Ludmila Dulskaya
Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ke kauwela i hala no nā pōʻino o ke aniau: nui nā wahi o waena o Rūsia a me nā Urals i kū i ka maloʻo. Ma ka Krasnodar a me Stavropol Territories a me ka Crimea, ma kahi ʻē, ua nui ka ua.
I kēia makahiki, ua hoʻomaka ka wā lūlū ma hope o ka manawa maʻamau. He aha nā pilikia e makaʻu ai i ke kau hou? He aha ka hana e mālama ai i ka hua? No ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo, ua huli mākou i ʻO Maria Kuznetsova, ke poʻo o ke Keʻena ʻO ka ʻuala a me nā mea kanu mea kanu maʻi, alakaʻi noiʻi o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology.
ʻO ke kaumaha abiotic a me ka hemahema o ka meaʻai
"He makahiki kū hoʻokahi ʻo 2021. Ua lanakila ka wā maloʻo wela ma nā wahi he nui o Rūsia. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka lepo a me ka nele o ka ua i nā mahana ambient kiʻekiʻe i hana i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu. Ma muli o ka nele o ka wai, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea kanu ke hoʻohana piha i nā mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻia i ka lepo. ʻO kēia ka mea i hoʻoulu ai i nā maʻi he nui o ka ʻuala, e like me: glandular spotting (rust) o nā ʻuala, ʻeleʻele o ka pulp, overgrowth o tubers a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "cheburashkas".
ʻO ka ʻuala, ka mea i loaʻa i ke koʻikoʻi abiotic ma muli o ka nele o ka wai a me nā meaʻai, ua lilo i mea maʻalahi loa i nā hopena o nā maʻi infectious o nā ʻano etiologies. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomaka nā maʻi i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻōpala hua i kahi kūlana latent e hōʻike ikaika iā lākou iho. Ma nā wahi he nui o ka Central Central o Rūsia, ma nā Urals a me kekahi mau wahi o Siberia, ua ʻike nui ʻia nā hōʻike o ka bacterioses, anthracnose, rhizoctoniosis, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano kīnā ʻole o nā ʻuala. ʻO ka nele o ka wai ka mea i hoʻopōʻino ʻia i nā ʻuala ma muli o ka ʻōpala maʻamau, nā hōʻike o verticillium a me Fusarium wilt o nā mea kanu.
Ma nā kūlana o ka ua, ʻaʻole i hana maikaʻi nā herbicides. Ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā mea kanu ʻuala i nā ʻano o nā lāʻau lapaʻau a hana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, i hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i nā mea kanu a alakaʻi i ke ahi kemika, a ua kōkua pū i ka hōʻike mua ʻana o nā hōʻailona o alternariosis a me anthracnose.
I ka makahiki 2021, ma nā wahi he nui o ka Russian Federation, ma nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻuala, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike mua loa o Alternaria blight a ma hope o ka blight hope, i ka hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o nā ʻuala i ka wā o ka ʻohi. ʻO ka Fusarium a me ka bacteriosis, anthracnose a me ka pithy rot i hōʻike ikaika ʻia ma nā ʻōpala i ka wā mālama.
ʻO ka nui o ka ua ma ka Krasnodar a me Stavropol Territories a me ka hapa hewa o ka hana ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻuala mai nā lau lau i alakaʻi ʻia i ka pōʻino nui i nā ʻōpala e ka hopena o ka blight a me ka pala.
Mākaukau e pae
He aha ka mea e hiki ai ke hoʻemi i ka nui o nā pilikia i ke kau e hiki mai ana?
E nānā pono i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea kanu (e hoʻi i ka māla ma mua o ʻekolu a ʻehā mau makahiki). E hoʻohana wale i nā ʻuala olakino no ke kanu ʻana. ʻO ke ʻano no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā ʻuala no ke kanu ʻana i kēia kau e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻomaʻamaʻa pono. Pono e nānā ʻia nā ʻōpala, hoʻolei ʻia nā mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka nematode stem, me nā hōʻailona o ka hope blight, bacteriosis, fusarium, phomosis, anthracnose. He mea nui e nānā i ka hiki o nā ʻuala ke ulu, no ka mea, hiki i nā koʻikoʻi abiotic, me nā ʻano kīnā like ʻole, hiki ke loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka germination.
Hana i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā ana: germination, kanu ʻana i nā ʻōpala, hoʻomehana i ka lepo. ʻO nā ʻōpuʻu vernalized i kanu ʻia i ka lepo mahana e ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana a emi iki ka maʻi. Ma mua o ke kanu ʻana a i ʻole ke kanu ʻana, pono e mālama ʻia nā ʻuala me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana mai nā pathogens lepo i mea e pale aku ai i nā maʻi e like me rhizoctoniosis ("black scab"), anthracnose, silver scab.
Hoʻomaopopo pū mākou i nā kūlana o ka wā o 2021, ʻaʻole naʻe, maikaʻi ia no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā pests. Hāʻule ka hau i ka wā ʻaʻohe hau koʻikoʻi, a ʻaʻohe manawa e maloʻo ai ka lepo. No laila, nui nā mea ʻeha a me nā pathogens i ola i loko.
Ma nā wahi he nui o Rūsia, ua ʻike ʻia ka noho ʻana o ka pīkī potato Colorado a me nā ʻokiʻoki nibbling i ka makahiki i hala. No laila, i ke kanu ʻana, pono ia e hoʻohana i nā insectofungicides - e hōʻemi i ka pōʻino o nā pests a me nā maʻi.
Pehea na hua i laweia mai?
I kēia kau, lawe ʻia nā hua ʻuala mai nā ʻāina ʻē e like me ka hoʻolālā maʻalahi, a ʻoi aku ka pilikia o ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu ma Rūsia. Nui nā pathogens, e like me nā pathogens blackleg, moe. Hiki ke hoʻokomo i nā hua maʻi, a pono mākou e mākaukau no kēia.
He aha e hana ai i ka wā ulu
E mālama pono i ka mālama ʻana i nā nahele. ʻO ka makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻonohonoho hewa ʻia ka pale ʻana o nā māla mai nā nāhelehele i nā mahiʻai he nui, i kumu i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā hua weed a hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka weediness o nā pā. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole hoʻololi wale nā weeds i ka microclimate i nā kanu ʻuala, akā he mau mea mālama pū nō hoʻi no nā maʻi o ka maʻi bacterial a me ka fungal etiology, no laila pono lākou e hakakā ikaika, ʻaʻole wale ma nā kula, akā ma ka ʻāina pili pū kekahi.
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi nui nō hoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manawa kūpono o nā mea kanu organik a me nā minerala: no ka hua uala, ʻo ka ratio N:P:K he 1:1-1,2:1,6-2; no ka meaʻai - 1:0,8-1:1,5-1,8. Hoʻopili ka fertilizers i ka qualitative a quantitative composition o ka microflora lepo, me nā microbes antagonist.
ʻO ka koho maikaʻi loa no ka fertilizing ma o ka lepo. Eia nō naʻe, ma lalo o kahi maloʻo a maloʻo paha, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka foliar top dressings - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā lau ʻōpio, ke ulu mau nei ka 75% o nā mea kanu.
Pono e hoʻokō i ka ʻaʻahu foliar top, me ka nitrogen. ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e hoʻopili koke i ka nui o ka nitrogen i ke kanu ʻana, nui nā mea kanu ʻuala e puʻunaue i kēia nui i ʻelua a ʻekolu paha. ʻO ka mea mua - ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, i ka nui o 60% o ka nui (hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ma muli o ka ʻike o ka mineral nitrogen i ka lepo i ka pūnāwai); ka lua - he pule ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka tuber, i ka nui o 20%.
Manaʻo ʻia ka leo holoʻokoʻa e hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā pule he ʻeiwa a ʻumi paha ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai, ʻoiai ʻo 90% o ka nitrogen e hoʻopili ʻia e ka mea kanu i kēia manawa.
I ka wā ulu, hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka nele o ka nitrogen e ka hoʻohana hou ʻana o UAN a i ʻole urea. Ma muli o ka hopena o ke ahi o ka lau, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopili ʻia ka urea me ka ʻoi aku o ka nitrogen i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10-15 kg / ha - pono e hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻano he nui. Hiki ke hui pū ʻia kēia lāʻau lapaʻau me ka lāʻau fungicide e kūʻē i ka late blight a me Alternaria.
Pono nō hoʻi e hoʻokō i ka hānai foliar o ka ʻuala me ka monopotassium phosphate fertilizers - e pale i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi ma nā lau. A ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka calcium nitrate e pale i nā ʻuala mai ka hōʻeha a me ka maʻi me nā pathogens i ka wā o ka ʻohi, ka lawe ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana.
Ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi
Wahi a kā mākou ʻike, i kēia kau, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi piha ʻia nā fungicides āpau i Rūsia, hiki ke hana i nā pilikia i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻuala mai ka hopena o ka blight a me ka blight mua. He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i nā kūlana o ka ulu ikaika ʻana o nā maʻi, ʻo kahi ala kemika wale nō e hiki ke hōʻoia i kahi hua paʻa.
Pono nā mea kanu ʻuala e nānā i kā lākou waihona o nā fungicides, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ko lākou pono e kūʻē i ka lohi hope a me ka blight mua, a hana e like me ke ʻano o ka wā. I ka papaʻaina "ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā mea ikaika e kū'ē i ka hope blight a me ka blight mua o ka uala" hāʻawi ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka pono, pono e hilinaʻi ʻia i ke koho ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau. E hoʻomanaʻo wau iā ʻoe he mea maikaʻi ka pīpī ʻana i ka late blight ke hana ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka maʻi ma ke kula. A hiki ke hoʻomaka ka mālama ʻana i ka alternariosis ma hope o ka puka ʻana o nā hōʻailona mua o ka maʻi.
Papa 1. ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā mea ikaika e kū'ē i ka hopena hope a me ka blight mua o ka uala
Mea hana: lāʻau | Laha keʻokeʻo | Alternaryosis |
Hoʻomākaukau keleawe | + | (+) |
Dithiocarbamate | + | + |
ʻO Chlorothalonil | + | + |
Fluazinam | + | (+) |
ʻO Dimethomorph + Mancozeb | + | + |
Dimethomorph + Initium | + | - |
Cymoxanil + famoxadone | + | + |
Cymoxanil + Mancozeb | + | + |
Cymoxanil + keleawe | + | - |
Fenamidone + Mancozeb | + | + |
Mefenoxam + Mancozeb | + | + |
Metalaxyl + Mancozeb | + | + |
Oxadixyl+copper oxychloride | + | - |
Mandipropamide | + | - |
Mandipropamide + Difenoconazole | + | + |
Propamocarb-HCl + Fluopicolide | + | - |
Propamocarb-HCl + phenomidone | + | + |
diazofamide | + | - |
ʻO Difenoconazole | - | + |
Pyraclostrobin + boscalid | - | + |
fluapiram + pyrimethanil | - | + |
famoxadone + oxathiapiproline | + | + |
- ʻaʻohe hopena; + aia kahi hopena
No ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka ʻuala mai ka hopena hope a me ka blight mua, pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻekolu mau manawa koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻuala: mai ka germination a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pani ʻana o nā piko i nā lālani (phase 1), mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pani ʻana o ka lālani. luna a hiki i ka pua ʻana (māhele 2) a mai ka pua ʻana a hiki i ka make maoli o nā piko (phase 3). I loko o nā manawa i ʻōlelo ʻia, pono ʻoe e hana i nā hana i kuhikuhi ʻia.
Papa 1. Pono ka pipi ʻana i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai ka foci o ka phytophthora a i ʻole i kahi pilikia nui o kona ʻano mua. Ke ulu mālie nei ka nui o nā lau i kēia wā, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi fungicide. Hoʻopili hou ʻia e like me ke ʻano kuʻuna (maʻamau) - ʻaʻole ma hope o 7-10 mau lā ma nā ʻano maʻalahi, a ma hope o 11-14 mau lā - ma nā mea kūpaʻa.
Papa 2. I kēia manawa, pālua ka nui o nā poʻo i kēlā me kēia 4-5 mau lā. ʻO nā fungicides systemic e pale ana i ka ulu hou o nā lau a me nā ʻōpala, e like me ka hoʻolālā kuʻuna, pono e hoʻopili ʻia ma mua o kēlā me kēia 7-10 mau lā ma nā ʻano maʻalahi, a ma hope o 11-14 mau lā ma nā mea kūpaʻa. Pono e hoʻopili ʻia nā fungicides contact a translaminar i nā ʻano ʻuala āpau e like me ke ʻano kuʻuna i kēlā me kēia 5 lā.
Papa 3. Paʻa ka ulu ikaika o nā piko i kēia māhele. ʻO nā pahuhopu nui: e pale i nā piko a me nā ʻōpala mai ka hopena o ka blight, a me nā poʻo mai Alternaria. E kūʻē i ka hopena hope, makemake ʻia e hoʻohana i ka translaminar a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā fungicides e pale ai i nā ʻōpala. Ka hana ʻana e like me ka hoʻolālā kuʻuna - ʻaʻole ma mua o kēlā me kēia 7-10 mau lā ma nā ʻano maʻalahi a ma hope o 11-14 mau lā - ma nā mea kūʻē.
I ka pau ʻana o ka wā ulu, i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā maʻi o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole mai ka piko a i ka tubers a hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā ʻuala e ka hopena o ka blight, alternariosis, anthracnose a me bacteriosis, pono e lawe ʻia ka luku mua ʻana o nā piko. ʻelua a ʻekolu pule ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana.
Ke kanu nei i nā ʻuala olakino, vernalized a me nā insect-fungicide i mālama ʻia i ka lepo mahana, e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano kaulike o nā mea kanu, e hoʻokō ana i nā koi agrotechnical āpau i ka wā e ulu ana i ka ʻuala, pale i nā mea kanu mai nā nāhelehele, nā mea ʻeha a me nā maʻi i ka wā ulu o nā mea kanu - ʻo ia ke kī i ka ʻohi kūleʻa o ka makahiki 2022.
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