Mai ka makasina: No. 4 2016
Māhele: Kūkākūkā kūikawā
ʻO Yu.A. Masyuk, O.V. Abashkin, L.Ya. Kostina, Yu.P. Boyko, G.V. Grigoriev,
O.A. Starovoitova, D.V. Abrosimov, E.V. Oves, O.A. Aleksyutina, All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming
Ua ʻike paha ka poʻe he nui i nā ʻiniko liʻiliʻi a palupalu e lele ana mai kēlā wahi a i kēia wahi me nā maka gula iridescent, nona ka inoa Lūkini "lacewings." Lele pinepine nā lacewings makua i nā hale, kolo ma ke aniani a noho paha ma nā paia. Aia kēia mau ʻinike i ka ʻano Neuroptera (Neuroptera), ka ʻohana o nā ʻēheu lace = Chrysopidae.
Ma kahi o 6000 mau ʻano lacewings i wehewehe ʻia ma ka honua honua. Hiki i nā ʻōpala makua (imago) mai 6 a 180 mm ka lōʻihi. He paʻakikī ko lākou mau maka, hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, a huki i ka manaʻo me ko lākou nui nui a me ka luster metala. ʻO ka waha o ka lacewings he ʻano gnawing. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻēheu, akā i kekahi mau ʻano hema, ʻike ʻia lākou. Ma nā ʻēheu he nui nā veins longitudinal a transverse, e hana ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona i ke ʻano o ka mesh, no laila ka inoa Lūkini - reticularis. I ka nui o nā ʻano, ua like ka lōʻihi o nā ʻēheu hope me nā ʻēheu mua, i kekahi manawa pōkole ma mua o nā ʻēheu mua, i kēia mau hihia ua uhi ʻia lākou me kahi uhi keʻokeʻo. He liʻiliʻi nā aʻa a he kino liʻiliʻi kēia mau ʻano. ʻO ka lacewing pū kekahi i ka honua kaulana a kokoke i ka honua i puʻunaue ʻia ʻo Antlion (Myrmeleon formicarius L.), nona nā ʻāwae ikaika. ʻEli nā larvae Antlion i nā ʻōhua i loko o ke one a i ʻole ka lepo a ʻai i nā ʻiniko e ʻōwili i loko o lākou, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻona (no laila ka inoa). Aia nā ʻuo lacewing e noho ana i loko o ka wai a hanu ma nā gills. Ma laila lākou e ʻimi ai i nā ʻupena liʻiliʻi a me kā lākou mau ʻuala.
Hoʻopili nā ʻēheu lace mau i ko lākou mau ʻēheu momi a iridescent paha ma ke ʻano like me ka hale. Aia nā ʻano kala melemele māmā, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻeleʻele.
He mea hoʻoweliweli ka Lacewings i nā ʻano mea ʻino i loko o nā kīhāpai meaʻai, nā māla, nā māla ʻai a me nā ululāʻau. ʻAi nui kēia mau ʻōpala i nā aphids, nā mea lawe nui i nā maʻi ʻuala viral, a me nā mite spider, kahi e hōʻino nui ai i nā mea kanu māla. Eia kekahi, ʻai lākou i nā hua manu a me nā larvae hānau hou o nā mea ʻino he nui, me ka Colorado potato beetle. ʻAi nō hoʻi lākou i nā enuhe i hānau hou ʻia o nā ʻano pepeke liʻiliʻi a nui, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻāʻī a me nā ʻū kulina; nā ʻuo lele a me nā pīkī hou ʻaʻole i oʻo ma hope o ka molting, nā ʻōpala herbivorous, sawflies a me nā thrips. ʻAi pū nā lacewings makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen, pollinate i nā mea kanu pua
ʻO Lacewings kekahi o nā mea mua i hānai nui ʻia no ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai nā pests, ʻoi loa i nā aphids. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano hana no kā lākou hana hou ʻana ma ka hale hana a me nā kūlana ʻoihana. No ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano kanaka maoli o ka momi lacewing = Chrysopus momi. (Chrysopa perla Steph.), Lacewing Pākē = Chrysopa sinica Tj, Lacewing nani = Lacewing Taiwan = Chrysopa formosa Br, Lacewing maʻamau = Chrysopa vulgaris = Chrysopa carnea Steph. = Chrysopa vulgaria Schn .) a Lacewing seven-spotpte = Chrysotatapus (Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm.).
Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pepeke ulu i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā māla e hakakā ai i nā aphids a me nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano lacewing e noho ana ma nā ʻāina ʻāina. I ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka ʻelele o ka ʻohana Chrysopidae me ka genus Chrysopidae wale nō - ma kahi o 10 mau ʻano. He mau mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi kēia (ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 6 a 25 mm, ʻēheu mai 19 a 50 mm) nā ʻiniko lele me kahi lele lele palupalu.
Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā wahi a pau. Hoʻoikaika nui lākou i ka pō a me ka pō, lele i ka mālamalama. E waiho ana nā lacewings wahine i ka oval, nā hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, aia hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā hui ma kahi kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā lauoho mea kanu maoli) ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka lauoho mea kanu maoli. ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana (ʻaʻole e huikau me nā hua aphid, ʻaʻole e noho ma luna o nā kumu, akā e moe kokoke i ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ka lau). Noho nā wahine no ʻelua mahina a waiho i 800 mau hua i kēlā me kēia. He fusiform lōʻihi ka larvae me nā ʻāwae lōʻihi me ka ʻano pahikiwi. Ma ke kua o nā larvae o nā ʻano he nui he ʻano hoʻohālike i loaʻa i nā kaha ʻeleʻele a me nā kiko. I kekahi mau ʻano, ua uhi ʻia ke kua me kahi pale ākea i hana ʻia mai nā ʻili o nā iniseti a lākou i ʻai ai a i ʻole nā ʻāpana lau maloʻo, ka ʻili mea kanu a me nā ʻōpala mea kanu ʻē aʻe. Hoʻoulu ʻia nā larvae i ʻekolu mau hōkū, a ma hope o lākou e pupa ākea ma luna o nā mea kanu, ma lalo o ka ʻili o nā kumulāʻau, a i ʻole ma nā papa ili o ka lepo. Hele ʻo Lacewings i ka hoʻoilo ma ke ʻano prepupa i loko o nā cocoons siliki, poepoe, paʻa, kālā-keʻokeʻo a i ʻole hina hina. I kekahi manawa, hoʻoilo nā iniseti makua.
ʻOkoʻa ka nui o kēlā me kēia ʻano lacewings, ke kala o nā ʻēheu a me ko lākou mau veins, ka pubescence o nā ʻēheu, a me ke ʻano o ke poʻo a me ke kino. Aia nā ʻano ʻano paʻakikī i hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke aʻo ʻana i kā lākou biology, ʻano, nā wahi noho kaiaola i makemake ʻia a me ka nui o nā mea pio a lākou e ʻai ai.
Loaʻa nā ʻano lacewing ma ko mākou latitu:
Lacewing pōkole = Chrysopa abbreviata Curt. Aia kekahi wahi ʻeleʻele ma loko o ka antennae. Aia kekahi kaha ʻeleʻele ma ke kua o ke poʻo. He ʻeleʻele nā aʻa keʻa pākahi o nā ʻēheu.
Altai lacewing = Chrysopa altaica Holz. ʻOi aku ka pōʻeleʻele o nā hiku o ka ʻāʻī a me nā ʻāpana mua o ka ʻōpū a kū i waho i ke kua o ke kino. Aia kahi wahi ʻeleʻele ma ke kumu o nā wāwae mua. He ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi kona ʻano me ka Lacewing commata. He mea hoʻomake nā larvae. ʻAi nā ʻōpala makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen (meaʻai hou) a he pollinators mea kanu, ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻomaka ka prepupae i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā niu palupalu.
Lacewing astarte = Chrysopa astarta Holz. He mau kiko ʻulaʻula ma ke poʻo. Antennae ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lei me kahi ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā aʻa keʻa o nā ʻēheu he ʻeleʻele ma nā ʻaoʻao.
Lacewing Valkyrie = Chrysopa walker McL. Hoʻolaha ʻia ma nā wahi a pau, koe wale nō ma ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau, Hikina Hikina a me nā repubalika ʻAsia Waena. He ʻeleʻele wale nō nā aʻa keʻa ma nā ʻaoʻao, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo kekahi o lākou.
Lacewing viridana = Chrysopa viridana Schn. Hāʻawi ʻia ma ka steppe zone o Rūsia a ma nā repubalika o Central Asia. Aia ma ke poʻo he mau kiko i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana longitudinal brownish.
lacewing gummels = Chrysopa hummei Tjed. ʻOi aku ka pōʻeleʻele o nā hiku o ka ʻāʻī a me nā ʻāpana mua o ka ʻōpū a kū i waho i ke kua o ke kino. Aia kahi wahi ʻeleʻele ma ke kumu o nā wāwae mua.
Dasiptera lacewing = Chrysopa dasyptera McL. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā repubalika o Transcaucasia a me ka Caucasus, nā ʻāpana ʻākau a me waena o Kazakhstan, a me nā repubalika o Central Asia. Hoʻokahi kala ka lei aliʻi. Ua uhi ʻia nā ʻēheu me ka lauoho. He mea hoʻomake nā pepeke makua.
ʻO Dubitan Lacewing = Chrysopa dubitans McL. ʻO ka pahu (lae) hoʻokahi kala. ʻElua mau kiko oval ʻeleʻele ma ka lei aliʻi. Hoʻonui nui ʻia nā maiuu o ka tarsi ma ke kumu. He mea hoʻomake nā larvae. ʻAi nā ʻōpala makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen (meaʻai hou) a he pollinators mea kanu, ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻomaka ka prepupae i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā niu palupalu. Loaʻa ma nā mea kanu mea kanu.
Lacewing momi = Chrysopa perla Steph. Hoʻolaha ʻia ma nā wahi a pau koe nā repubalika ʻAsia Waena. Ma ka Hikina Hikina, noho ia ma ka Territory Khabarovsk. ʻEleʻele loa nā aʻa keʻa ma nā ʻēheu, ʻeleʻele wale nā veins pākahi ma ke kumu. He mea hoʻomake nā larvae. ʻAi nā ʻōpala makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen (meaʻai hou) a he pollinators mea kanu, ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻomaka ka prepupae i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā niu palupalu.
Lacewing ʻōmaʻomaʻo = Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesm. Aia nā kiko ʻeleʻele ma ke poʻo. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo paʻa nā antennae. ʻAʻole ʻeleʻele nā aʻa keʻa o nā ʻēheu. Hui (gonocrista) me nā niho nui. He mea hoʻomake nā larvae. ʻAi nā ʻōpala makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen (meaʻai hou) a he pollinators mea kanu, ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻomaka ka prepupae i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā niu palupalu.
Lacewing pili = Chrysopa intima McL. ʻO ke kumu ma ke poʻo e like me ka outline o ka leka X. He ʻeleʻele ko nā kāne ma nā ʻaoʻao ma ka pronotum. He mea hoʻomake nā larvae. ʻAi nā pepeke makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen a he pollinators mea kanu a me nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻomaka ka prepupae i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā niu palupalu
Lacewing Pākē = Chrysopus chinica/Chrysopa sinica Tj. ʻO ka pronotum i nā kāne he ʻeleʻele ma nā ʻaoʻao. He mea hoʻomake nā larvae. ʻAi nā pepeke makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen.
Nani lacewing = Taiwanese lacewing = Chrysopa Formosa Br. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ka nahele-steppe, non-chernozem, steppe zones; ma ka hikina akau; Ural; ma Siberia Hikina a me Transbaikalia; ma ka Hikina mamao; ma nā repubalika o Transcaucasia a me ka Caucasus; ma na repubalika o Asia Waena. Hoʻokahi kala ke kua o ke poʻo a me nā antennae. He ʻeleʻele nā aʻa ʻēheu. ʻAi nā ʻōpala makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen (meaʻai hou) a he pollinators mea kanu, ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻomaka ka prepupae i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā niu palupalu. Loaʻa ma nā mea kanu a me nā melon.
Lacewing commata = Chrysopa commata Kiss et Uj. ʻOi aku ka pōʻeleʻele o nā hiku o ka ʻāʻī a me nā ʻāpana mua o ka ʻōpū a kū i waho i ke kua o ke kino. Aia kahi wahi ʻeleʻele ma ke kumu o nā wāwae mua. He ʻokoʻa iki ia i ka lacewing Altai. He mea hoʻomake nā larvae. ʻAi nā ʻōpala makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen (meaʻai hou) a he pollinators mea kanu, ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻomaka ka prepupae i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā niu palupalu.
Lacewing magnicuda = Chrysopa magnicauda Tj. He niho liʻiliʻi ko ka pulu. He mea hoʻomake nā larvae. ʻAi nā ʻōpala makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen (meaʻai hou) a he pollinators mea kanu, ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻomaka ka prepupae i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā niu palupalu.
Lacewing nigricostata = Chrysopa nigricostata Br. Hāʻawi ʻia i loko o ka nahele-steppe zone, non-chernozem zone, steppe zone o Rūsia a ma nā repubalika o Central Asia. Aia nā kiko oval liʻiliʻi ma ke poʻo. He ʻalani ka antennae.
Lacewing = Chrysopa vulgaris = Chrysopa carnea/Chrysopa carnea Steph. = Chrysopa vulgaria Schn. Hāʻawi ʻia ma nā wahi āpau koe ʻo Sakhalin a me nā mokupuni Kuril. Hoʻokahi kala ke poʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia ka clypeus a me nā papalina me ka ʻeleʻele, pinepine me kahi ʻulaʻula, lauoho. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā veins stepped transverse o nā ʻēheu. ʻO ka pronotum o nā kāne ua like ke kala ma nā ʻaoʻao. ʻO nā ʻōpala makua i ka hoʻoilo. He mea hoʻomake nā larvae. ʻAi nā mākua i ka nectar a me ka pollen o nā mea kanu a he pollinators lākou. ʻO nā ʻōpala makua i ka hoʻoilo.
Lacewing hiku hiku = ʻO Chrysopus septempunktata. /Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm. Hoʻolaha ʻia ma nā wahi a pau. ʻEhiku mau kiko ma ke poʻo, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai ia mai nā ʻano ʻano lacewing ʻē aʻe a koho mua i kona inoa. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā kiko ma waena o nā antennae a ma lalo o nā antennae a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i ke kua. Hoʻokahi kala ke kino. ʻOi aku ka nui ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻano. He mea hoʻomake nā larvae. ʻAi nā ʻōpala makua i ka nectar a me ka pollen (meaʻai hou) a he pollinators mea kanu, ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻomaka ka prepupae i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā niu palupalu.
Sogdinica lacewing = Chrysopa sodinica McL. Hoʻolaha ʻia ma nā repubalika o Central Asia. ʻEhā mau kiko liʻiliʻi ma ka lei aliʻi. Hoʻokahi kala ka lewa ma waena o nā antennae. Ua aʻo iki ʻia ka ʻano.
Mai ka makahiki 2014, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā lacewings ma ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow. Ua like kēia me ka hoʻonui like ʻana o ka nui o nā aphids, ʻoi aku ka peach aphids, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma muli o ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ke aniau, ua puka mai i waho o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a pālahalaha nui i nā kula. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu artichoke o Ierusalema i nā lacewings, kahi i kau ʻia ai nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma luna o nā poʻo a me nā pua, e lawelawe ana i meaʻai na lākou.
Hoʻopili loa nā Lacewings i ka hana o nā pesticides, no laila pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i kēia ʻano kaohi wale nō i nā hihia koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā mea ʻino.