o nā ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka pala pulu ma nā brackets
** Ua manaʻo ʻia kahi ʻuala e ka maʻi inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻili i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka ʻōpala maʻamau ma mua o 33,3% a i ʻole 1/3 o ka ʻili; mesh scab - 33,3%; paʻa lepo - 10%; rhizoctonia - 10%.
No ka hoʻohui hou ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono no ka maikaʻi o nā hua ʻuala ma Rūsia, pono e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i nā lula sampling, nā ʻano no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka maʻemaʻe o nā ʻano like ʻole, ka helu ʻana i nā maʻi, nā pōpoki, nā hemahema o waho i nā mea kanu a me nā ʻuala. , ka ʻae ʻana e pili ana i nā ʻano dimensional o nā ʻuala, kā lākou calibration a me ka maikaʻi ʻoihana. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano hoʻokolohua maʻamau no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka haumia o nā mea kanu a me nā ʻuala me ka latent viral a me ka maʻi bacterial no nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā papa o ka ʻuala hua, e like me ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia ma ke kūlana aupuni GOST R "Seed Potatoes. . ʻO ka ʻae ʻana a me nā ʻano o ka nānā ʻana "(Table 3).
Papa 3. Nā maʻamau a me nā ʻano o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka lab i hāʻawi ʻia e ka maʻamau o ka Russian Federation no nā papa like ʻole (mau hanauna) o ka ʻuala hua.
Mea hua | Papa/hanauna | Nā kūlana hoʻāʻo | Nā Palapala |
ʻO nā clones kumu no ka moʻomeheu in vitro, | ИМ | 100% mea kanu | ICA, PCR, ELISA |
ʻO nā microplants mua no ka hoʻolaha clonal i loko o ka moʻomeheu in vitro | ИМ | 100% mea kanu | ELISA, PCR |
ʻO nā mea kanu i loko o nā lumi ulu e hana i nā mini-tubers | ИМ | ʻO ka liʻiliʻi he 250 mea kanu no kēlā me kēia ʻano | ELISA* |
Nā kula hānai (500 m kaʻawale) | 1st kahua hanau mai mini-tubers | 200 mea kanu no kēlā me kēia ʻano (a i ʻole 200 mau ʻuala i kēlā me kēia pūʻulu) | ELISA* (**) |
Super-super elite | 200 mau ʻuala no kēlā me kēia pūʻulu | ELISA | |
Nā kahu hānai (100m insulation) | Superelite | Nā mea kanu pākahi*** | ICA, ELISA*** |
Elite | |||
*Ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ma nā laʻana lau **Hoʻāʻo ʻia ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā laʻana o ka tuber. ***Ka nānā ʻana i ke kula o nā mea kanu pākahi me ka lawa ʻole o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā hōʻailona maʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ICA ma nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo, ELISA |
Mai ka makahiki 2011 ma Rūsia, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka maʻamau UNECE i ka papa inoa o nā palapala hoʻoponopono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoia manawaleʻa o nā hua ʻuala o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr".
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka maʻamau UNECE no nā hua ʻuala ma Rūsia, he mea kānalua ia e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻano hoʻokūkū hou ma waena o nā mea hoʻolako i nā hua ʻuala a me nā mea hana ʻuala. ʻO ka hopena, e loaʻa mai kahi pōmaikaʻi i kēlā mau mea hana e hiki ke hāʻawi aku ma ka mākeke kūloko a no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā ʻuala hua kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e kū ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā koi kānāwai o ka honua. ʻO kēia, e kōkua i ka hoʻokō ikaika ʻana o nā ʻenehana hou hou, hoʻopukapuka i ka hana hou ʻana o ka hana, ka wikiwiki o ka holomua i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole i koi nui ʻia ma ka mākeke, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ala kūpono o ka ʻike ʻana i nā phytopathogens, nā limahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pae ʻoihana o nā loea i ka hana o ka hua ʻuala, ka mana maikaʻi a me ka hōʻoia.