Maria Erokhova, hoa noiʻi ʻōpio All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, leka uila: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
ʻO Maria Kuznetsova, ke poʻo o ka 'Oihana o ka ʻuala a me nā maʻi ʻai o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, moho o nā ʻepekema Biological.
I nā kūlana o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka mahiʻai a me ke kālepa honua i loko o ke ʻano o ka WTO, nā nematodes stem o ka genus. ʻo Ditylenchus (D. mea luku, D. dipsaci) ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea ʻino loa no nā mea kanu. I nā ʻāina he nui D. mea luku и D. dipsaci Ua loaʻa iā lākou ke kūlana o nā pests i hoʻoponopono ʻia: ma ka Russian Federation a me ka EU, loaʻa iā lākou ke kūlana o nā pests non-quarantine i hoʻoponopono ʻia (RNQPs) ma nā hua ʻuala [19, 18]. E like me nā lula o ka honua, hiki i ka noho ʻana o ke kūlana RNQP ke ʻae i nā kūlana o nā pae like ʻole e hoʻokumu i ka hoʻomanawanui (nā palena ma luna aʻe i ʻae ʻole ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pest i ka nui o nā hua ʻuala). No ka laʻana, e like me nā koi o ke kūlana aupuni no Scotland, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻae ʻokoʻa ʻole D. mea luku ma nā ʻano āpau o nā ʻuala mua a me nā ʻuala kumu ma kahi pā me nā pest quarantine he nui [11] ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kūlana o kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe no ka mahi ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻuala mua a me nā hua kumu a hana. i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka ʻōlelo a ka EU.
ʻO ka nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā nematodes phytopathogenic o ka genus ʻo Ditylenchus i nā ʻāina me nā pae like ʻole o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa lākou. I kekahi mau ʻāina, hiki mai nā nematodes stem ma nā helu liʻiliʻi, ma nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma muli o ka monoculture, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua i haumia a me nā mea kanu, he pilikia koʻikoʻi lākou. No laila, e like me ka ʻikepili o ka EPPO Global Database i loaʻa mai nā puke ʻepekema o nā mea kākau Soviet [15, 21, 12, 22, 23, 16, XNUMX] a me ka International Center for Agricultural and Biological Science o nā Moku'āina lālā o ka British Commonwealth ( CABI), i nā lā o ka USSR ma ka ʻāina o ka Russian Federation D. mea luku Ua loaʻa ke kūlana o kahi pest laha [18]. A i kēia lā, ʻaʻole i loli ke kūlana [7]. Ma UK, e like me ka NPPO, ke kūlana D. mea luku - "i kēia manawa, i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (kakaikahi nā ʻike)" [5]. E pili ana D. dipsaci, a laila e like me ka ʻike mai nā kumu like, loaʻa ia ma Rūsia, akā ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana iā ia, ma UK, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, aia ma nā wahi āpau [18].
Wahi a ka EPPO Global Database D. mea luku he polyphage ākea: ʻo ka meakanu nui he ʻuala (Solanum tuberosum)Eia kekahi, hoʻopilikia nui ka pest i ke kāleka (Allium sativum), beetroot (beta vulgaris), hua kāloti (ʻO Daucus carota kākoʻo sativus), codonopsis lauoho liʻiliʻi (Codonopsis pilosula), crocus (Crocus), dahlia (Dahlia, gladiolus (gladiolus), hyacinth (Hyacinthus, iris Dutch (Iris × holani), peacock tigridia (Tigridia pavonia), clover (trifolium), tulip (Tulipa [umikumāwalu]. Wahi a CABI, ka laulā o nā mea kanu hoʻokipa i hoʻopilikia ʻia D. mea luku ʻoi aku ka laulā: onion (Allium cepa), pīkī ma lalo o ka honua (Arachis hypogaea), ka pīkoi (ʻO Beta vulgaris aia. saccharifera), kī (Camellia sinensis), Pepa ʻono (Capsicum makahiki), māla chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), ʻalani maʻamau (Citrullis lanatus), Alani (Citrus sinensis), meloni (kukama melo), kukama maʻamau (Cucumis sativus), paukena nutmeg (Cucurbita moschata), māla strawberry (ʻO Fragaria i ka pineapple), soybeans (ʻO Glycina max), hop maʻamau (humulus lupulus), ʻuala (ʻuala Ipomoea), mint (ʻO Mentha), ginseng (Panax ginseng), ʻelima lau ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), kamato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), palaoa palupalu (Triticum estivum), mahi waina (Vitis vinifera), kulina (ʻO Zea Mays)[umikumāhā]. Eia kekahi, D. mea luku hoʻopili i nā mauʻu: keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo (Album ʻo Chenopodium), piha puni (ʻO Cyperus rotundus), dope maʻamau (Datura stramonium), mauʻu kuihi (Eleusine indica), moe mauʻu (Ua mihi ʻo Elymus), uahu lāʻau lapaʻau (fumaria officinalis), pale pō ʻeleʻele (Solanum nigrum), puakala kahua (Sonchus arvensis), liʻiliʻi marigolds (Nā minuke minuke), dandelion officinalis (Taraxacum officinale), puʻupuʻu maʻamau (Xanthium strumarium) [14]. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka laulā o nā mea kanu hoʻokipa i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike hou aʻe [18].
Wahi a ka EPPO Global Database, ka nui o nā mea kanu hoʻokipa noD. dipsaci nui loa [18]. No kēia kumu, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka heluna nematode.
Ma muli o ka morphological, biochemical, molecular a me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe D. dipsaci sl mahele ʻia i kekahi mau pūʻulu [6]: waiwai nui o ia mau D. dipsaci sensu stricto и D. gigas n.sp. (ʻike ʻia ka mea hope ma nā bobs maʻamau (ʻO Vicia faba) ma nā ʻāina he nui o ʻEulopa) [17]. Uaʻikeʻia ma ka hihia o ka heleʻana o nā lāhui kiko'ī loa D. dipsaci ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ʻekolu makahiki me nā mea kanu kūʻokoʻa hiki ke hōʻemi i kona helu, inā pono e lawe ʻia nā hana kūpono no ka hakakā ʻana i nā nāhelehele he mau mea kanu hoʻokipa ʻē aʻe [10].
Mea kanu nematodes o ka genus ʻo Ditylenchus he mau mea ino no na mea kanu, laweia me na anoano a me na opuu o na mea kanu mahiai [14]. ʻO ke kumu o ka maʻi ʻo ia ka lepo haumia, nā ipu lāʻau, a me nā mea hoʻopili [14]. No nā mamao pōkole, hiki ke laha ka pest me ka wai irrigation a i ʻole nā kulu ua i lawe ʻia e ka makani i nā māla maʻi kokoke [14].
ʻO nā nematodes kumu nā endoparasites e noho ana i loko o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu (nā aʻa, nā ʻōpala, nā rhizomes, nā ʻōpala) [10, 14]. Hoʻopau nā kāne a me nā wahine i nā paia cell i kā lākou hānai ʻana [10]. Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema Pelekania, fertility D. dipsaci hiki i 500 hua no ka wahine [10]. Hiki i ka nematode kumu ke hoʻomau ma ke ʻano he ʻehā instar larvae no kekahi mau makahiki [10]. Hiki i nā mākua a me nā hua ke hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i ka lepo a i ʻole i loko o nā ʻiʻo o ka mauʻu [14]. I ka pūnāwai, hāʻule nā larvae mai nā hua, e hoʻopili koke i nā mea kanu hoʻokipa kūpono; komo nā pests i nā ʻuala ʻuala ma o nā lentils [14]. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e hiki i ka nematode ke hānai i ka mycelium o nā haʻiki he nui, me Alternari a kuapo и A. solani [umikumāhā]. ʻEhā instar larvae D. dipsaci (ʻAʻole like D. mea luku) e ola i loko o nā kūlana pōʻino e hana i nā pūʻulu ma luna o ka ʻili o ka ʻiʻo mea kanu i maʻi ʻia (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "nematode wool") [10]. E ʻeleu hou ka nematodes ma hope o ka pulu ʻana o ka “huluhulu” [10]. Ma ka lepo lepo, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomau me ka ʻole o nā mea kanu hoʻokipa no hoʻokahi makahiki ʻoi aku [10].
ʻOkoʻa loa nā hōʻailona o ka pōʻino pest.
Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka hopena o kahi mea kanu e kahi nematode mai nā ʻāpana ea o ka ʻuala (koe wale nō ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea kanu nāwaliwali mai nā ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia, a hiki ke make ma hope) [14]. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi hoʻouka nematode mua ma ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻili mai ka ʻōpala, ma lalo e maʻalahi ke ʻike i nā wahi keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi i loko o ka pulp olakino. Ma hope mai, hoʻonui kēia mau kiko, ʻeleʻele, a loaʻa ka ʻiʻo i kahi ʻano manuahi [14]. Inā mālama ʻia nā ʻuala i loko o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa, e pala lākou a e hoʻoili ʻia ka maʻi nematode i nā ʻuala ʻē aʻe.
Ma nā ʻōpala i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia, ua hana ʻia nā wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kahi e hana ai nā māwae, a ua wrinkled ka ʻili, pili ikaika i ka pulp [14]. E maloʻo ka ʻiʻo, hoʻololi ke kala: mai ka hina a i ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha. ʻO ka loli o ka waihoʻoluʻu ma muli o nā pathogens lua (fungi, bacteria a me nā nematodes ola manuahi) [14].
Ke pio D. dipsaci ʻAʻole hana ʻia nā māwae ma luna o nā ʻuala, akā palahalaha ka pala i loko o ka ʻiʻo o loko. Hoʻopōkole ʻia nā poʻo a hoʻololi ʻia.
Hoʻopilikia nui ka nematode i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.
I loko o nā mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻia a me nā mea kanu ʻōpio ʻōpio, ʻo ke kumu o ke kumu o ka ʻōpala, ʻo nā lau a ʻōwili ʻia [10]. ʻO ka ʻiʻo i hoʻopili ʻia e ka nematode he ʻano manuahi [10]. Popopo nā mea kanu ma ka ʻili honua. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka pōʻino nāwaliwali o nā mea kanu e ka nematode, akā e pohō mālie kēlā mau ʻōpala i ka waiho ʻana.
ʻO nā ʻiʻo o nā mea kanu beet kō i hoʻopilikia ʻia a loaʻa kahi ʻano spongy [10]. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā ʻōpū, ma nā wahi o ka ulu ʻana, ʻino a make paha ka ʻiʻo, ke kumu o ka curvature o ka apex a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā lau liʻiliʻi. I ka hāʻule, pala nā ʻōpū ma muli o nā pathogens lua.
Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka pōʻino o ka pī ma ke ʻano he ʻulaʻula o ke kumu [10].
I loko o nā mea kanu oat, pehu ke kumu o ke kumu, ʻeleʻele nā lau, curl a pōkole.
Hoʻoholo i kēlā D. mea luku ʻO ke kumu o ka pōʻino nui loa ma kahi mahana o 15-20 ° C a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma luna o 90% [14].
Ua hōʻike ʻia ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā stolons a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ʻuala e ka nematode stem. rhizoctonia solani [14] Eia kekahi, e like me ka ʻikepili mua mai nā haʻawina e hoʻomau nei, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā nematodes i loko o ka lepo e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o nā maʻi bacteria e kumu ai ka wāwae ʻeleʻele o ka ʻuala, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka hiki ke hoʻomohala i ka ʻuala. maʻi maʻi. Hoʻokomo ka bacteria i ka mea kanu ma o nā ʻeha i hana ʻia e nā nematodes [9].
No ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pōʻino o nā nematodes stem, he mea nui ia e hoʻokō i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā ʻenehana ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hoʻolālā pale ʻana i nā mea kanu, e hilinaʻi nui ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua olakino (mai ka pest) a me nā mea kanu a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hua lōʻihi. .
No ka disinfection o ka lepo me nā pathogens lepo, nā phytonematodes a me nā mauʻu, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e lūlū, wili a hoʻohui i nā mea kanu biofumigating i ka lepo (sarepta mustard (sarepta mustard).ʻO Brassica juncea), radish maʻamau (ʻO Rapana sativus), arugula (Eruca kekoku) [1]. ʻO Isothiocyanates, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wā o ka luku ʻana i nā ʻāpana o kēia mau mea kanu, kaohi ʻana i ka hanu cellular a me nā hana ʻē aʻe, ma mua o nā nematodes potato cyst. Hoʻonāukiuki lākou i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā larvae mai nā hua, nā cysts i ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi mea kanu hoʻokipa kūpono. ʻO nā larvae, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi mea kanu kūpono, make. ʻO ka ʻenehana no ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu biofumigating i wehewehe ʻia ma ka palapala ʻōlelo Lūkini [5, 1].
No ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kemika, ma nā ʻāina he nui o EU, ʻae ʻia ka ʻae no Vidat (ai oxamil) ma ke ʻano he nematicide a me ka insecticide a hiki i 31.01.2023/20/10 [4,4]. Wahi a ka EU Database, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e kanu i nā granules lāʻau lapaʻau i kahi hohonu o 5,0 cm ma kahi ʻano o 20-0,01 kg / ha, e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka lepo [20]. Wahi a ka ʻikepili ʻEulopa, ʻo ka nui o ka ʻae ʻia o nā koena oxamyl i ka ʻuala he XNUMX mg / kg [XNUMX].
Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema Pelekane e hoʻohana i ka Nematorin 10 G (ai phosphiazat) a me Velum Prime (ai fluopyram) ma ke ʻano he nematicides ʻē aʻe [1]. Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Nematorin 10 G e kūʻē i nā nematodes ʻuala a me nā nematodes ola manuahi e pili ana i ka pp. ʻO Trichodorus и ʻO Paratrichodorus, ʻo ia ka poʻe e lawe ana i ka maʻi hoʻopaʻapaʻa paka [1]. Ma ka waihona pesticides EU, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka phosphiasate ma nā ʻāina he nui o EU (mai 01.01.2004/31.10.2022/20 a 3/20/0,02) ma ke ʻano he nematicide e kūʻē i nā nematodes cyst a me nā nematodes gall [20]. Wahi a nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka EU, ʻo ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka noi phosphiazat he XNUMX kg / ha i ke kanu ʻana i ka pūnāwai [XNUMX]. Wahi a ka ʻikepili ʻEulopa, ʻo ka nui o nā mea i ʻae ʻia o ke koena o ka phosphiasate i loko o ka ʻuala he XNUMX mg / kg [XNUMX]. Ma Rusia, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia kēia mea hana.
Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o ka lāʻau Velum Prime, i manaʻo ʻia e kāohi i nā nematodes phytoparasitic, a me nā maʻi he nui: keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, alternaria, powdery mildew a me verticillium. ʻO Fluopyram kahi hui FRAC 7 fungicide. Ma ka waihona EU, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka fluopyram ma ke ʻano he fungicide [20].
Wahi a ka EU pesticide database ma ke ʻano he nematicide ma ka kukumba a me nā kāloti mai 01.10.2013/30.09.2023/XNUMX a XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. hoʻomākaukau bacteria i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻO Bacillus paʻa I-1582 [20]. Ma ka kukama a me nā kāloti ʻO Bacillus firmus ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu ʻo I-1582 i ka ʻikepili kiʻekiʻe i ʻae ʻia o nā koena a me ka manawa kali [20], kahi e hiki ai iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo iā ia ma ke ʻano he prophylactic agent i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu mea kanu ma ka ʻāina pale a, hiki paha, no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana organik. a me ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai pēpē. Ma Rusia, ʻaʻole i kākau inoa ʻia kēia lāʻau lapaʻau.
Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka mushroom ma ka EU Purpureocillium licacinum kānana 251 [20]. ʻAe ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau mai 01.08.2008/31.07.2022/20 a i XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. ma kekahi mau ʻāina EU ma kekahi mau mea kanu ma ka ʻāina pale a hāmama [XNUMX]. Ma ka ʻuala, ʻōlelo ʻia e hakakā Pratylenchus spp., me CCN (baluna spp.) [20]. ʻO ka ʻenehana o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ka lepo he mea paʻakikī, a ʻo ka hopena o ka hana fungus e pili ana i nā kūlana kaiapuni [20].
He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo ʻaʻohe ʻano ʻuala i kū i ka nematodes o ka genus ʻo Ditylenchus.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i ka mea i luna, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo nā ʻano kumu nui no ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode stem ma nā ʻuala ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hoʻolālā palekana hoʻohui:
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala olakino;
- ke koho ʻana i kahi hoʻololi lōʻihi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hua, e hiki ai ke hōʻemi i ka maʻi o ka māla me ka nematode stem. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia hiki ke hoʻopilikia nui ʻia kekahi mau moʻomeheu e nā ʻano nematodes o ka genus ʻo Ditylenchus, no ka laʻana: ʻulaʻula a me keʻokeʻo clover, kālika a me nā aniani [13];
- ka mālama ʻana i nā mauʻu a me nā "mea kanu manawaleʻa" o ka ʻuala: nui nā ʻano nāhelehele e lilo i mea kanu hoʻokipa ʻē aʻe no ka nematode;
- disinfection o nā ipu, nā lako a me nā hale kūʻai ʻuala me nā disinfectants i ʻae ʻia. Hāʻawi ʻia ka laulā a me nā hoʻoponopono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea hana i loko o ka palapala ʻōlelo Lūkini [2], a me ka maʻamau o ka European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) ma kahi unuhi [3].
- biofumigation lepo me nā mea kanu biofumigating mai ka ʻohana cruciferous (sarepta mustard (sarepta mustard).ʻO Brassica juncea), arugula (Eruca sativa), radish maʻamau (Radish sativa) [1].
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu calcium i ka wā o ke kanu ʻana a i ka wā o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka nui o ka tuber, no ka mea, ʻo ka lawa o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka calcium o nā mea kanu mahiʻai e hāʻawi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pā hale kanu paʻakikī, e paʻakikī ai ka nematode e komo i ka mea kanu, a hoʻonui pū i ka. kū'ē o ka ʻuala i ka ʻeha a me ka ʻeleʻele bacterial [4].
- ka mālama ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haumia o ka lepo me kahi nematode stem (ma mua o ka lūlū ʻana a me ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu, ʻōlelo ʻia e nānā i ka lepo i ka hale hana). I ka hihia o ka infestation koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēlā māla no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu i maʻalahi i ka nematode stem. No ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i kona hoʻohaumia ʻana, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana i nā nemicides - ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka pale hoʻohui, e like me nā lula no ka mālama pono ʻana i nā pesticides. Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻokuʻu pono i nā koena o nā nemicides a me kā lākou mau pahu, e pale ana i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka wai a me ka wai. ʻO ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā nemicides e hōʻemi i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka lepo a me ka wai micro- a me macrobiota.
Kiʻi na Maria Kuznetsova, VNIIF
Ua hōʻoia ʻia nā kiʻi e ka British Commonwealth International Center for Agricultural and Biological Sciences (CABI) a ua kau ʻia ma ka CABI Compendium of Invasive Species (14)
Nā Manaʻo:
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