E. D. Mytsa, M. A. Pobedinskaya, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky
ʻO ka hopena o ka uala a me nā ʻōmato, i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka meaola like me ka mushroom, ʻo ka oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, he mea maʻamau ia ma nā wahi āpau o ka honua kahi e mahi ʻia ai kēia mau mea kanu. Ma lalo o nā kūlana epiphytotic, hiki i ka nalo ʻana o ka hua kaʻuala mai ka hopena hope loa ke piʻi i 10-30% a ʻoi paha, a me ka ʻōmato, a hiki i 100% (Ivanyuk et al., 2005).
ʻO kekahi o nā kumu waiwai nui o ka inoculum mua Ph. infestans, e alakaʻi ana i ka maʻi o nā mea kanu, he pā nui o nā pā reproductive - oospores. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā oospores hybrid ma muli o ke keʻa ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa genetically makua i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka genotypic i ka heluna kanaka, a ʻo ia ka hopena o ke kaʻina o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano i nā ʻano hou a me nā fungicides i hoʻohana ʻia. Ke hoʻokumu ʻana i nā oospores Ph. Ua ʻike ʻia nā infestans ma ke kula ma nā ʻāina he nui o ka honua: Russia (Smirnov et al., 2003), Nolewai (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strömberg et al., 2001), Netherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) a ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. Aia kekahi hōʻike e hiki i nā oospores o ka hopena blight pathogen ke hoʻomau i ka lepo no 2 mau makahiki i kahi kūlana kūpono (Hermansen et al., 2002; Bшdker et al., 2006) a hoʻopuka i ka maʻi o nā mea kanu ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana (Lehtinen et al., 2002; Ulanova et al. al., 2010).
ʻO ke ala nui o ka hakakā ʻana i ka hopena o kēia lā ka pale ʻana o ka mikaliki, kahi e mālama ai i nā mea kanu me nā hoʻomākaukau fungicidal. Ke kāohi ikaika nei ke kūkulu ʻana i nā oospores e nā kemika he nui i hoʻohana ʻia e pale aku i ka ʻuala a me nā tōmato mai ka hopena o ke ahi (Kessel et al., 2002; Kuznetsov, 2013). Eia nō naʻe, hoʻohana ākea ʻia nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe i nā uala e pili pono ʻole iā Ph. infestans, a ʻike ʻole ʻia ka hopena o ka oospore. No laila, ʻo ke kumu o kēia hana e hoʻopaʻa i ka hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā oospores o kekahi mau lāʻau i hoʻohana ākea ʻia ma kaʻuala, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia no ka hopena o ka hopena.
Ua hoʻohana mākou 9 Ph. infestans o nā ʻano moena like ʻole, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e mākou mai nā lau uala i loaʻa i Moscow, Leningrad, Ryazan mau ʻāina. E hoʻopaʻa i ka hopena i ka ulu ʻana o ka mycelium a me ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o oospores, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau lāʻau: fungicides Maxim (fludioxonil pono hana mai ka papa o nā phenylpyrroles) a me Scor (difenoconazole, triazoles), Aktara insecticides (thiamethoxam, neonicotinoidacl) andotrid , triazines). Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā pesticides āpau ma ka "State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals" no ka makahiki 2014. No ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o ka pesticide concentration i ka ulu ʻana o nā kolone oomycete, ua hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia kānana me ka ʻāpala agar i waenakonu o kahi pā Petri me kahi mea nui oat. Hoʻohui mua ʻia ka pesticide test i ka waena ma nā kikowaena o 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, a me 100.0 mg / L (e pili ana i ka mea hana - DV). Ma ke ʻano he hoʻomalu, hoʻohana mākou i kahi mea me ka ʻole o ka pesticide i hoʻohui ʻia. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā inoculation ma 18 ° C no 12-15 mau lā a hiki i ke anawaena kolone o ka mana manuahi pesticide he 70-80% o ke anawa o ka ipu Petri, a laila ana ʻia ke anawaena o nā kolone i ka mana a me nā ʻano hoʻokolohua.
Lawe ʻia nā hoʻokolohua i 3 mau mea hou. Lawe ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka oospore ma kahi ʻano oat agar (30 ml i kahi pā Petri) me ka hoʻohui ʻia o kahi fungicide ma nā kukuna o 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, a me 100.0 mg / L a ma kahi mehana me ka ʻole fungicide (kaohi). No kēia kumu, ua hoʻokau ʻia nā poloka agar me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻano A1 a me A2 i nā pālua ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mea momona i kahi mamao o 5 cm mai kēlā me kēia. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā inoculation ma ka optimum Ph. ʻO Infestans ma kahi mahana o 18 ° C no 20 mau lā. Ma hope o ka mahi ʻana, ua hoʻohana hou ʻia ka mea momona me nā spores me kahi mea kāwili ma 30 ml o ka wai i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, a hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka microscopy mai ka hopena hopena. I kēlā me kēia ʻano, nānā ʻia nā māla o ka ʻike 180 (3 kope hou, 60 mau kahua o ka nānā). A laila ua helu hou ʻia ka nui o nā oospores (pcs / μl o waena).
Ka hopena o nā pesticides ma ka ulu kolone radial. ʻO Difenoconazole, thiamethoxam a me imidacloprid ʻaʻohe hopena koʻikoʻi i ka ulu radial o Ph. infestans (Papa 1). Ua hoʻokumu ka metribuzin herbicide i kahi hoʻohiolo ulu ulu ʻana i ka wā mua (5-7 mau lā o ka ulu ʻana); eia nō naʻe, i ka lā 10, ua like ka nui o nā anawaena o nā kolone i ka nui. Ua kāohi ʻo Fludioxonil statistically i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Ph. infestans i kahi kukuna i ka waena o 10 mg / l.
1 Pūnaewele
Ka hopena o nā pesticides ma ka ulu radial o nā kolone ʻO Phytophthora infestans
Fungicide-DV (lāʻau lapaʻau) | ʻO ke anawaena kolona ma nā ʻano like ʻole (mg / L) DW i ka waena, mm | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (lāʻau lapaʻau Aktara) | 82 ± 6 | 81 ± 7 (99%) | 82 ± 6 (100%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 792 ± 6 | - | 76 ± 9 (96%) | 77 ± 8 (97%) | 76 ± 5 (96%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 82 ± 6 | - | 74 ± 12 (90%) | 56 ± 10 (68%) | 46 ± 3 (56%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 88 ± 12 | - | 85 ± 12 (97%) | 86 ± 9 (98%) | 80 ± 5 (91%) |
ʻO Difenoconazole (Scor) | 82 ± 7 | - | 76 ± 9 (93%) | 84 ± 4 (102%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) |
Kaha. ʻO ka hōʻailona "±" e ukali ʻia e ka wā hilinaʻi no kahi pae koʻikoʻi o 0.05. Hōʻike nā waiwai i loko o nā mākeke i ka lakio o ke anawaena o nā kolone i nā ʻano hoʻokolohua i kēlā me ka kaohi me ka ʻole o nā pesticides. ʻO kahi hōʻailona "-" ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka noiʻi.
2 Pūnaewele
Ka hopena o nā pesticides ma ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā oospores ʻO Phytophthora infestans i ke kaiapuni agar
Fungicide-DV (lāʻau lapaʻau) | Ka helu o nā oospores i ka meakino ma nā ʻano like ʻole (mg / l) DV, pcs / μl | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (lāʻau lapaʻau Aktara) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 79.8 ± 3.8 (100%) | 79.1 ± 3.9 (100%) | 71.4 ± 3.7 (90%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | - | 70.0 ± 3.4 (88%) | 66.0 ± 3.1 (83%) | 35.8 ± 2.8 (45%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 112.7 ± 6.9 | - | 98.4 ± 8.6 (87%) | 73.6 ± 5.4 (65%) | 42.3 ± 3.7 (36%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 135.0 ± 9.5 | - | 103.0 ± 9.8 (70%) | 118.2 ± 9.3 (88%) | 74.8 ± 8.1 (55%) |
ʻO Difenoconazole (Scor) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 72.5 ± 3.6 (91%) | 82.2 ± 3.7 (103%) | 54.9 ± 2.8 (69%) | 35.8 ± 2.3 (45%) |
Ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o nā pesticides ma ke hoʻokumu ʻana i nā oospores Ph. infestans i kahi meakino momona. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻemi helu helu nui i ka helu o nā oospores ma kekahi mau concentrations i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hoʻomākaukau noiʻi āpau (Papa 2). Ma ka noʻonoʻo o ka waiwai o 1.0 mg / l, ʻo nā pesticides āpau, koe wale nō nā hoʻomākaukau ʻo Aktara a me Skor, ua alakaʻi ʻia i kahi hōʻemi kūpono o ka nui o nā oospores i kūkulu ʻia (e 12-24% hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka kaohi). ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā mea hana i ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hopena kaohi. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomākaukau e pili ana i ka thiamethoxam a me difenoconazole i kahi hōʻemi helu helu nui i ka helu o nā oospores ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mea i hana ma waena o 10 mg / l.
Kūkākūkā a me ka hopena. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o nā pesticides ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia e kūʻē i ka hopena o ka uala ma ka ulu radial o mycelium i hōʻike ʻia, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ka hōʻemi ulu ulu nāwaliwali (fludioxonil) a ʻaʻohe hopena i ka ulu (nā pesticides ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia).
3 Pūnaewele. Nā kūmole o nā mea hana i ka wai hana
Hoʻomākaukau (fungicide-DV) | Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana o ka hoʻohuihui o ka DV i ka mea momona, mg / l | ʻO ka noʻonoʻo o DW i ka wai hana i ka wā o ka ʻuala, mg / l |
---|---|---|
Aktara (thiamethoxam) | 0.1, 1, 10 | 37-75 * |
ʻO Tanrek (imidacloprid) | 1, 10, 100 | 50-100 |
Maxim (fludioxonil) | 1, 10, 100 | 1000 |
Zenkor (metribuzin) | 1, 10, 100 | 1630-4900 |
Scor (difenoconazole) | 0.1, 1, 10, 100 | 188-625 |
* Hōʻike ʻia nā kumukūʻai e like me ka "State catalog of pesticides and agrochemicals" no 2014.
ʻO nā pesticides āpau i aʻo ʻia ka mea i hoʻemi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā oospores i ka mea momona. ʻO nā hoʻāʻo hoʻāʻo o nā pesticides i ka waena i haʻahaʻa a i ʻole kaulike ʻia (no ka imidacloprid) i nā concentrations i ʻae ʻia i ka wai hana (Papa 3). I loko o kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻonui ka kaohi ʻana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā oospores i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka lāʻau, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hopena ma ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka wai hana paʻa hou. Ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ʻo Difenoconazole i ka nui o nā oospores ʻaʻole wale ma nā hoʻokolohua ʻana i kahi meakino momona, akā i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻi i nā lau ʻoki i hoʻonoho ʻia i loko o kahi wai i loaʻa kahi fungicide. No laila, i ka Vektar Belorussian ʻano, 32 mau oospores no 1 mm2 o ka lau lau i ʻike ʻia i ka kaohi, ma ke kikowaena o difenoconazole i ka wai o 10 mg / l - 24, a ma 100 mg / l - 12 oospores / mm2. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o nā concentrations o oospores ma 100 mg / l o ka fungicide a me ka kaohi he helu nui (Elansky, Mytsa, ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia).
Hiki i nā pesticides ke hoʻololi i ka nui o nā kaʻina hana i nā pūnaewele fungal. I loko o nā puke, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka ʻikepili a wehewehe iki i ka hopena o ka lāʻau i noiʻi ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā oospores. E hoʻāʻo e hana i kekahi mau manaʻo e pili ana i ka hana o difenoconazole. ʻO ke ʻano o kāna hana fungicidal e kāohi i ka C14-dimethylase enzyme, kahi mea nui i ka biosnthesis sterol. Synthesized e nā fungi, nā mea kanu a me nā meaola a me nā ʻāpana o kā lākou mau membrane pūnaewele. ʻO Oomycetes o ka genus Phytophthora, i ka nele o nā sterols, hiki i ka ulu wale ʻana o nā mea ulu, a ua kāohi loa ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana o nā oospores (Elliott et al., 1966).
ʻAʻole hiki i ka Oomycetes ke synthesize i nā sterol iā lākou iho; Hoʻokomo lākou i loko o kā lākou mau membrane i nā sterol i loaʻa mai ka mea kanu hoʻokipa, e hoʻololi ana iā lākou. I kā mākou hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka oat agar medium waiwai i ka â-sitosterol a me ka isofucosterol (Knights, 1965), ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā oospores. Hiki paha i ka difenoconazole ke kāohi i ka hana o nā enzyme e pili ana i ka hoʻololi a hoʻohana ʻana paha o nā hui sterol i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu. Hiki i kēia, ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi, i ka ikaika o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka oospore.
I nā noʻonoʻo liʻiliʻi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i kā mākou hana, ua loaʻa i ka difenoconazole kahi hopena hoʻonāwaliwali i ka ulu ʻana o ka mycelium a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā oospores.
ʻO ka suppression o ke hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā oospores i ka medium nutrient i hōʻike mua ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau antiphytophthora fungicidal. No laila, i ka hana a Kessel et al. (2002) ua ʻimi ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 antiphitofluoroids lāʻau lāʻau kalepa. ʻO Fluazinam, dimethomorph, a me cymoxanil i nā non-lethal concentrations i kāpae loa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā oospores i kahi agar agar; metalaxil, maneb a me propamocarb i hōʻike i ka pono kaulike; ʻAʻohe hopena o ka mancozeb a me ka chlorothalonil i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka oospore. I ka hana a S.A. Kuznetsov (Kuznetsov, 2013), ua hōʻike ʻia ka pāpā ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā oospores ma kahi meakino momona e nā non-lethal concentrations o metalaxyl.
Hōʻike kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua i ka hoʻomākaukau pesticide i hoʻohana ʻia ma kaʻuala, ʻoiai me ka ʻole o kahi hopena kaohi kūpono i ka ulu ʻana o ka lohi lohi pathogen, ua kāohi i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā oospores. No laila, mālama pono ʻia kahi pale kemika o kaʻuala e hoʻohana ana i nā fungicides, insecticides a me nā herbicides e hoʻemi ana i ka likelike o nā ʻōpuka i kūkulu ʻia i nā lau mea kanu.
Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia hana e ka Russian Science Foundation (papahana No. 14-50-00029).
Ua paʻi ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma ka puke pai Mycology and Phytopathology (Volume 50, Helu 1, 2016).