ʻOiai ka holomua nui o ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻuala late blight a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kaʻina hoʻomalu e pili ana i ka ʻike o ka phytopathogen, ke hoʻomau nei ka maʻi i ka pōʻino nui ma muli o ka pau ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ke kumukūʻai o nā lāʻau lapaʻau me nā huahana pale mea kanu.
He oomycete kēia maʻi ʻO Phytophthora infestans, pili i nā lau, nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā ʻuala.
Ke komo nei nā ʻuala i loko o kahi waihona me ka liʻiliʻi o ka maʻi e alakaʻi pinepine ai i ka lilo o nā huahana nui. ʻO ka mea kumu kumu o ka hope blight e noho mau ana i ka mahana o + 3 ° C. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka phytopathogen ma ka ʻili o nā ʻuala e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke komo ʻana o nā hua bacteria opportunistic ma o ka ʻili, e hoʻoulu ai i ka pala palupalu.
ʻO nā hōʻailona hōʻeha hope ma nā lau, ʻike ʻia he mau kikoʻī like ʻole, e hoʻonui mālie i ka nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi. Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi palena ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o nā lau ma nā kihi o nā kiko. Ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo o nā kiko ma nā ʻaoʻao i ka wā maloʻo, ulu ka sporulation o kahi phytopathogen keʻokeʻo. Ma ka ʻili o nā ʻōpala, ʻike ʻia ka maʻi ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele. Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pala ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i loko o nā ʻōpala, kahi kokoke i ka ʻili, akā e komo mālie i waenakonu o nā ʻōpala. ʻO ke ala nui o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka phytopathogen ma o ka zoosporangia lele mai nā māla i hoʻopilikia ʻia, 'nā mea kanu ʻuala manawaleʻa' a me nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma nā puʻu o nā ʻuala i hoʻolei ʻia kokoke i nā māla. ʻO nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia mai nā ʻōpala i hoʻolei ʻia, e like me nā "mea manawaleʻa", hiki ke lilo i mau waihona o nā maʻi viral i lawe ʻia e nā aphids; nā maʻi ʻē aʻe (rhizoctoniosis, anthracnose, powdery scab) a me nā pests (nematodes ola manuahi, potato cyst nematodes, aphids). Eia kekahi, hiki i nā oospores ke hana i loko o ia mau mea, hiki ke hoʻopiʻi hou i ka hakakā ʻana me ka late blight ma muli o ka piʻi nui ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana me ka nui o nā lāʻau fungicide.
Ma nā ʻāpana hema, i mea e pale ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻuala i ʻoki ʻia, pono e mālama koke ʻia nā puʻu me ka diquat a i ʻole glyphosate (inā ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu, pono e hana hou ʻia ka mālama ʻana). ʻO kahi ala maikaʻi loa o ka hakakā ʻana i ia mau mea kanu ʻo ia ka uhi ʻana i nā ʻōpala i hoʻolei ʻia me ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻeleʻele. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka puʻu, pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hiki ʻole i ka zoosporangia o ka phytopathogen ke lele aku, a ʻaʻole hiki i nā holoholona ke komo i lalo o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a haehae. Inā uhi mua ʻia ka puʻu me ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻaʻole pono paha ka mālama ʻana i ka glyphosate. He mea nui e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻuala i ʻoki ʻia mai ka māla ʻuala a me nā kumu wai no ka hoʻoinu ʻana.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau no ʻO Phytophthora infestans ʻO ia ka hoʻohua asexual, kahi e hiki ai i ka zoosporangia ke ulu pololei ma ke ʻano he hyphae a hoʻokuʻu paha i nā zoospores me ka flagella, e komo i ka mea kanu ma o ke kiʻi wai. Hiki ke ola lōʻihi i ka lepo. No ka laʻana, e like me ka poʻe loea Dutch (Plant Pathology journal, 2000), hiki i nā oospores ke mālama i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopili i ka ʻuala ma ka lepo one no 48 mau mahina, a ma ka lepo pālolo no 34 mau mahina i ka wā i kahe ai ka wai. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka nui o nā oospores i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻano ʻuala me kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāhui. Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai ka waihona ʻEulopa Best4Soil (2020), e hōʻemi i ka maʻi lepo ʻO Phytophthora infestans (oospores), nā nematodes ʻuala, rhizoctonia a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe, ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻihoʻi i ka ʻuala i ka māla ma hope o ʻelima mau makahiki.
A hiki i kēia manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻolālā pale ʻuala ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau me nā huahana pale mea kanu. Akā i kēia manawa, ma muli o ka puka ʻana mai o nā genotypes kūpaʻa hou ʻO Phytophthora infestans (ma kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa, genotype EU_43_A1, kūpaʻa i ka mandipropamide ma nā ʻano o 100 ppm), ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka pale ʻana i ka ʻuala.
ʻO nā ʻano kumu o ka pale ʻana i ka ʻuala i ka late blight:
- Ke ulu nei i nā ʻano ʻuala me ka helu kūʻē kiʻekiʻe.
- ʻO ka luku ʻana i nā kumu kumu mua o ka maʻi ("nā mea kanu manawaleʻa", nā puʻu o nā ʻuala i hoʻolei ʻia, nā hua ʻano maʻi a me nā mea kanu ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia).
- Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoholo no ka mālama ʻana i ka fungicide e pili ana i ka pōʻino hope loa, ke kū ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole a me ke ʻano o ke aniau e hoʻolālā i ka helu kūpono o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā anti-resistance. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi papahana ma Lūkini ma ke kumu o ka All-Russian Institute of Phytopathology (VNIIF) VNIIFBlight. Loaʻa iā FGBNU VNIIF kahi patent RU 2019663121 (2019) no ka polokalamu kamepiula "Express forecast - late blight" no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi wanana pūnaewele no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hopena hope i ka Russian Federation. I kēia manawa ma Rūsia aia kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻoholo (DMS) no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mālama fungicide e kūʻē i ka hope blight a me Alternaria "Agrodozor". Ua hoʻokumu pū kekahi mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe i nā papahana e hoʻopaʻa i ka wānana ʻana i ka pōʻino pōʻino. No ka laʻana, aia ma UK kahi kahua pūnaewele no ka late blight Hutton BlightSpy. Mālama ʻia ka paepae e James Hutton Limited, hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻikepili meteorological e ka Met Institute a ua uhi ʻia e ka Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Ma nā wahi he nui, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā kumuwaiwai / platform ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hana noiʻi a nā loea e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka heluna kanaka a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā huahana pale mea kanu (no ka laʻana, ma ʻEulopa - Euroblight, ma Kina - ChinaBlight), ka ʻike mai kahi e hiki ai i nā loea ke hoʻohana i nā ʻōnaehana pale o nā mea kanu me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka heluna kanaka pathogen ma ka ʻāina a me kona pae kūʻē i nā fungicides. Ma ke kahua o ka European consortium o nā loea a me nā hui no ke aʻo ʻana i ka potato late blight Euroblight mālama ʻia nā papa ʻaina me nā hopena o nā hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā mea ikaika e hakakā i ka lohi hope ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka mea kanu a me Alternaria.
- ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā ʻuala i hoʻopili ʻia i ka blight i loko o ka mālama ʻana i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka nalowale o ka tuber a hoʻemi i ka nui o ka maʻi hua no ka makahiki e hiki mai ana.
ʻO Maria Erokhova, ka mea noiʻi, FGBNU VNIIF
leka uila: maria.erokhova@gmail.com