Mai ka makasina: No. 1 2016
Māhele: Māhele
HELE. Andrianov, D.A. Andrianov,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Bashkir State Agrarian University
Teritori o ka Repubalika o Belarus: 143 tausani km2
Ka heluna kanaka: He 4 kanaka, a he 071% ka poe noho kulanakauhale.
He kūlana kiʻi: Aia ka repubalika ma nā pali komohana o nā Urals Hema a me nā Cis-Urals.
Hoʻolaka ʻO Continental, me nā kau wela, mehana a me nā hoʻoilo paʻakikī. Hoʻololi pinepine ka lewa ma muli o ke kūlana o ka ʻāina ma waena o nā ʻino mai nā latitu haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka Atlantika, ka Arctic a me Siberia.
ʻO ka mahana wela o Ianuali: -18°, ka wela o Iulai: +18°. Akā ʻokoʻa paha kēia mau kiʻi no nā ʻāpana like ʻole: nā kuahiwi o nā Urals, e hohola ʻia mai ka ʻākau a i ke kūkulu hema, e hana i kahi ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i nā kūlana climatic ma ke komohana a me ka hikina. E emi ana ka awelika wela o ka makahiki mai ke komohana a i ka hikina. ʻO ka hoʻololi mau ʻana i nā mahana ma luna o ka ʻeleʻele i nā lā mua he ʻumi o ʻApelila, a i nā mahana ma lalo-zero i nā lā ʻekolu o ʻOkakopa. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka uhi hau he 155 mau lā (ma nā wahi nahele-steppe a me nā steppe), 175 mau lā (ma nā wahi nahele mauna).
He waiwai ʻo Bashkortostan i ka wai ʻili. Aia ma kahi o 13 tausani mau muliwai a ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kaukani loko (me nā waihona) ma ka repubalika.
Aliʻi: ʻokoʻa loa, e pili ana i ka wahi ʻāina, ke ʻano geological a me ka tectonic o ka ʻāina. Aia ma kahi o ʻelua hapakolu o ia wahi he pāpū a he papu puʻu (kūpono loa no ka mahiʻai) aia nā puʻu, nā pāpū, nā pae mauna, a me nā pāpū.
Nā Kūlana: ʻO 32% o ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa e noho ʻia e nā lepo chernozem, 28% e nā ʻāina ulu lāʻau hina, 25,1% e nā ʻāina mauna. Eia kekahi, aia nā wahi o ka sod-podzolic (ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka repubalika), sod-carbonate (Ufa Plateau a me ka ʻāina hikina-hikina-steppe), hydromorphic a me nā meadow-chernozem lepo. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o nā Cis-Urals a me Trans-Urals, ʻike ʻia nā wahi o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā solonetzes, solonchaks a me nā ʻano solonchak o nā chernozems a me nā ʻāina meadow.
Wāhi ʻāina ʻoihana: ma kahi o 8 miliona mau ʻeka, a ma kahi o 5 miliona mau ʻeka he mau ʻāina mahiʻai
Ke ulu nei ka ʻuala ma ka Repubalika o Bashkortostan. Ke kahua o kēia wā
ʻO ka ʻuala kekahi o nā meaʻai nui loa ma ka Repubalika o Bashkortostan. I nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻai ʻana o ka "berena lua" (a hiki i 180 kg / kanaka) a me ka hana ʻana (hiki i 270 kg / kanaka) ma ka repubalika. I kēia manawa, ma nā mahiʻai o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ka wahi kanu ʻuala he 93,5 tausani heka.
Loaʻa i nā ʻoihana pāʻoihana alakaʻi o ka Repubalika o Bashkortostan ka ʻike i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hua ʻuala kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi nui. Ma ka papa inoa o 100 mau ʻoihana pāʻoihana maikaʻi loa ma ka Russian Federation no 2005 - 2008. ma ka helu 46 ka inoa o ka SPK KLH. Salavat Meleuzovsky apana, ma ka 74th wahi - State Unitary Enterprise no ka manawa mālama "Dmitrievsky", ma 96th wahi - State Unitary Enterprise no ka manawa mālama "Alekseevsky" a ma 100th wahi - Siberian Mahiai Mahiai-Collective Farm i kapaia ma hope. Salavat, apana Sterlitamak. No laila, ma AKH im. ʻO Salavat, ka moku Meleuzovsky, ma kahi o 330 mau ʻeka, ʻo ka awelika o ka makahiki he 35 t / ha. Ma ka mahiʻai mokuʻāina ʻo Alekseevsky ma ka ʻāina ʻo Ufa, kahi ʻāpana o 100 mau ʻeka e hoʻopuka i nā ʻuala kūʻai ma 32-42 t / ha. ʻO SEC "Sun" o ka mokuʻo Ilishevsky, ma kahi o 300 mau heka, e hōʻiliʻili i nā mea kūʻai kūʻai ma 16 - 25 t / ha. ʻO ka mahiʻai mokuʻāina ʻo Shemyak, ma kahi ʻoi aku ma mua o 600 mau ʻeka, e hoʻopuka i 12-16 t / ha o nā ʻuala kūʻai. Loaʻa i ka mahiʻai mahiʻai "Agli" o ka moku ʻo Chishminsky ma kahi o 400 mau ʻeka i nā hua ʻuala hua o 30 - 42 t / ha no kekahi mau makahiki.
Eia naʻe, ma ka laulā, haʻahaʻa loa ka pae o ka hana ʻuala ma ka Repubalika o Belarus. Ma muli o kēia mau kumu. 1. Ka nele o kahi ʻōnaehana hua ʻuala a me ka hapa haʻahaʻa o nā ʻano ʻano mua o ka oʻo ʻana, me ka ʻaneʻane ʻaneʻane pau ʻole o nā ʻano ʻano ʻano mua a me nā ʻano waena o ke kanu ʻana. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea kanu i kēia manawa ma kahi kūpono ʻole inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana. No ke kanu ʻana, ʻaʻole pili ka mea kanu i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka ʻepekema. 2. ʻO nā uhaki nui o ke aʻo ʻenehana i ka wā o kāna mahi ʻana. 3. Loaʻa pinepine ka nele o nā hoʻololi huaʻai kūikawā. 4. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hoʻoponopono wai ʻole i nā mea kanu. 5. Hoʻohana pono ʻole i nā minerala a me nā mea kanu kūlohelohe. 6. ʻAʻole hoʻokō i nā lā kanu maikaʻi loa me ka lawa ʻole o ka nui. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā kanu kūpono ʻole me ka hohonu o ke kanu ʻana i ka tuber. 7. ʻO ka uhaki ʻana i ke koi no kahi kūlana maikaʻi loa a me ka weed-free o ka papa lepo i kanu ʻia - ma nā lālani a ma waena o nā lālani i ka wā kanu mālama. 8. Ka nele o kahi ʻōnaehana no ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻuala mai nā maʻi. 9. Nā kumu meteorological, nā hanana ʻino i ka wā ulu. 10. Ka nele i ka paʻakikī o nā mīkini kūikawā hou, nā mea hana no ka mahi ʻuala a me nā hale mālama. 11. Nā kumu hoʻonohonoho ma muli o ka nele o ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana o ka hana i ka wā mahiʻai a me ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole o ka moʻomeheu o ka ʻuala mua a me ka ʻenehana e nā mea hoʻokani. 12. Ka mākaukau ʻole o nā mahiʻai (ma ka ʻoihana, ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana) no ka hoʻohua nui ʻana a maikaʻi loa, ʻoiai ke hoʻomaka nei lākou e hōʻike i ka hoihoi i nā hua ʻuala kumu. 13. Ka nele o kahi ʻōnaehana no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka heluna kanaka e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻano hou a me ko lākou ʻano, nele i nā wahi e kūʻai aku ai i nā hua ʻuala kumu i nā mea liʻiliʻi i loko o nā pahu liʻiliʻi kūpono. 14. Ka nele i ka helu helu no ka hana mua ʻana i ka ʻuala. 15. Ka nele o kahi ʻōnaehana no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā limahana ma nā pae āpau no ka paʻakikī hua ʻuala. 16. Ka nele o nā agrometeoposts ma nā kahua hoʻokolohua.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala ma ka Repubalika o Belarus ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ʻāpana pākahi a me nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (95-97% o ka nui o nā mea kanu), ʻo ia hoʻi, ua lilo ka ʻuala i kahi mea kanu māla.
Ma nā mahiʻai pāʻoihana nui, ulu wale ia ma kahi o 3,0 tausani heka a ma nā mahiʻai mahiʻai (mahiʻai) ma kahi o 1,0 tausani heka. I ka manawa like, aia kahi ʻano ʻike maopopo i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana ʻuala. Ma ʻewalu mau moku o ka Repubalika o Belarus (mai 54) - Aurgazinsky, Iglinsky, Ilishevsky, Meleuzovsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuymazinsky, Ufa a me Chishminsky - ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua (60%) o ka wahi kanu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mahiʻai pāʻoihana, 76,6% o hana ʻia ka ʻuala, a ʻoi aku ka hua ma mua o ka awelika aupuni i nā makahiki ʻeono i hala ma ka 144...211%.
ʻOi aku kēia ma nā mahiʻai mahiʻai. Ma ʻelima mau ʻāpana - Beloretsky, Iglinsky, Meleuzovsky, Ufa a me Chishminsky - 57,4% o ka wahi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻuala a me 59,8% o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka tuber maoli, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hua ma mua o ka awelika no ka Repubalika o Belarus e 128,7 - 440,7. % i nā makahiki ʻeono i hala. I nā makahiki ʻehiku i hala iho nei, ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā hua ʻuala ma nā mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai ma mua o nā mahiʻai pilikino.
Me ka ʻole o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻepekema e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana i ka biology potato a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai hoʻohui ʻia i ka ikehu a me ka mālama waiwai o ka mea kanu me nā mea āpau e pono ai, me ka ʻole o nā loea kūikawā (mai nā mea hana mīkini a i nā luna a me nā poʻo o nā ʻoihana). kahi pūʻulu piha o nā mīkini ulu ʻuala hou a me nā lako, me ka ʻole o ke kākoʻo ʻike wikiwiki a kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokūkū me nā ʻoihana alakaʻi ma nā wahi o ka Russian Federation a me nā hui ʻē aʻe i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Nā kūlana no ka uluʻana
I ko mākou manaʻo, i mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala ma ke kumu ʻoihana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka pākaukau papaʻaina a me nā huahana ʻuala, hoʻonui i ka mākeke a me ka loaʻa kālā o ka mea kanu ma Bashkortostan, pono e hana i kahi Potato Center, e hui pū ana i nā ʻano like ʻole. a me nā hale hou i loko o ka paʻakikī hoʻokahi.
Pono e hoʻomohala, ʻae a hoʻopili i kahi papahana hoʻolālā no ka wā lōʻihi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana, ka mālama ʻana, ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻuala ma ka Repubalika o Belarus no 2016 - 2020.
I loko o ke kahua o ka Potato Center a me ka papahana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ulu ʻuala, hana i ka Potato Cluster o ka Repubalika o Belarus.
Ma muli o ka nānā ʻana i ke kūlana o ka hana ʻuala i kēia manawa ma ka Repubalika o Belarus, ʻo nā wahi koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ulu ʻuala i loko o ka repubalika:
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻepekema i ka moʻomeheu ʻuala mai kāna biology a hiki i ke kūʻai ʻana i ka huahana hope;
- hoʻonui i ka awelika o nā hua ma nā mahiʻai kālepa a me nā mahiʻai i 30 t/ha;
- ka hoʻololi mālie ʻana o nā ʻoihana ulu ʻuala i nā ʻenehana mīkini hou no ka hana ʻana, mālama a me ka hana ʻana;
- e ho'ēmi i nā kumukūʻai no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka hana ʻana a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea waiwai a me nā kālā;
- hoʻonui i ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hiki o nā ʻano mea kanu home;
- ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohua hua ʻepekema hou a me nā lula ʻenehana hou no ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala kumu, elite a me ka hoʻohua hou ʻana;
- ka hoʻolauna ʻana a me ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i kahi papahana hōʻoia ʻana i nā hua kanu i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kānāwai hou o ka Russian Federation a me ka Repubalika o Belarus a me GOST;
- ka hana ʻana i nā ʻoihana no ka mākeke hua (me nā ʻāpana ʻohana pilikino), nā meaʻai a me nā ʻuala ʻoihana;
No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomohala hou i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala ma ka Russian Federation a me Belarus me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻepekema home, ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai genetic hou, nā hoʻokō i ka physiology mea kanu, biotechnology, breeding, a me ka hana hua.*, phytopathology, entomology a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu, a me ka hoʻolaha wikiwiki ʻana i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai maikaʻi loa i ka hana mahiʻai.
ʻO nā kumu nui e pono ai no ka hoʻokomo ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou i ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala penei:
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- ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻenehana mahiʻai ʻuala i hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ke kaiapuni;
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- kākoʻo mokuʻāina no nā ʻoihana mahiʻai e haku ana i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai ʻuala hou;
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- he ʻōnaehana o ka ʻike ma ka mokuʻāina a me ke kaona e pili ana i ka hana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai ʻuala hou a me ka hopena waiwai i loaʻa mai kēia.
*Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Ural a me ka Repubalika o Bashkortostan i ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole i loko o ka State Register of the Russian Federation a ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana: nā ʻano ʻano mua - Meteor, Charoit; ʻO ka oʻo mua - Alena, Antonina, Bashkirsky, Bellarosa, White Spring, Vineta, Zhukovsky early, Kamensky, Leader, Lyubava, Rosara, Skoroplodny, Bullfinch (nā kīhāpai); mid-early - Bezhitsky, Gornyk, Korona, Labadia, Lina, Lukyanovsky , Nevsky, Oredezhsky, Ramos, Sante, Safo, Svitanok Kievsky, Sepatemaba (nā ʻano kīhāpai), Fairy Tale, Madam, Evolution, Excellence, Effect; ke kau waena - Aspiya, Burnovsky, Irbitsky, Lugovskoy, Kuzovok, Nadezhda, Nayada (ʻano māla), Skarb, Spiridon, Tarasov, Udalets; waena waena - Belousovsky, Lorkh, Nikulinsky.