I kēia manawa, loaʻa nā helminthiases o nā mea kanu i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā roundworms (nematodes) kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi no ka hana mahiʻai. Loaʻa ka honua o ka hōʻoki ʻana i ka hua mai ka nematodes i ka 7-10%, me ka maʻi ʻino loa, loaʻa i nā mea hana hoʻomohala ma lalo o 80% o ka hua.
Kuhi ʻia nā Koti i nā ʻano o nematodes. I waena o lākou he mau lālā (Ditylenchus destructor), ʻūhā komohana (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), pale (Globodera pallida Stone) a me ke gula (Globodera rostochiensis). Hoʻopilikia ka lāʻau (tuber) nematode i lalo o nā ʻōpū o nā mea kanu (ma ka manawa ulu a ma ka wā mālama), e hōʻeha ana i kahi maʻi weliweli o ditylenchiasis. I loko o nā kōnī umauma ma lalo o ka peel e nā wahi liʻiliʻi keʻokeʻo i hoʻolālā ʻia me nā pūpū ma waenakonu. ʻO nā wahi i lilo a palupalu a ʻike ʻia inā palpating. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻōpala a paʻa. ʻO ka pinepine, loaʻa ka maʻi o ka mea kanu i ka mahina, a me nā kūlana o ka mālama, hoʻomaka ka maʻi i ka holomua.
ʻAʻole i hōʻemi iki ʻia ka nematode ololi ʻākau, ka mea kanu i nā aʻa a me ka wai o ka ʻuala a ua kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻanaidoginosis. I nā aʻa o Dietilenchosis, kumu i nā mea kanu nematode kanu, ʻano mānoanoa (galls). E pale ka mea make i ka komo ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu, kahi e hoʻemi ai i ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o nā hua. Hiki nō hoʻi i ka nematode kākaho pāpala ke kumu i ka pohō nui ʻana o ka ʻuala. Noho ka pōloli ma kahi anuanu a me ka mahana, e pālahalaha loa ana i nā ʻāina o ʻEulopa, a e pili ana i ka quarantine waho.
KAHUAHI - CYST
ʻO kekahi o nā mea ʻino kūpilikiʻi loa ka nematode ʻuala gula e hana ana i kahi maʻi weliweli - potato globoderosis (ʻo nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana Solanaceae ka mea i maʻalahi ʻia iā ia, akā i kahi liʻiliʻi).
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka nematode kōpī gula i ka papa inoa o nā pōpoki o ka quantine nui no ka Russian Federation.
NA HANA KOA KEKAHI NEMATODE?
Hoʻokumu nā nematodes cyst wahine me nā hua ma nā aʻa o kaʻuala. Ma hope o ke kanu ʻana i kaʻuala i ka puna, kū mai nā larva invasive mai nā cist no 3-6 mau pule ma lalo o ka mana o nā huna aʻa a hoʻopili i nā aʻa. Komo ka larva i ke aʻa ma o ka pāpale aʻa a no kekahi mau lā e neʻe ma ka ʻōnaehana conduction aʻa, a ma hope e kū a hana i kahi i hānai ʻia o nā hunaola nunui. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka mahana o ka lepo, hoʻokumu ʻia nā wahine a me nā kāne mai ka larvae ma loko o 1,5-2 mau mahina. I kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana, hoʻomaka ka wahine e hōʻiliʻili i nā hua i ka lua o ke kino. Loaʻa i nā wahine ʻōpio keʻokeʻo i ke kala gula e ka hāʻule a ma kēia ʻano hele i ka hoʻoilo. I ka hopena o ke ola, hoʻopiha piha ke kino o ka wahine i nā hua manu, e lilo ana i ʻano capsule, uhi ʻia me ka pūpū mānoanoa - cyst.
Noho ka Cysts i ka lepo, hoʻopili i nā aʻa o nā pua kanu i ka wā e ulu mai ana ke ulu ʻana, a hiki ke mālama ʻia no kahi lōʻihi (ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki) ʻaʻole me ka hele ʻana o ka mea kanu hoʻokipa.
He paʻakikī e hana pū me nā cist - nā hana kuʻuna (ka hoʻomāhuihu ʻana i ka lepo o luna a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā mea kanu) ʻaʻole kūpono, ʻaʻole kokoke lākou e hoʻopili ʻia i nā kemika.
I kēia manawa, pili nui nā ʻepekema a me nā mea mahiʻai i nā hiki o ka hoʻomākaukau olaola (e pili ana i nā fungi predatory), hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumumanaʻo i nā ʻano hana "predatory" maoli. ʻO ia mau lāʻau, me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia nui, loaʻa nā pono hou aʻe: ʻaʻole lākou he mea ʻawaʻawa, mai kumu i nā mea hōʻalo i ka pest.
KE KAKAOHE ANE I NEMATODE
ʻO kahi nematoda kahi ʻenuhe poepoe liʻiliʻi (0,5-1 mm ka nui), paʻakikī e ʻike iā ia me ka maka ʻōlohelohe. Akā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i kahi mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻia e kekahi mau hiʻona hiʻohiona. Hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona mua i 3-4 mau pule ma hope o ka puka ʻana o nā lūlū: ua lohi nā mea kanu ma hope o ka ulu ʻana, hoʻomaka e huli melemele ma mua (ʻo ka hapa nui mai ka papa haʻahaʻa), heʻuʻuku ko lākou mau kumu, lau curl.
ʻAʻohe o ka pua a ʻilihuna loa paha. ʻO nā ʻōpala i hoʻomake nui ʻia e make ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana, e hana ana i nā tubers liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole paha. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pakiaka o nā mea kanu maʻi he brown, liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka maʻamau, a he nui nā aʻa ʻaoʻao. Ma ke kau waena o Iulai, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kinipōpō gula ma nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ʻuala - ka māka pololei wale no ka ʻike ʻana o ka nematode ʻuala gula.
No kahi hōʻoia pololei loa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ukana hoʻouka a wehewehe ʻia i nā kikoʻī i ka puke ʻoihana. Eia nō naʻe, i ke kahua, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou - no ka pono e hoʻohana i nā lakohana kūikawā - ʻaʻole i loaʻa.
No laila, paipai ʻia nā mea mahiʻai e hana i kahi loiloi lepo i kēlā me kēia makahiki no ka nui o nematodes. ʻO ka wikiwiki koke kahi pilikia i loaʻa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka pau ʻole.
KOMOHANO NEMATODA
ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka nematode i loaʻa i nā tubers kaʻuala a me ka lepo i loaʻa i ka maʻi (i ka wā e ʻohi ʻana, hāʻule nā cist mai nā aʻa a noho i ka lepo). ʻO ia nā cist e lawelawe ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai nui no ka maʻi no nā wahi hou āpau, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i nā uala hua, me nā pono hana a me nā kāmaʻa.
ʻO nā ala nui o ka maʻi:
• i ka wā e kanu ai i nā maʻi kūleʻa;
• i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi hānai me nā mea olakino i ke kūlana o ka haahaa kiʻekiʻe;
• i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana ʻole i hiki ke launa me ka lepo haumia;
• i ka wā kanu i nā mea kanu i ka lepo ma mua o nā mea kanu i ulu mua ʻia.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka nematode gula gula i nā wahi i ulu ai nā mea kanu mai kēlā makahiki i kēia makahiki, me ka nānā ʻole o nā lula rotation hua.
KAHAKAHOLOIA MA RUSSIA
Wahi a ka Rosselkhoznadzor, ʻo Ianuali 1, 2018, ʻo ka ʻāina o ka foci e ʻike nei i ka lawe ʻana i ka nematodes gula i loko o Rūsia ma kahi o 376 tausani heketea, a ʻo kahi o nā wahi kiko phytosanitary no kēia pōpilikia heʻoi aku ma mua o 1 miliona hec.
ʻO ka mahele o ka nematode gula gula i kēia manawa ua loaʻa i nā 64 mau wahi o ka ʻāina (e komo pū ana me nā foci ma nā Urals, Siberia a me ka Far East), ma 906 mau wahi kūloko.
ʻO ka pālahalaha ʻana o nā nematodes kōpī gula e hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahiʻai o ka mahiʻai a kahi mea hoʻoweliweli nui i ka palekana o ka ʻāina.