Nā kūlana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i nā ʻuala kiʻekiʻe i mālama ʻia no ka mālama ʻana.Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka ʻenehana hana ʻuala ma ke ʻano o nā poloka ʻelua: kahi poloka hana kahua a me kahi poloka mālama. Ma kēia mea, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hua kiʻekiʻe he hapalua wale nō o ke kaua, he mea nui hoʻi e hiki ke mālama. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no nā hua ʻuala, i mālama ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻuala meaʻai. ʻO ka mea paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka pūnāwai, no ka mea he mea pono e mālama i nā ʻano kanu kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻuala, e pale ana i ka germination premature.
ʻO nā poho ma ka mālama ʻana, ʻo ia ka poho maoli, ka ʻōpala ʻenehana (ʻo nā ʻōpala i hoʻopili ʻia e ka pala, maloʻo ka hapa nui), ka pala loa (nā ʻōpala i ka pala - pulu pulu) a me nā ʻōpuʻu. Ma nā ʻano he nui, pili kēia mau hōʻailona i ka maikaʻi mua o nā ʻuala, kahi e hoʻoholo ai i nā ʻano kanu o ka ʻuala. Pono nā ʻuala hua e hoʻokō i nā koi o GOST 33996-2016, e like me ia i loko o nā mea kanu:
- ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka hele ʻana o nā ʻuala me nā hōʻailona o ka suffocation, hau, me nā kuni, ʻino, me ka ulu ʻana a me ka maʻalahi o ka haki ʻana i ka ulu ʻana, ʻokiʻoki, ʻoki ʻia, me ka ʻili ʻili (ʻoi aku ma mua o 1/4 o ka ʻili o ka tuber);
- ʻae ʻia ka hele ʻana o ka honua a me nā haumia ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2% ma ke kaupaona ʻana i nā ʻano OS, ES, RS1-2;
- ʻae ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻuala, ma ka pākēneka:
- ʻaʻole i hoʻokō i nā koi nui - ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 3%;
- nā ʻano botanical ʻē aʻe - ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 0,5% (no ka māhele PC wale nō);
- i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka pala ringi - ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 0,5% (no ka PC waeʻano wale nō);
- pili ʻia e ka nematode stem - ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 0,5% (no ka PC waeʻano wale nō);
- me ka nānā ʻana o ka glandular a me ka pōʻeleʻele o ka pulp (inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 1/4 o ka ʻāpana longitudinal o ka tuber e pili ana) - ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 5% (i ka huina);
- me ka pōʻino mechanical ma mua o 5 mm hohonu a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mm ka lōʻihi (ʻoki, waimaka, māwae, ʻoki i ka ʻiʻo tuber) - ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 5% (i ka huina);
- me ka pōʻino e nā pests mahiʻai me ka pōʻino ʻole o nā maka (wireworms - ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu neʻe, rodents, beetles a cutworms) - ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2% o ka huina.
ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai, ka hoʻoili ʻana ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻuala. ʻO ka mea mua, i ka wā e ulu ana (e like me ke ʻano o ka wā, i ka manawa kūpono a me ka nui e pono ai), pono e mālama ʻia nā mea kanu me ka hoʻopili ʻana, ʻōnaehana a me ka translaminar hoʻomākaukau e kūʻē i ka hope blight, alternaria, anthracnose a me nā maʻi fungal a me nā maʻi bacterial. No ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i ke kaumaha mai nā pesticides, pono e hoʻokomo i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu i loko o ka pūnaewele pale. ʻO ka lua, no ka pale ʻana i ka nui o ka lepo o nā ʻuala, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lepo ma mua o ke kanu ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana ma waena o ka lālani e pono e hōʻoia i ke ʻano o ka lepo ma nā kua a ma waena o nā lālani a hiki i ka ʻohi ʻana. Ma nā wahi he nui, ua hōʻoia maikaʻi ʻia ke kanu ʻana me ka laina laina o 90 knm. ʻO ke kolu, pono e lawe ʻia ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā poʻo ma ke kemika (Reglon Super 2,5 l/ha, Sukhovey 2,5 l/ha, Basta 2,0 l/ ha), nā hana mechanical a i hui pū ʻia, e pili ana i nā kūlana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka piko, ma kahi o 10-12 mau lā ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana i nā ʻuala. ʻO ka hā, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma kahi mahana o ka ea ma kahi o +10 0C, inā ʻaʻole, piʻi nui ka pākēneka o nā ʻōpala i hoʻopōʻino ʻia e ka Fusarium rot.
Ke koho ʻana i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe. I kēia manawa, ʻohi ʻia ka ʻuala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui a i ʻole ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka ʻohi lima ʻana i nā ʻuala. ʻO ka lua o ka koho e pili ana i nā koina hana lima nui a me ka makemake nui i nā ʻeke a i ʻole nā ʻupena no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻuala. Eia naʻe, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hui, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻeli e hāʻawi i kahi pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka pōʻino mechanical i nā ʻōpala. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka ikaika nui o ka hana, pono e hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻohi ʻana me ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hua mua (i kēia hihia, ulu ʻia ka ʻuala, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi). Ma keʻano heʻokoʻa, uaʻaeʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana i kaʻenehana i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi, i ka wā e hikiʻole ai i nā mea hōʻiliʻili hui ke hanaʻole ma muli o ka maikaʻiʻole o ka lepo a me nā kūlana o ka wā.
ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka ʻoki ʻana i nā piko me ka hui pū ʻana me ka ʻeli ʻana i nā ʻuala (ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hui ʻana) ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia no ka hapa nui o nā wahi o Rūsia, no ka mea, ua nalowale ke kumu nui o kona luku ʻana: ʻo ka wā o ka pala a me ka paʻakikī. ʻaʻole hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻili; ʻaʻohe hōʻemi o ka likelilike a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino o ka ʻuala ma muli o ka pau ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻohana i kēia ʻano hana i ka wā e ʻohi ai i ka ʻuala mua i kūʻai koke ʻia.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea ʻenehana ponoʻī a me nā mea ʻenehana (nā mea hōʻiliʻili, nā mea ʻeli, nā mea hoʻouka), pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka makemake no ka hana ʻuala nui i nā ʻāpana ponoʻī. ʻOiai ko lākou kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o nā ʻano o nā hōʻailona hana a me ka hoʻokele waiwai.
ʻenehana no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala no ka mālama ʻana. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻohi ʻana e ka pae ʻenehana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala no ka mālama ʻana. Aia ʻekolu ʻenehana hoʻomoe - kahe, transshipment a me ke kahe pololei, kēlā me kēia mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka pae kūpono o ka pōʻino mechanical i nā ʻuala (Table 1).
Papa 1. Poino mechanical i na opu ma muli o ka enehana waihona, %
ʻAno pōʻino | Pānaehana | ||
ma ka laina | ka lawe ʻana aku | kahe pololei | |
Peel a hiki i ka hapalua o ka ʻili o ka ʻuala | 16,5 | 6,9 | 5,5 |
Peel ma mua o ½ o ka ʻili o ka ʻuala | 22,6 | 5,7 | 4,6 |
Nā māwae, nā waimaka a me nā ʻoki i loko o ka pulp o nā ʻuala | 9,3 | 6,8 | 2,9 |
ʻO ka pōʻeleʻele o ka pulp me ka nui a me ka hohonu ma mua o 5 mm mai nā hopena | 18,0 | 11,9 | 7,2 |
TOTAL poino | 66,4 | 31,3 | 20,2 |
Huina poho no 8 mahina o ka waiho ana, % | 32,2 | 18,7 | 8,3 |
ʻO ka ʻōpala mai ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻuala, % | 26,0-28,0 | 20,0-22,0 | 13,0-15,0 |
Ke kahe nei - Hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻuala i ʻohi ʻia e kahi hui a ʻeli paha i kahi keʻena hoʻokaʻawale e hoʻokaʻawale i nā haumia a calibrate i mau hakina, a ma hope o ka waiho ʻana. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe, ke kumu kēia i ka nui o ka pōʻino mechanical i nā ʻōpala. No laila, pono e hoʻohana wale ʻia i ke kūʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala a i ʻole i ka wā e ʻohi ʻia ai ka ʻuala e ka hui ʻana mai ka māla me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lepo ma mua o 25-30% a me nā koena mea kanu. Eia kekahi, ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻenehana inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ʻohi ʻana i nā ʻuala piha, me nā ʻili ikaika a ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā maʻi.
Ka lawe moku - Ma mua o ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kekahi wahi, mālama ʻia nā ʻuala i loko o nā puʻu pōkole. Pono e koho ʻia ke koho ʻana i kēia ʻenehana inā loaʻa ka pōʻino nui i nā ʻuala e ka suffocation, late blight, wet rot, a i ʻole i kahi kūlana e lawe ʻia ai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ke anuanu a me ka ua, ʻoi loa me ka hui pū ʻana ma nā lepo kaumaha.
Kahe pololei - Mālama koke ʻia nā ʻuala e hōʻea mai ana mai ke kula me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. Ma muli o nā kūlana, hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona. Inā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lepo i ka 10-15%, a ʻo ka ʻike o nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi a hiki i 30 mm ka nui i ka nui o ka huaʻai he mea ʻole, ua ʻohi ʻia lākou e like me ka maʻalahi o ka "huihui-storage" papahana. , i.e. Lawe ʻia nā ʻuala mai ka hui ʻana i kahi mālama a hoʻoiho ʻia i loko o ka hopper o kahi conveyor-loader ʻano TZK-30/60, kahi e waiho ai i nā ʻuala i loko o kahi puʻu. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lepo ma mua o 20% a kiʻekiʻe ka pākēneka o nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi, a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻuala mai ka hui ʻana i loko o kahi hopper loaʻa hou (no ka laʻana, hana ʻia e GRIMME), hoʻokomo ʻia i mua o ka puka mālama. Hoʻolako ʻia ka bunker me kahi mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe puʻupuʻu, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka lepo a me nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻuala e hānai ʻia e kahi ʻōnaehana conveyors (conveyors) i ka hale mālama, kahi i loaʻa ai ka pile stacker. Ma nā conveyors, koho lima ʻia nā ʻuala maʻamau, nā ʻōpala, nā pōhaku a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe. Mālama ʻia nā ʻuala hua i kanu ʻia me kēia ʻenehana a hiki i ka pūnāwai, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana i ka wā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana ma mua o ke kanu ʻana; i ka manawa like, mālama ʻia nā ʻuala me kahi hopena o Maxim, Prestige, Aktara, etc., a i ke kanu ʻana i ka mea kanu. mea wehe.
Mai ka ʻikepili i ka Papa 1 e hahai ana i ka nele o ke kūʻai ʻana i ka hāʻule, pono e mālama ʻia nā ʻuala ma ka mahiʻai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana holo pololei, a ma nā kūlana koʻikoʻi - me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana transshipment. Me ka ʻenehana i loko o ka laina, ma kahi o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino mechanical i nā ʻōpala, piʻi nui ka pākēneka o ka pōʻeleʻele o ka pulp mai nā hopena, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻōpala i ka wā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i nā ʻōpala - ʻelua ʻoi aku ka nui ma muli o ka emi nui o ka ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻenehana kahe pololei.
ʻAno hale mālama ʻuala. ʻO nā keʻena mālama ʻano Bin-type me kahi ala waena a i ʻole nā ʻāpana kaʻawale i kūpono no ka mālama ʻana i nā hua ʻuala. (kiʻi 1).
No ka ʻuala ware, hoʻohana ʻia nā hale mālama o kahi hoʻolālā maʻalahi (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano nui), ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka hale. Mālama ʻia ka ʻuala hua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hua mua, i loko o nā pahu (Figure 2).
Kiʻi 2. ʻenehana pahu no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala:
a) nā keʻena kaomi ea e hāʻawi ana i ka ea ma o nā kumu kū i luna o nā pahu; b) hoʻopaʻa i nā pahu i ʻelima papa
He ala ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi, akā hāʻawi ia i ka neʻe ʻoi aku o ka hana i ka wā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā hana hou.
ʻenehana ʻenehana mālama lōʻihi algorithm. ʻO ka ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa ʻana, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka liʻiliʻi o nā poho inā e hahai pono ʻia, ʻelima mau manawa nui: sequential hoʻomaloʻo tubers i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka ʻuala i loko o ka mālama ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ea me ka ea o waho ma kahi o 100-200 m.3/t i ka hora; manawa lapaʻau - no 20-25 mau lā ma kahi mahana o 18-20 0Me ka cyclic ventilation me ka ea kūloko e hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano recirculation no 30-40 mau minuke i kēlā me kēia lā; manawa hooluolu me ka ikaika 0,5 0C no ka lā; manawa nui ma kahi mahana mālama 4-5 0Me ka ea manawa no 40-50 mau minuke ʻelua a ʻekolu manawa i ka pule a wā puna - ke kuleana nui a paʻakikī hoʻi, no ka mea he mea pono e pale i ka ulu mua ʻana o nā ʻuala, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ke kanu ʻana i nā lā a i ʻole ke kanu ʻana iā ia iho no nā kumu o ka wā. ʻO ka hana ke kāpae ʻana i ke komo ʻana o ka ea hou o waho i loko o ka waihona a mālama i ka mahana i loko o ka waihona ma kahi pae i hāʻawi ʻia ma o ka manawa pōkole i ka manawa anuanu o ka lā, no ka laʻana, i nā hola ma mua o ke ao.
ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea i loko o ka mālama ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala, me ka ʻole o ka wā maloʻo, pono ma ka pae o 90-95%.
Hoʻohana i nā kemika a me nā mea hoʻoulu ulu. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma waho a ma Rūsia, ʻo ka ʻenehana mālama ʻana i nā hua kanu, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau pale a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana (Maxim 0,2 l / t, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Wahi a nā hopena o nā haʻawina i mālama ʻia ma ka Federal State Budgetary Institution VNIIKH ma 2015-2017, mālama ʻia nā hua ʻuala i ke kaiapuni o ka phytohormone ethylene mai Nowemapa a Mei ma kahi mahana o 4. 0Hāʻawi ʻo C i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā maka puckered (ma muli o nā ʻaoʻao me ka ʻokoʻa o ke aupuni apical), ma mua (e 3-5 mau lā) a me ka puka like ʻana o nā mea kanu, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka nui o nā kumu i kēlā me kēia lāʻau ( e 19,9-36,0% i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole), ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu e 2-3 cm, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā tubers i kēlā me kēia lāʻau (e 6,3-19,0%) me ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka tuberization, hoʻonui i ka hua. (ka huina - ma ka 9,9-19,0% , marketable - ma ka 7,0-23,9%, oi aku ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka irrigation), ke kukulu ana i ka oi oi aku ka like 'ana o nā mea kanu (Table 2).
Papa 2. Nā hōʻailona biometric a me ka hua ʻuala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laʻana o ke ʻano waena o Gala ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ethylene, e pili ana i nā kūlana ulu ma hope (awelika no 2015-2017)
Wahi ulu | ʻO ke koho no ka mālama ʻana i nā hua kanu a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka irrigation | Ka helu o nā ʻōpala, pcs./bush | Ka helu o nā ʻuala pcs./bush | Kumuhana, t / ha | |
maʻamau | hiki ke kūʻai aku (ʻāpana ʻupena >50 mm) | ||||
ʻO Lyubertsy (kahi lepo one one) | kāohi | 5,4 | 17,4 | 23,9 | 19,1 |
me ka ethylene | 7,2 | 21,2 | 27,3 | 22,2 | |
ʻOzersky (ʻeleʻele lepo) | kāohi | 5,8 | 18,3 | 29,4 | 25,3 |
me ka ethylene | 7,7 | 22,9 | 34,5 | 30,5 | |
hoʻomalu (irrigation) | 6,3 | 19,2 | 33,9 | 30,4 | |
me ka ethylene (irrigation) | 8,6 | 24,0 | 40,3 | 37,0 |
No kekahi mau makahiki, ua loaʻa i ka lāʻau Vist 10 g/t (thiabendazole active ingredient) kahi loiloi maikaʻi o kona hopena i ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā hua ʻuala. ʻO ka hiki ʻana o Rhizoctonia sclerotia ma hope o ka fumigation me kēia lāʻau me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i hoʻemi ʻia he 14 mau manawa. I nā hoʻokolohua hana (Moscow māhele), ua emi iho nā poho tuber ma ka ʻano Amadeus e 8,7%, Asterix - e 9,4%, Udacha - e 17,3%, Nevsky - e 25,8%. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hua o nā ʻuala olakino e 9,4-11,8%. Ua emi ke kumu kūʻai o ka hana ʻana e 1,2 mau manawa, a ʻo ka pae loaʻa i ka pae o 49,6-75,5%.
Stanislav Maltsev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiʻai; ʻO Vladimir Zeyruk, Kauka o ka ʻepekema Mahiai;
Sergey Andrianov, haumāna puka; ʻO Sofya Shishkova, ka mea noiʻi ʻōpio,
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “FRC of Potato i kapa ʻia ma hope o A.G. Lorcha"