Evgeny Simakov, ke poʻo o ka Experimental Potato Gene Pool Department, Doctor of Agricultural Science, Professor of the A.G. Lorcha"
I kēia manawa, ma muli o ka nui o ka pilikia o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu i hōʻoia ʻia, ʻo ka pono o nā ʻano ʻano home o kahi hanauna hou, e like me nā koi o kēia wā o ka mākeke ʻuala e pili ana i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā hiʻohiʻona pono waiwai, ua lilo i mea hoʻonui nui. .
ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana o ke kūlana e pono ai ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana kūpono e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana a me ka ʻenehana hou ʻana i nā mea a me nā kumu ʻenehana o nā keʻena ʻepekema e kū nei. Inā hoʻokō ka hoʻokō ʻana o Rūsia i nā ʻano analogue maikaʻi loa i koi ʻia ma ka mākeke o nā hua a me nā ʻuala pāʻoihana, hiki ke hoʻolalelale i ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻano hoʻohiki hou e loaʻa ai ka elite kiʻekiʻe.
I loko o ka hoʻolālā o ka Subprogram e hoʻomau nei "Ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻuala a me ka hana ʻana i nā hua ma ka Russian Federation no 2017-2025", ua ʻike ka Ministry of Agriculture a me ke Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao a me ʻEpekema o ka Russian Federation i nā poʻe i komo i nā papahana ʻepekema a me nā ʻenehana. KSTP) a me nā polokalamu noiʻi ʻepekema hoʻohui ʻia (CPNI) e hana a hoʻolaha wikiwiki i nā ʻano ʻano hua nui hou i ka hana ʻana ma muli o nā ʻenehana kūpono o kēia wā no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana agro-ecological o nā ʻano ʻuala hou i hana ʻia i ka wā o kāna hoʻokō ʻana, i ka wā e ulu ai i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai o 9 mau ʻāina o ka Russian Federation (North-Western, Central, Volga, Ural, etc.) hōʻike i kēlā ma nā ʻāina like ʻole. a me nā kūlana climatic, hāʻawi ka hapa nui o nā ʻano hou i nā hua hana kiʻekiʻe mau ʻaʻole i haʻahaʻa i nā analogues haole. No ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā koi no nā ʻano ʻano home hou, pono ko lākou ākea ākea ʻaʻole wale mai ka ʻaoʻao o nā mea paʻa patent, akā mai nā mea hoʻokumu. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻaʻole naʻe, ʻo nā ʻano hou i hana ʻia e nā mea hoʻolale Lūkini, ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i loko o ka mokuʻāina mokuʻāina, e noho mau no ka manawa lōʻihi ma muli o ka nele o nā mea kanu i hōʻoia ʻia no nā mea kūʻai aku, i hōʻike maopopo ʻia e ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 1.
Papa 1. Ke alakaʻi nei i nā ʻano like ʻole i ka mākeke hua ʻuala o ka Russian Federation (ka ʻikepili mai ka Federal State Budgetary Institution Rosselkhozcenter, 2020)
Ka nui | Mea hoʻokumu | Mea hua kanu ʻia | ||
nā tona | % | |||
Nevsky | ʻO kaʻuala kaʻuala. ʻO A.G. Lorkha | 11120 | 13,75 | |
Удача | - // - | 1942 | 2,48 | |
Aurora | - // - | 1556 | 1,99 | |
ʻO Zhukovsky i ka wanaʻao | - // - | 936 | 1,26 | |
Gulliver | - // - | 392 | 0,50 | |
Kahua kikino | - // - | 318 | 0,41 | |
ʻO Charoite | - // - | 318 | 0,41 | |
Ke Kanaka Waiwai | - // - | 289 | 0,37 | |
Mūkana | - // - | 242 | 0,31 | |
Kōkua | - // - | 194 | 0,25 | |
Pennant | - // - | 173 | 0,22 | |
Sineglazka 2016 | - // - | 125 | 0,16 | |
Nui | - // - | 117 | 0,15 | |
Lila | - // - | 110 | 0,14 | |
Sadona | - // - | 80 | 0,10 | |
Ariel | - // - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Kahaha | - // - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Fritella | - // - | 36 | 0,04 | |
Hussar | - // - | 25 | 0,03 | |
ʻO Meshchera Nani | - // - | 21 | 0,02 | |
Huina: | 21802 | 26,8 | ||
ʻUlaʻula ulaula | HZPC Holland BV | 15313 | 18,8 | |
ʻO Gala | Norika | 13307 | 16,4 | |
Kākau | HZPC Holland BV | 13283 | 16,3 | |
mea hana hou | HZPC Holland BV | 12501 | 15,4 | |
ʻO Newton | ʻO Frito-Lay ʻAmelika Hema | 2590 | 3,2 | |
ʻAlikona | Agrico UA | 2475 | 3,1 | |
Huina: | 59469 | 73,2 | ||
Ma ke kūlana o kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka koho ʻana i ka home a me ka hoʻololi ʻana iā ia i kahi pae qualitatively hou ma ke kumu o nā hui lehulehu a pilikino (Fig. 1). Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka pili ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana hānai, nā keʻena aupuni a me nā ʻoihana hānai a me nā hua a hoʻomau i ka hana kūʻokoʻa, pono ia e hoʻohui i nā hana e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻōnaehana home hou o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻuala a me ka hana ʻana i nā hua ma nā loina o ka hui aupuni a me ka pilikino. .
No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka papahana hoʻokomo ʻuala hua, i nā makahiki he 10 i hala iho nei, ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 mau ʻano koho FRC i kapa ʻia ma hope o A.I. A.G. ʻO Lorkha, ma waena o nā ʻano ʻano kaulana loa: Krepysh, Meteor, Gulliver; waena: ʻO Ariel, Krasa Meshchery, Sadon, a me nā mea hou: Sprinter, Flagman a me Mirage. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻano no ka hoʻohana papaʻaina.
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano oʻo mua loa i hoʻomohala ʻia ma hope o 2010 Mūkana (ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka hapa nui o nā wahi o Rūsia). ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ia i ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka tuberization, akā, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mea nui loa ia, i ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o kahi hua kūʻai. Kūpono ka ʻano like ʻole no ka ulu ʻana ma nā ʻano lepo āpau, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā ʻōpala i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka lepo me ka hoʻolālā maikaʻi. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana mua, makemake ʻia e hoʻomehana i nā ʻōpala, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka germination māmā (nā hua a hiki i 1 cm lōʻihi). He mea maʻamau ka pono o ka meaʻai mineral no nā ʻano mua. Inā makemake ʻia ka ʻuala no ka mālama ʻana, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka nitrogen: 70% ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, 30% ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka tuber. I ka ulu ʻana o nā hua mua, ʻōlelo ʻia kahi noi hoʻokahi. Kuhi ʻia nā ʻano o ka phosphorus a me ka potash fertilizers e pili ana i nā hopena o nā hoʻāʻo ʻāina. Ua ʻike ʻia ka pane ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole i ka noi hou o ka magnesium a me ka manganese. Hōʻike maikaʻi nā pana a me ka wikiwiki, hiki ke pani ʻia nā lālani i ka manawa pōkole, no laila pono ka mālama ʻana i ka manawa a me ka maʻamau. Hiki i nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai o ka lepo ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomaka hou ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka tuber a me ke ʻano o nā "outgrowths" ma nā ʻōpala nui. Kūleʻa ka ʻano like ʻole i ka pōʻino mechanical, akā ʻelua a ʻekolu mau pule ma hope o ka wehe ʻana o nā poʻo e hana i kahi peel "ikaika". Kūpono ka ʻano like ʻole no ka mālama ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi i ka mahana kūpono + 4оH.
Kahua kikino - kahi ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi i laha ʻia ma nā wahi o Rūsia. He kūpono no ka ulu ʻana ma nā ʻano lepo āpau, akā naʻe, loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi loa ma ke ʻano o ka helu a me ka like o nā ʻuala ma nā ʻāina momona momona. He pōkole ka manawa dormant, ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻuala me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana e wikiwiki koke. He mea nui kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻano like ʻole inā pono e ulu i ka lua o ka ʻuala ma nā ʻāpana hema o ka ʻāina. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana mua, hiki ke hoʻomehana ʻia a i ʻole ka germination liʻiliʻi o nā ʻuala (sprouts a hiki i 1 cm). No nā ʻano like ʻole, he mea nui ka mahiʻai preplant kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻano lepo cloddy maikaʻi, kahi e hōʻoia ai i ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka tuberization. ʻO ka nui o ka nitrogen e koi ʻia e helu ʻia e like me ka maʻamau no kahi ʻano mua, a me ka phosphorus a me ka potassium ma muli o nā hopena o nā hoʻāʻo ʻāina. I ka ulu ʻana o nā hua mua, ʻōlelo ʻia kahi noi hoʻokahi. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ka ʻano like ʻole i ka hoʻoinu ʻana, no ka mea, ʻo ka lepo maikaʻi loa e hōʻoia i ka tuberization maikaʻi a me ka mākeke kiʻekiʻe. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hoʻomohala ikaika ʻana o ka nui o ka honua a me ka pani wikiwiki ʻana o nā lālani i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai i kahi ʻōnaehana fungicidal no nā mea kanu vegetative. Ke oʻo, hoʻoikaika mālie ka ʻili i nā ʻano like ʻole, a maʻalahi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻōpala mai nā stolons. Hoʻomaka ʻia ka ʻohi ʻana ma mua o ʻekolu pule ma hope o ka wehe ʻana o nā piko, i kekahi manawa pono ka desiccation hou. Loaʻa i ka ʻano like ʻole ke kūpaʻa maʻamau i ka pōʻino mechanical. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā microdamges hiki ke lilo i ka nui o ka nalo ʻana o ka makū mai nā ʻuala a me ka germination mua. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻano no ka hana mua ʻana (e ʻae ʻia ka mālama ʻana a hiki i ʻeono mahina). Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻano like ʻole e kahi manawa dormant pōkole, ʻo ke ʻano wela maikaʻi loa no ka mālama ʻana i nā hua ʻuala + 4-5оC. No ka pale ʻana i ka nalo ʻana o ka wai e nā ʻōpala, he mea nui ia i ka wā hoʻoluʻu i ka wā mālama, e liʻiliʻi ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mahana o ka ʻuala a me ka ea anuanu, a ʻo ka emi ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i ka mahana o nā ʻuala i loko. 0,5-0,7оH.
Gulliver (i loko o ka Moku'āina o ka Russian Federation mai 2018) ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia i ka hui o nā ʻano papaʻaina mua. ʻO Multi-tuber, pono i kahi no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea kanu: i ka wā e mahi ʻia ai no nā kumu kūʻai, ʻo ka nui o ke kanu ʻana he 40 tausani tubers/ha. ʻO nā kumukūʻai fertilizer ma muli o 40 tons o nā ʻuala kūʻai mai 1 ha a i (a.i./ha) N:P:K:Mg i ka ratio 170-180:100-110:310-320:70-80. He mea nui loa ka Nitrogen - 170 kg / ha, e pili ana i ka a.i., e noʻonoʻo ana i ka lepo; e hoʻopili i ka fractionally 50/50, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā ʻāina māmā - i ke kanu ʻana a i ka wā o nā mea kanu i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 15 cm. Pono e hoʻokō i ka ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe i ka manawa kūpono me ka mālama ʻana i ka fungicidal e kūʻē i ka blight hope ma ka helu o 5 -10 N / ha (e like me ka a.i.). Pono nō hoʻi e mālama i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻuala ma ka hoʻohui ʻana iā K a me Mg. Ma nā lepo me ka nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka scab maʻamau, ʻōlelo ʻia e wai koke ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka tuberization.
Nā ʻano papa ʻaina mua Ariel ka poʻe akamai i kapa i ka loa adaptive i loko o ka varietal laina. Ma muli o kona plasticity kiʻekiʻe, hōʻike ia i nā hopena maikaʻi loa i nā kūlana o ka hapa nui o nā wahi o Rūsia. I ka makahiki maloʻo o 2021, i ka wā i ulu ai me ka ʻole o ka irrigation, hāʻawi ia i ka awelika hua mai 43,4 a 55,5 t/ha. Loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole i nā pono āpau e komo i ka papa kiʻekiʻe o ka mea hana Lūkini. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka moʻopuna o ka ʻano like ʻole he mau mākua huahua nui, ʻo ia hoʻi he ʻano genetic kūpono; ʻO ka lua, he pale maloʻo, ʻoiai me ka nele o ka wai, e waiho paʻa ʻo ia i 15 tubers a "huki" iā lākou i kahi nui kūʻai. ʻO kekahi pōmaikaʻi ʻē aʻe ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino mechanical ʻoiai ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i kahi mahana o +8-10оC. He kiʻekiʻe loa ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻuala.
Nā ʻano papa ʻaina mua Sadona i loko o ka moku'āina o ka Russian Federation i 2020, he hui pū kēia o nā mea hānai o ka FRC Potato i kapa ʻia ma hope o A.I. A.G. Lorch a me FAT-AGRO. He kūpono ke ʻano no ka ulu ʻana ma nā ʻano lepo āpau, akā naʻe, loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi loa ma nā māmā i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia. Ua loaʻa kahi hua moʻolelo o 2021 t/ha ma nā ʻāina irrigated o AFG National i 83,3. He lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka dormant, akā ʻaʻohe pule apical i ka wā germination. Ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, ʻōlelo ʻia e mālama i nā ʻōpala me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kūʻē i ka rhizoctoniosis. ʻO ka pono no ka nitrogen he 10-15% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka maʻamau no kahi ʻano waena waena. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nitrogen fractional: 75% ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, 25% ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻuala. ʻO ka helu o ka noi ʻana o ka phosphorus a me ka potash fertilizers e helu ʻia e like me nā hopena o nā loiloi lepo. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu organik ma muli o ka hiki ke hōʻino ʻia i nā ʻuala e ka scab maʻamau. Hōʻike mālie nā mea kanu, a wikiwiki ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o ka honua, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka wā e hoʻokō ai i ka mālama fungicidal o nā mea kanu vegetative. Kūleʻa ka ʻano i ka maloʻo, kūpaʻa i ka pōʻino mechanical me ka wehe mua ʻana (ʻelua pule ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana). ʻO ka loli ʻana o ka mahana i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana, hiki ke hoʻoulu mua i nā ʻuala.
Nā ʻano papa ʻaina mua ʻO Meshchera Nani Hoʻokomo pū ʻia i loko o ka State Register of the Russian Federation i 2020. He kiʻekiʻe ka hua, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻōpala i kēlā me kēia lāʻau he 14-18 mau ʻāpana. He kūpono ka papa no ka mahi ʻana ma nā ʻano lepo āpau. He poepoe-oval ka tubers, me ka overgrowth aia ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka pear. ʻO ka manawa dormant ka lōʻihi waena. Ua haʻi ka ʻano i ka mana apical, no laila, ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoki ʻana i nā pua apical a hoʻoulu i ka germination o nā maka lateral me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ea wela (+ 20-30).оMAI). ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka nitrogen fractionally: 70% ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, 30% ma mua o ka tuberization. Malia paha kahi noi hoʻokahi o ka nitrogen. Hoʻohana ʻia nā fertilizers Phosphate me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana i ka lepo, a ua hoʻopili ʻia nā fertilizers potash 10-15% ma mua o ka helu i helu ʻia i mea e pale ai i nā pilikia me ka pōʻeleʻele o ka pulp tuber ma ka hopena. Hōʻike koke nā pana, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka nui o ka honua a me ka pani ʻana o nā lālani, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka wā e hoʻokō ai i nā mālama fungicidal. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻano like ʻole i ka pōʻino mechanical, no laila pono e wehe i nā piko ʻelua pule ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana e hōʻoia i ka ikaika o ka peel. Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano like ʻole i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana - hiki ke hana koke i nā pua apical; ʻoluʻolu i nā haʻalulu i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai mai ka waiho ʻana (ʻike ʻia ka pōʻeleʻele o ka pulp): e pale aku i nā poho, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā ʻuala. Me ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana o ka mālama ʻana, hiki ke pale i ka "ʻelemakule" physiological wikiwiki a me ka dehydration o nā tubers.
Makemake wau e huki i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe heluhelu i kekahi mau hanana hoʻohua hou.
Nā ʻano pākaukau waena waena Ka moku hae ma ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi a me ka nui o nā ʻuala, pili ia i ka ʻano analogue Arrow. ʻAno mua Sprinter i hoʻolālā ʻia e hana i nā ʻuala ʻōpio kiʻekiʻe. Aia lāua ʻelua ma ka State Variety Testing mai 2021.