ʻO Sergey Elansky
ʻO kekahi o nā maʻi weliweli loa o kaʻuala a me nā tōmato ka hopena hope loa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka oomycete ʻO Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary. He mea weliweli loa kēia phytopathogen, no ka mea ma lalo o nā kūlana anilā kūpono, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomohala nui a hana i nā pohō nui o nā mea kanu, a me ka loli ikaika, e hiki ai iā ia ke lanakila koke i ke kūpaʻa o nā ʻano a me ka hopena ʻawahia o nā hoʻomākaukau fungicidal. I kēia lā, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia kahi ʻano ʻuala a me nā ʻano kōmato e kūpaʻa loa ana i kēia mau pathogens.
ʻO ke koho wale no ka pale ʻana i ka blight hope ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika pale mea kanu. Hoʻomaka ka Epiphytosis o ka hopena maikaʻi e ka inoculum mua. I ʻEulopa, ua manaʻo ʻia ka inoculum mua he maʻi i komo i loko o ka lepo me nā tubers hua maʻi, i hoʻopili ʻia i nā oospores lepo (nā pā reproductive pā paia. P. infestans), a me ka zoosporangia i lawe ʻia mai e ka makani mai nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia mai nā tubers i hoʻopili ʻia i nā māla o ka makahiki i hala (nā mea kanu "manawaleʻa"), a i ʻole nā puʻu kōkō i hoʻolei ʻia i ka wā e waiho ana no ka mālama ʻana. ʻO kēia mau mea, ulu ʻia nā mea kanu i luna o nā ahu o nā kūpuna i hoʻolei ʻia i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke kumu weliweli o ka maʻi. ma laila, he mea nui ka helu o nā tubers kupu, a hiki i ka zoosporangia ke lawe ʻia mai iā lākou ma kahi lōʻihi. ʻO ke koena o nā kumuwaiwai (oospores, nā mea kanu "manawaleʻa") ʻaʻole makaʻu loa ia, no ka mea ʻaʻole maʻamau ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu ma nā mahina ʻai like me ka pinepine ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia 3-4 mau makahiki. ʻO ka maʻi mai nā tubers hua maʻi he mea liʻiliʻi hoʻi ia ma muli o ka ʻōnaehana mālama hua maikaʻi.
Ma ka laulaha, kaupalena ʻia ka nui o ka inoculum mua i nā heluna o ʻEulopa, a no laila ke lohi o ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi ahulau a hiki ke hoʻomalu maikaʻi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻomākaukau fungicidal kemika.
I Rūsia, ʻokoʻa loa ke ʻano. ʻO ka hapa nui o kaʻuala a me nā hua kōmato e ulu i nā māla liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi; ʻaʻole e hoʻokō ʻia nā hana pale ma luna o lākou, a i ʻole mālama ʻia nā lāʻau fungicidal i kahi helu lawa ʻole a hoʻomaka ma hope o ke ʻano o ka hopena o ke ahi i luna. A ʻo kahi hopena, hana nā māla mea kanu pilikino i kumu nui o ka maʻi, a mai laila i lawe ʻia ai e ka makani i nā kanu kanu pāʻoihana. Hōʻoia kēia e kā mākou nānā pono ʻana ma Moscow, Bryansk, Kostroma, Ryazan mau wahi: ua ʻike ʻia ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mea kanu i nā māla ponoʻī ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i nā fungicide o nā kanu kanu pāʻoihana. Ma hope iho, ua kāohi ʻia ka maʻi ahulau ma nā kahua nui e ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā hoʻomākaukau fungicidal, ʻoiai ma nā māla ponoʻī ke ulu wikiwiki nei o ka hopena o ke ahi.
I ka hana kūpono ʻole a "haʻahaʻa-budget" paha o nā kanu kanu pāʻoihana, ʻike ʻia ka foci o ka hopena o ke ahi i nā kula. i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke hoʻomōhala nei lākou, e paʻa ana i nā wahi nui aku.
ʻO ka maʻi i nā māla ponoʻī ka hopena nui i nā maʻi ʻino i nā māla kūʻai. Ma nā wahi ulu ʻuala a pau o Rūsia, ʻo ka wahi i noho ʻia e kaʻuala ma nā māla ponoʻī he nui aku ka manawa ma mua o ka nui o nā wahi o nā māla o nā hui hana nui. I loko o kēlā ʻano, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā māla mea kanu pilikino ma ke ʻano he waiwai inoculum o ka honua āpau no nā māla ʻoihana.
E hoʻāʻo e ʻike i kēlā mau waiwai i ʻano like me ka P. infestans heluna kanaka i nā māla ponoʻī. Ke kanu nei i ka hua ʻole a me ka quarantine ka mālama ʻana o ka ʻuala, nā hua kōmato i loaʻa mai nā mea hana haole kānalua, ka mahi ʻana o ka ʻuala a me nā tōmato ma nā wahi like, nā lāʻau fungicide kūpono ʻole a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻole ʻana e alakaʻi ai i nā epiphytoties koʻikoʻi i ka ʻāpana pilikino, a manuahi ka hopena o ia mea kea, hybridization a me ka oospore hoʻokumu i nā pilikino māla. A ʻo kahi hopena, ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano genotypic kiʻekiʻe loa, ke ʻaneʻane kū hoʻokahi nā ʻano āpau i kāna genotype (Elansky et al., 2001), a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā genotypes i nā lehulehu e māʻona i ka lakio Hardy-Weinberg (Amatkhanova et al., 2004), e hōʻike nei no ka ʻae manuahi. i nā lehulehu. Hoʻokumu ikaika ʻia ʻo Oospores i loko o nā lālā mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻia (Smirnov, Elansky 1999). Ke kanu nei i ka ʻuala hua o nā ʻano kumu ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole paha e kū mai nā laina clonal i mākaukau e hoʻouka i kekahi ʻano. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaha i koho ʻia i kēlā hihia e ko lākou maʻalahi e pili ana i nā ʻano loli; ka hapa nui o lākou i kahi kokoke i ka nui o nā genes virulence (Amatkhanova et al., 2004; Shein et al., 2009). ʻOkoʻa loa kēia mai ka ʻōnaehana o "nā laina clonal" maʻamau no nā māla nui o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai me kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho pono o ka pale ʻana i ka hopena o ke ahi. "Nā laina Clonal" (ke hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano a pau o ka hopena blight pathogen i ke kula e hoʻokahi a i ʻole he mau genotypes) ma nā ʻāina kahi e lawe wale ʻia ai ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala e nā mahiʻai nunui: ʻo USA, ʻo Netherlands, Denmark, a pēlā aku. (Goodwin et al., 1994, Dyakov, Elansky, 2007, Cooke et al., 2006). I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20, ua pālahalaha nā "laina clonal" ma nā ʻĀkia a me nā ʻĀina hikina o Rūsia (Elansky et al., 2001), no ka hoʻohana ʻia o nā ʻano ʻuala like ʻole no ke kanu ʻana. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻomaka ka loli o ke kūlana i kēia mau wahi i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka genotypic like ʻole o nā lehulehu (S.N. Elansky, ʻike ʻole i paʻi ʻia).
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o nā lāʻau hoʻomāinoino me nā hoʻomākaukau fungicidal he hua ʻē aʻe, pololei - ʻaʻohe hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻano kūʻē i nā māla. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hōʻike kā mākou hopena i ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā kānana metalaxyl-resistant i nā māla ponoʻī ma mua o nā mea kanu pāʻoihana (Elansky et al., 2007).
ʻO ke kanu kokoke ʻana o kaʻuala a me nā ʻōmato i nā māla e kōkua i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kānana ma waena o kēia mau mea kanu, no ka hopena, i loko o nā makahiki he 1 i hala aku nei, i waena o nā ʻano i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai kaʻuala, ʻo ka mahele o ka poʻe e hāpai ana i ka ʻāpana no ke kūʻē ʻana i nā ʻanoʻano o ke kōmato kōmato T1, kahi ʻano ma mua wale nō o nā "kōmato" kānana, ua hoʻonui ʻia. ʻO nā kaha me ka moʻokūʻauhau TXNUMX i ka hapanui o nā hihia he koʻikoʻi loa i nā ʻuala a me nā kōmato.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka ka hopena o ka mumū ma ke kōmato i nā hanana he nui ma mua o ka uala. Hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia nā ʻano kōmato e nā oospores i ka lepo, a i ʻole nā oospores i loaʻa i nā ʻano hua kōmato a i ʻole ke pili ʻana iā lākou. Mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 2001, ua ʻike ʻia kahi heluna nui o nā hua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he kumukūʻai ʻole, i lawe nui ʻia, i loko o nā hale kūʻai, i kahi o ka hapa nui o nā mea hana liʻiliʻi i hoʻololi. Hiki i nā hua ke lawe i nā kānana me nā genotypes maʻamau o nā wahi o kā lākou ulu ʻana. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau genotypes i ke kaʻina moekolohe ma nā māla ponoʻī, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka puka ʻana o nā genotypes hou loa.
No laila, ʻo nā māla ponoʻī he "ipu hoʻoheheʻe" honua ia, ma muli o ke kūkaʻi ʻia ʻana o nā mea kūpuna, hana ʻia nā genotypes e kū nei a hōʻike ʻia nā mea hou loa. I ka manawa like, koho ʻia kā lākou koho ʻana i nā ʻano i ʻokoʻa loa mai nā mea i hana ʻia no ka ʻuala i nā mahiʻai nui: ka ʻole o ka paʻi fungicidal, ka like ʻana o nā mea kanu, ka nui o nā mea kanu i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā ʻano like ʻole o ka maʻi viral a me ka maʻi koʻohune, kahi kokoke i nā ʻōmato a me nā nighthades hihiu, ke keʻa ʻeleu a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hale. no nā oospores e hoʻoulu i ka maʻi i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia āpau i kahi ʻano genotypic kiʻekiʻe loa o nā kua kua. I nā kūlana o nā epiphytotics i nā māla mea kanu, pāhola koke ka mumū a hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā nui o nā spores, e lele ana i nā kanu kanu ʻoihana kokoke. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hele ʻana i nā māla ʻoihana me ka ʻōnaehana pololei o ka ʻenehana mahiʻai a me ka pale ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki i nā spore i lele i loko ke hoʻomaka i kahi maʻi ahulau koʻikoʻi ma ke kula, no ka loaʻa ʻole o nā laina clonal kūʻē i nā 10 fungicides a loea i ka mea i mahi ʻia.
ʻO kekahi kumuwaiwai o ka inoculum mua i maʻi tubers i paʻa i nā mea kanu kalepa. Ua ulu kēia mau tubers, ma ke ʻano he rula, i nā māla me ka ʻenehana mahiʻai maikaʻi a me ka pale kemika ikaika. Hoʻohui ʻia nā genotypes o nā kaʻawale e hoʻopili i nā tubers i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī. ʻOi aku ka weliweli o kēia mau ʻano no ke kanu pāʻoihana ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka inoculum e hoʻomaka ana mai nā māla ponoʻī. Kākoʻo nā hopena o kā mākou noiʻi i kēia kuhi. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā heluna kanaka mai nā kula nui me ka mālama pono ʻana i ka kemikū a me nā ʻenehana mahiʻai maikaʻi ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano genotypic kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia mau manawa he mau laina clonal, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻokūkū kiʻekiʻe a me ka predominance o nā ʻano kūpaʻa pale-pale.
Hiki i nā kānana mai nā mea kanu pāʻoihana ke komo i nā lehulehu i nā māla mea kanu a pili i nā hana e hana nei i loko o lākou. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o kahi māla mea kanu, e emi loa ana kā lākou hoʻokūkū ma mua o kahi pāʻoihana, a pau koke lākou e noho i ke ʻano o ka laina clonal, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ko lākou mau gen i ka "māla" heluna kanaka.
ʻO ka maʻi e hoʻomohala ma nā mea kanu "manawaleʻa" a ma nā puʻu o nā kūpe culled i ka wā e ʻohi ʻana ʻaʻole pili pono ia no Rūsia, no ka mea I nā wahi ulu ʻuala nui o Rūsia, ʻike ʻia ka hau ʻana o ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo, a ʻo nā mea kanu mai nā tubers i hoʻoheheʻe i ka lepo ʻaʻole ulu iki.
Eia kekahi, e like me kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua e hōʻike ai, ʻo ka hopena o ka maʻi pathogen lohi, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻaʻole ola i nā mahana maikaʻi ʻole ma nā tubers i hoʻomau i ko lākou hiki. I ka ʻāpana maloʻo, kahi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai i kaʻuala, hana ʻia ka lohi ma muli o ke kau maloʻo a me ka wela.
No laila, ke nānā nei mākou i kēia manawa i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o nā P. infestans i nā "pā" a me nā "māla". Eia nō naʻe, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia nā kaʻina hana e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻololi a me ka interpenetration o nā genotypes mai kēia mau lehulehu.
Ma waena o lākou, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻonui maʻamau o ka heluhelu o nā mea hana liʻiliʻi, ka puka ʻana o nā pūʻolo liʻiliʻi o nā ʻuala hua, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā hoʻomākaukau fungicidal i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi, a me ka nalo o ka makaʻu i ka "chemistry" e ka lehulehu.
Kū aʻe nā kūlana i ka wā, mahalo i ka hana ikaika a hoʻokahi mea hoʻolako, kanu ʻia nā kauhale āpau me nā tubers ʻanoʻano like a hāʻawi ʻia me nā pūʻolo liʻiliʻi o nā pesticides like. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e ʻike ʻia kaʻuala o nā ʻano like ma nā kanu kanu ʻoihana kokoke.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻolaha nei kekahi mau ʻoihana kūʻai pesticide i nā hoʻolālā mālama lāʻau "budgetary". I kēia hihia, hoʻemi ʻia ka helu o nā lapaʻau a hāʻawi ʻia nā fungicides ʻoi loa, a ʻaʻole ka manaʻo nui i ka pale ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ke ahi a hiki i ka ʻoki ʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe, akā ma kahi lohi o ka epiphytoty i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hua. Kūpono ʻia ia ʻano papa hana i ka wā e ulu ana i kaʻuala ʻūlū mai nā mea hua lulu haʻahaʻa, ke kumu ʻole ʻaʻohe nīnau no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hua kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia hihia, ʻokoʻa i ka nui o nā māla, e ʻae ʻia ka moʻokiʻoki pae o ka uala i ke koho ʻana o nā lāhui physiological kikoʻī o nā phytopathogens, ka mea weliweli loa no kēia ʻano.
ʻO nā ʻano i ka hui ʻana o "māla" a me nā ʻano "māla" o ka hana ʻana i kaʻuala me he mea weliweli loa ia iā mākou. I mea e pale aku ai i kā lākou hopena maikaʻi ʻole, ma ka home a me nā ʻoihana kalepa, pono ia e kaohi i ka ʻākoakoa o nā ʻuala hua a me ka laulā o nā fungicides i hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea nona ponoʻī i ka wahī liʻiliʻi, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hoʻolālā pale ʻuala a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā fungicides i ka ʻoihana kalepa.
Ma muli o ka nāwaliwali o ka ulu ʻana o ka hua ma Rūsia, lawe ʻia mai nā hua nui o nā hua uala mai nā ʻāina ʻē. Me ia, e lawe ʻia mai nā ʻano pathogenic a me fungicide-resistant of pathogens, a ʻoi loa. lohi ahi.
Ma Rūsia, e hoʻopili ʻia kā lākou punawai wai i ka hana kūlohelohe o ka hānau ʻana i nā genotypes hou, i hoʻopili ʻia i ko mākou kūlana a me ka eo ʻana o nā ʻano i mahi ʻia ma Lūkia.
I nā wahi o ka ʻāpana pilikino, aia kahi ulu ikaika ʻana o ka wela wale nō, akā ʻo Alternaria kekahi. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻona pilikino ʻaʻole e hana i nā hana kūikawā e pale aku ai iā Alternaria, e lawe nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Alternaria no ka wili maoli ʻana o nā lau a i ʻole ke hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hopena o ke ahi. No laila, me ka hoʻomohala nui ʻana o Alternaria i nā ʻano susceptible, hiki i nā pā hale ke lilo i kumu no ka inoculum no nā mea kanu pāʻoihana.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia hana me ke kākoʻo hapa o ka Russian Science Foundation (papahana N 14-50-00029).
Ua paʻi ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma ka puke pai "Protection Potato" (No. 1, 2015)