KʻAAHUI KAULANA
ʻO Alexander Kuznetsov, Luna Hoʻokele, SPSK Ustyuzhensky Potato
ʻO Alexander Khutti, Ph.D. (Biol.), Ka mea noiʻi nui, ʻUa ʻeha, Viral, Mycoplasma a me nā maʻi o ka nematode o nā kīleʻa a me nā mea kanu ʻaiʻāina ʻo Federal State Budgetary Institence All-Russian Research Institute no ka pale ʻana i ka lāʻau.
ʻO kekahi o nā maʻi ʻino loa o ka uala, ʻo ia ka maʻi ʻo Rhizoctonia, a i ʻole "scab black" i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka fungus Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn i kahi kūlana maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka pōpilikia nui o rhizoctonia e pili pū ana i kona mau ʻano ola a me ka pōkole o ke ola, e ʻae ana i ka hāpau i ka hakakā kūleʻa i ke ola, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hiki ke kūpono, ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūʻulu anastomotic kūʻokoʻa i kekahi o nā fungicides hou, i kahi ʻano ākea o nā mea kanu hoʻopōmaikaʻi a me nā hana infectious e mālama nei kona waiwai i ka lepo i kekahi mau makahiki.
Māhele I.
KAʻOEI ʻOKAHI MAUI
ʻO ka ʻōhumu o ka ʻōpiopio o ka maʻi kahi i like me ka rhizoctonia ma ke ʻano he pathogen kūpono i nā pae a pau o ka ontogenesis o ka mea hoʻokipa a hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaka i kona hoʻomohala ʻana me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomohala ʻia. ʻO nā ʻano maʻi hopohopo nui o ka rhizoctoniasis, ma ka honua a ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka puna wai (ma ka hapa nui) a i ʻole ka ʻūlū ponoʻī (i ke ʻano kikoʻī), huehue a hoʻonā i ka mea kanu i ka manawa like me ka ʻano o nā mea kanu, ma lalo o ka mana o nā diffuses i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lepo.
Hoʻopilikia ka ʻōpū i nā koina o lalo o nā ʻuala: nā aʻa, nā stolons, nā maka, nā mea kanu, kahi ʻōpio, nā ʻāpana o nā kumu i loaʻa i ka lepo, ka wai, a me ka mahele o nā kumu lāʻau i ka papa. He nui ka hōʻailonaatology: nā ʻōpala ma nā papa āpau a ma luna o nā papa o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā kala (mai ke kukui a i ke kīnēʻeleʻele, i kekahi manawa he uliuli), he ʻōpū a maloʻo; ka mycelium ʻoloka ma ka papa o ka puna wai a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka sclerotic, kahi mea e hoʻopili ana i ka mycelium fungal mai ka ʻeleʻele i ka aniani, a me nā ʻano o nā palaka, mesh necrosis.
Ma ka ʻāpana lewa o nā koʻokoʻo, kokoke i kā lākou kumu, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mycelium keʻokeʻo "wāwae keʻokeʻo" - ke ʻano moekolohe o ka fungus, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā spores i hiki ke hoʻopili i nā tubers ʻōpio. Ma muli o ka pio ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana vascular, pilikia pū ka ʻāpana lewa o ka mea kanu: aia ka nalowale o turgor a me ka wilting, hui pū nā lau me kahi "moku" me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kala ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula, ke ʻano o nā tubers ea, e hōʻike ana i ka hala o ka pathogenesis ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ka mea kanu.
I loko o nā makahiki he 33996 i hala iho nei, ua maopopo ka maʻalahi i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka "wāwae keʻokeʻo" ʻaʻole i ka hapa lua o ke kau e ulu nei, akā i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o kaʻuala. ʻIke ʻia ke ʻano like no ka ulcerative form of tubers. ʻO ka hōʻike o kēia ʻōuli o ka maʻi ka nui a hoʻoneʻe pinepine i kahi hōʻailona kaulana ʻē aʻe - sclerotia ʻeleʻele. Aia ka weliweli o ke ʻano ulcerative i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka pōʻino, hōʻino nui i ka maikaʻi o kaʻuala, ka paʻakikī o ka diagnose a me kona loaʻa ʻole i ka GOST 2016-01 hou hou. Nā kūlana loea a me nā hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi ", i hele mai i ka ikaika ma Ianuali 2018, XNUMX, kahi i hāʻawi ʻē i ka hoʻolaha ākea ʻole o ka maʻi.
ʻO ka hana ʻino o ka maʻi e pili nui ana i nā ʻano līlī: hiki i ka ʻōpū i hoʻopili ʻia a hōʻoki paha paha i kā lākou hiki ke hoʻonui, loaʻa i ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu i ke kula, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ulu ʻana, ke emi ʻana o ka mālama pono ʻana o ka hua hou, a me nā nalowale mai ka pathogen o rhizoctoniosis ka mea ʻokoʻa mai 10-20 a i 40%.
No laila, ua koho ʻia ʻo rhizoctoniosis (e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea pōʻino, hoʻonui ʻia ka huhū a me ka hana lima, ke ʻano adaptomenal) i mea i hōʻike ʻia i ke ʻano hōʻike ʻana i ka hopena o nā mea pale ma luna, i kākau ʻia i ka "List of Pesticides and Agrochemical i Paipai ʻia no ka 2018" a hōʻike ʻia ma ka Mākena Russian.
ʻO ka papa inoa o nā hana o ka hoʻokolohua ʻenehana ʻaʻole i hoʻopili wale ʻia ka hopena o ka hopena o nā mea ʻaʻahu ma ka rhizoctoniasis, akā ʻo ka huli hoʻi i ka wā lōʻihi (ma kahi o ʻekolu mau makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana i ka pathosystem: ʻo ka causative agents o ka maʻi he mea kanu lole) o ka hopena o nā lāʻau i ka pale o kaʻuala, hua: ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o nā hua hua i hua ka nānā ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi i ka wā hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka laha a me nā mea ʻino o nā maʻi like.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻike kanu mea kanu i nā hanana hana o ka māla Burov LLC (Vologda Oblast, Apana ʻo Ustyuzhensky). ʻO ke aniau o ka ʻāina he mea mau ia, ʻo ka huina makahiki o 500 mm, he mau ʻāina one loam. I ka wā ulu e ulu ana mai Mei a Kepakemapa 2018, ʻo ka awelika o ka ea ma waena o 13,3 a 18,5 ° .64; ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mānoanoa ma kahi pae o 83 a 25,9%; mai ka 103,7 a i ka XNUMX mm o ka ua. Me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kēia ʻikepili, ʻike ʻia ka ʻāina o ka hoʻokele waiwai he kahua hōʻike kūpono no ka hoʻokolohua ʻenehana i hoʻolālā ʻia, ʻoiai makemake ʻo Rhizoctonia i nā mahana mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa.
I ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano hua ʻaka o Labadia o ka māhele elite. Ua koho ʻia ka ʻano like me ke ʻano no ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano: ka nui ma mua, me kahi ʻāpana o ke kala melemele kukui (ʻoi aku ka ʻike nui o ka hōʻailona i ʻike ʻia e ka maʻi), ka papa ʻaina, me ka hua paʻa, kūpono no nā ʻano āpau o ka ʻāina, maʻalahi i ka rhizoctonia.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka like ʻole o ka Labadia no ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i nā mākau loea (i ka maʻi maʻamau, e like me ka maʻi maʻi o ka maʻi virus, bacterial, fungal a me ka nematode) i lawe ʻia e like me nā GOST 33996-2016 "hua kanu. ʻO nā ʻano loea a me nā ʻano kumu no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi. " Wahi a nā hualoaʻa o ka loiloi, pili ʻia ke ʻano o ka mea kanu no ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana a me nā ʻōnaehana āpau a ua ʻike ʻia ʻia me ka maʻi o ka maʻi a me ke ʻano ka rhizoctonia.
I ka hana hoʻokō ʻenehana hana, ua noi ʻia he 12 mau papa hana me ka laina o nā disinfectants hou i loko o ka papa inoa o nā lāʻau lapaʻau me nā agrochemical i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻohana ma 2018 "a hōʻike ʻia ma ka mākeke Lūkia (papaʻa 1).
Pakuhi 3. Nā hōʻailona kūpono (mākeke): hua, kaupaona a me ka hakina e like me nā hopena o kahi hoʻokolohua kahua e hoʻāʻo ai i nā lāʻau e kūʻē i ka maʻi ʻuala Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hoʻokolohua, ka hoʻomoe ʻana o ka ʻike, alakaʻi a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā hopena ma hope e like me nā alakaʻi i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā limahana o ka WIZR "ʻo nā alakaʻi alalila no ka hoʻokau ʻepekema ʻana o nā fungicides i ka mahiʻai, 2009". Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hana hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻano hoʻokolohua. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻāpana he kiʻi mai nā plots i hōʻailona ʻia2, 30 mau mea kanu), ma ka lā like mai kēlā me kēia pākahi, kēlā me kēia.
Ua hana ʻia ka lole puna wai ma lalo o nā kūlana hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea kanu mea kanu Grimme GL 34T me kahi lālani 75 cm. Ua ninini ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ʻana i loko o ka paena ukiuki e like me ke ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea hana, ma hope o ke kanu ʻia ʻana o nā kōpī ma ka lepo.
Kuhi ʻia nā helu i ʻekolu mau nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mea kanu, ka maikaʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka dinamicsis o nā pathogenesis o rhizoctoniasis: ka hōʻea piha ʻana (ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu mai 5 a 15 cm), pua piha a me ka wā pua, a me ka manawa o ka hōʻiliʻili o ka ʻuala (helu helu ʻana i nā ʻano hua ʻala o ka māka; fractionalism).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena mua o nā hōʻike ʻenehana i nā ʻaihue hoʻonaninani (Papa 2) i ka helu mua (ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kō.
Hōʻike nā hana hoʻokolohua me nā ʻaihue lole hana i nā ʻano hoʻokalakupua āpau, ua like nā huakaʻi seedling ma kahi o 10% o ka nui o ka puni ʻāina.
Ma ka lua (pua phase) a me ke kolu (budding phase), ʻo ka moʻoʻōlelo no ka dinamics o ka hoʻomoe ʻole ʻia e kū hoʻokahi i ka pae like: ʻo ka ulu ʻana o rhizoctoniosis o nā mea kanu uala a me nā stolons a i liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ma ka pae o nā pale.
Hōʻike kēlā mau hōʻailona i nā kūleu hua ʻāpala i kanu ʻia i ka lepo a me ka ʻole o ka maʻi o ka rhizoctoniosis e like me ka GOST 33996-2016 holomua me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomalu i nā kemika, me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hopohopo ma muli o ke kumu hoʻomehana i hoʻopuka ʻia ma ka pale mai o ka pōʻai a pēlā i hōʻike ai. ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a hoʻohālikelike paha i nā pale me ka hiki ke kū mai ("haʻalele i kahi") mai kahi maʻi i loaʻa i ka lepo.
E like me ka huina o nā ʻike, i ka dinamics o nā helu ʻekolu (papa 2) a i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻuala (papaʻa 3), kū mai ke kumumanaʻo ma lalo o ka Helu 4 mai nā lawaiʻa i hoʻāʻo ʻia: ʻo ka hopena hope loa a me nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa nā maikaʻi.
ʻO ka hema o nā hōʻailona kūpono o ka pio (prevalence and development of rhizoctonia in sprouts and stolons) in protectants, like like the untreated control, is understand and an overputputable fact: ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau e pili ana i ka hoʻomau i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu a hoʻomohala, a me ka huli ʻana i ka pale ʻana a e alakaʻi i ka nui aʻe maʻi ʻino loa me nā maʻi, i kā mākou hihia, rhizoctonia. He mea kūpono ia he kiʻi maʻamau kēia kiʻi no kēia hoʻokolohua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu i hoʻomaopopo ʻia he manuahi ʻole mai ka maʻi rhizoctonia e like me ka GOST 33996-2016. Ma ke keʻa o ka maʻi, i kahi ʻano ai ʻole, i nā ʻuala huaʻai (a ʻaʻole i hāʻule i lalo o GOST 33996-2016), e kūlike ka hopena.
Pēlā, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻaihue lole maikaʻi loa, ma ke ʻano he laʻana o ka helu 4, ua hoʻāpono ʻia a pili pono i kēlā mau ʻano nui e like me ka huahana me ka ulu ʻana, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea nui i ka hana ʻana o nā hua ʻai elite.
Ma waho o ka EDITOR: huki mākou i ka manaʻo o nā mea heluhelu e loaʻa ana i kēia kumuhana nā ʻike i nā hopena o ka hoʻokahi ulu ʻana i ka makahiki mua o ka hoʻokolohua. I loko o ka puke e pili ana i ka nūpepa, e hoʻolaha mākou i ka hoʻomau i ka moʻolelo: e haʻi ka ʻatikala i nā nānā ʻana o nā ʻāpana o nā ʻuala i nā manawa like o ka mālama i ka manawa 2018/2019, a me nā hopena o ka makahiki lua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia.