D. Yu. Ryazantsev, E. M. Chudinova, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky, P. N. Balabko, G. L. Belova, S. K. Zavriev
ʻO ka phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum coccodes ke kumu o nā maʻi weliweli o ka ʻuala a me nā ʻōmato, i kapa ʻia ʻo anthracnose a me kahi ʻeleʻele tuber. Ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona morphological, paʻakikī pinepine lākou e ʻike i nā maʻi i hana ʻia e nā microorganism ʻē aʻe; Ma nā hua'ōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hiki ke asymptomatic ka maʻi, ʻike wale ʻia ma nā hua ʻulaʻula ʻala. No ka ʻike wikiwiki a pololei o ka pathogen, hāʻawi ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo PCR manawa maoli. No ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke kaʻina nucleotide o ka glycerol triphosphate dehydrogenase gene no 45 strains o C. coccodes i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā ʻuala ʻuala ma nā wahi like ʻole o Rūsia.
Ma muli o nā hopena i loaʻa a me ka nānā ʻana o nā kaʻina like o nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i loko o ka waihona GenBank, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā primers specific specific a me kahi probe no C. coccodes. No ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo i hana ʻia, ua hana ʻia ka PCR me ka DNA i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe o 15 mau ʻano like ʻole o ka parasitic a me ka saprotrophic fungi e pili ana me nā mea kanu ʻuala a me nā ʻuala (Fusarium oxysporum, F. verticillium, Phomopsis phaseoli, Alternaria alternata, Helminthosporium solani. , Colletotrichum coccodes, Phellinus ferrugineovelutinus, Stemphylium vesicarium, Helminthosporium solani, Phomopsis phaseoli, Neonectria radicicola, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium fulvum, C. cladosporioides). Ua ʻike ʻia ka hiki ʻana o Colletotrichum coccodes DNA ma kahi pōʻai paepae o 20-27, ʻoiai ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ma hope o 40 cycles a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia. ʻAe ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo iā ʻoe e ʻike pono i ka C. coccodes DNA ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.01 ng/mm3 i loko o ka hui PCR i kālai ʻia. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo i hoʻomohala ʻia, ua aʻo ʻia ka noho ʻana o C. coccodes i nā lau ʻōmato me nā hōʻailona o nā maʻi fungal a me nā ʻuala ʻuala me nā hōʻailona waho o ka maʻi. ʻO nā lau me nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi fungal i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ʻelua mau māla like ʻole ma ka ʻāina ʻo Krasnodar, tubers - mai nā māla ma nā ʻāina ʻo Kostroma, Moscow, Kaluga, a me Nizhny Novgorod. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Krasnodar, ua loaʻa hoʻokahi lau tōmato i loaʻa iā C. coccodes DNA; Ua ʻike ʻia ka hiki ʻana o ka DNA o kēia pathogen i 5 mau ʻāpana o nā ʻuala i ulu ma nā ʻāina Kostroma, Moscow, a me Kaluga.
Hōʻike
He mau phytopathogens weliweli nā haʻihaʻi o ka genus Colletotrichum e hoʻouka ana i nā kīʻaha, nā mea kanu, nā mea kanu, a me nā hua a me nā mea kanu hua. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o kēia ʻano, Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr).
ʻO Hughes, ke kumu o ka anthracnose a me kahi ʻeleʻele o nā ʻuala a me nā tōmato, a ke kumu nei i nā maʻi o kekahi mau mea kanu ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana nightshade, incl. nā weeds (Dillard, 1992). Hoʻopilikia ka C. coccodes i nā ʻāpana āpau o lalo o ka mea kanu, nā kumu kumu, nā lau a me nā hua (Andrivon et al., 1998; Johnson, 1994). Ma ka ʻili o nā ʻuala ʻuala i hoʻopili ʻia, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kiko hina me nā ʻaoʻao i wehewehe ʻia, kahi e ʻike maopopo ʻia ai nā wahi ʻeleʻele o ka sporulation a me ka microsclerotia. I ka wā o ka mālama ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻeha me nā mea palupalu i loko o ka pulp tuber, i.e. komo ka maʻi i ka pae anthracnose, akā naʻe, he kakaikahi loa.
I ka manawa like, ʻo nā hōʻailona o ka anthracnose (nā maʻi maʻi i uhi ʻia me ka ʻili me nā kikoʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi) he ʻano maʻamau i nā hua tōmato. Ma nā lau, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o C. coccodes lesions ma ke ʻano he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, i hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia e ka ʻiʻo melemele (Johnson, 1994).
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma luna o nā ʻuala e hoʻopau i ko lākou helehelena, i ʻōlelo nui ʻia i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻuala ʻulaʻula i holoi ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka peel e alakaʻi i ka evaporation nui a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waiho ʻana (Hunger and McIntyre, 1979). ʻO ka pōʻino i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe ke alakaʻi i nā poho o ka hua, i ʻike ʻia ma nā kūlana ʻāina ākea a pani ʻia (Johnson, 1994; Tsror et al., 1999). ʻO nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka C. coccodes he mea maʻamau ia ma nā wahi a pau o ka honua e hana ana i ka ʻuala, me Russia (Leesa, Hilton, 2003; Belov et al, 2018). He paʻakikī ka mālama ʻana i kēia mau maʻi ma muli o ka lawa ʻole o ka pono o nā fungicides e kū nei i ka C. coccodes a me ka nele o nā ʻano ʻano kūʻokoʻa (Read and Hide, 1995).
Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka inoculum o C. coccodes i loko o nā ʻōpala hua (Read and Hide, 1988; Johnson et al., 1997), nā hua tōmato (Ben-Daniel et al., 2010), a ola no ka manawa lōʻihi i ka lepo a ma nā ʻōpala mea kanu (Dillard, 1990; Dillard, Cobb, 1993) a me nā mauʻu (Raid, Pennypacker, 1987). ʻO nā hana a kekahi mau mea kākau (Read, Hide, 1988; Barkdoll, Davis, 1992; Johnson et al., 1997; Dillard, Cobb, 1993) ua hōʻike i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi ma luna o nā ʻuala a me nā ʻōmato. o ka inoculum i ka mea anoano a me ka lepo. No laila, no ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā poho mai ka maʻi, pono ia e ʻike (me ka quantitative) fungal propagules i loko o nā mea kanu, i ka lepo, i loko o nā hua ʻuala a me nā hua tōmato i mālama ʻia no ka mālama ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā diagnostics Morphological i ka lepo a me nā mea kanu ma ke alo o ka microsclerotia, akā naʻe, loaʻa nō hoʻi i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.
ʻO nā hōʻailona ma luna o nā ʻuala ua like loa me ka pehu kālā, i hana ʻia e ka haʻuki Helminthosporium solani. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o Colletotrichum coccodes a me Helminthosporium solani i loko o ka moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe he paʻakikī loa a lōʻihi ka manawa ma muli o ka lohi o ka ulu ʻana ma kahi ʻano meaʻai. No ka ʻike koke ʻana i nā coccodes Colletotrichum, pono e hoʻohana i nā ʻano diagnostic instrumental. ʻO ke ala kūpono loa ʻo ka polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a me kāna hoʻololi - PCR manawa maoli. I kēia manawa, ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika, hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo i kūkulu ʻia e nā mea noiʻi Pelekane (Cullen et al., 2002) no ka ʻāpana ITS1 o rDNA. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia kona hoʻohana ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi i ka nānā ʻana i nā kaʻawale Lūkini (Belov et al, 2018). Eia nō naʻe, he loli nui ka C. coccodes a ʻo kona ʻike ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kaʻina DNA hoʻokahi hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. No ka ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o ka diagnostic, pono ka nānā ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano DNA kikoʻī, a no laila ua kūkulu mākou i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo mua e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i nā C. coccodes ma ke kaʻina o ka gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Nā meahana a me nā ʻano hana
No ka loiloi ʻana i ka pono a me ka kikoʻī o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo i hana ʻia, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe o 15 mau ʻano haʻuki i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā mea kākau mai nā laʻana o nā lau tōmato a me nā huaʻai a me nā ʻuala ʻuala (Papa 1). No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ua lawe ʻia nā mea kanu me nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi fungal, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kino ma ka lāʻau.
Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka tuber me ka ʻili, kahi ʻāpana o nā hua tōmato, a i ʻole kahi lau i hoʻopili ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope binocular, a ma hope o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o ka mycelium, spores a i ʻole kahi ʻāpana kiko i kahi media agar (wort agar) i loko o kahi pā Petri. me ke kui hookiekie oi loa. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea hoʻokaʻawale ma nā ʻāpana agar i loko o nā paipu hoʻāʻo ma 4 ° C.
ʻO nā laʻana o nā lau ʻōmato i manaʻo ʻia no ka nānā ʻana me nā hōʻailona o nā maʻi fungal ma hope koke o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana (ma ke kula) ua waiho ʻia i loko o 70% ethyl alcohol kahi i mālama ʻia ai a hiki i ka lawe ʻana o DNA. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻuala ʻuala i ke keʻena hana, ʻili ʻia (2 × 1 cm ʻāpana) a maloʻo ma -20°C. Ua mālama ʻia lākou i ka hau a hiki i ka unuhi ʻana o DNA.
Hoʻoulu ʻia nā moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe o nā haʻani no ka ʻili ʻana o DNA i loko o ka wai pī. Ua wehe ʻia ka mycelium fungal mai ka wai wai, maloʻo ma luna o ka pepa kānana, paʻa i ka wai nitrogen, homogenized, incubated ma CTAB buffer, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia me ka chloroform, precipitated me ka hui ʻana o isopropanol a me 0.5 M potassium acetate, a holoi ʻia ʻelua me 2% waiʻona. . Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka DNA hopena i ka wai deionized a mālama ʻia ma -70 ° C (Kutuzova et al., 20). Ua ana ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o DNA me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pahu helu helu HS DNA no ka DNA strand ʻelua ma Qubit 2017 (Qiagen, Kelemānia). Hoʻopili ʻia nā laʻana i mālama ʻia a maloʻo i loko o ka nitrogen wai, a laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo DNA e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna (no ka mycelium o nā moʻomeheu fungal maʻemaʻe).
Papa 1. ʻO ke kumu o nā maʻi fungal i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana
Ka inoa o ka halo | mea kanu, ʻōkana | Kahi koho |
---|---|---|
Colletotrichum coccodes 1, C. coccodes 2, C. coccodes 3, Ilyonectria crassa, Rhizoctonia solani | ʻuala ʻuala | ʻO ka ʻāina ʻo Kostroma, nā ʻuala ʻuala o ka hanauna mua, ʻano ʻano Red Scarlett |
ʻO Colletotrichum coccodes 4 | lau ʻuala | ʻO Rep. Mari El, Yoshkar-Ola |
Helminthosp hall solani | ʻuala ʻuala | ʻāina ʻo Magadan, pos. Hale lole, ʻuala ʻuala |
ʻO Cladosporium fulvum | lau ʻōmato | ʻO ka mokuʻo Moscow, ka'ōmato hua nui |
Alternaria tomatophila | hua ʻōmato | ua hoʻoili ʻia e nā limahana o ka hale hana o ka mycology a me ka phytopathology o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection. |
Fusarium verticillium, Phomopsisphaseoli, Alternaria alternata, Phellinus ferrugineovelutinus, Stemphylium vesicarium, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Acrodontium luzulae, Penicillium sp. | hua ʻōmato | Krasnodar māhele, Crimean apana, Slivka |
ʻO Fusarium oxysporum | kumu palaoa | ʻĀpana kikowaena |
Ua lawe ʻia ʻo PCR me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi amplifier DTprime (DNA-Technology). No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka PCR, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā kumu mua a me kahi noiʻi no kahi ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka glycerol triphosphate dehydrogenase gene: mua mua Coc70gdf –TCATGATATCATTTCTCTCACGCA, reverse primer Coc280gdr – TACTTGAGCATGTAGGCCTGGGA, probe Cocgdz-(BHQ1)TTGAGA GGGCTGCTGCCG(p). Hoʻonui nā primers i kahi ʻāpana 213 bp.
Ua pili ka hopena i ka 50 ng o ka DNA holoʻokoʻa (ke nānā ʻana i nā lau a me nā ʻōpala) a me 10 ng (i ka wā e nānā ana i ka DNA mai nā moʻomeheu fungal maʻemaʻe). Ua māhele ʻia ka hui ʻana (35 μl) i ʻelua ʻāpana e kahi papa paraffin: ʻo ka mea haʻahaʻa (20 μl) i loaʻa 2 μl o 10x reaction buffer (750 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.8; 200 mM (NH4)2SO4; 25 mM MgCl2; 0.1% Ma waena o 20), 0.5 mM kēlā me kēia deoxynucleotide triphosphate, 7 pmol kēlā me kēia primer a me 4 pmol hydrolyzable fluorescent probe; ʻo ka mea ma luna he 1 μl o 10 × PCR buffer a me 1 ʻāpana o Taq polymerase.
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka hui ʻana me ka paraffin e hiki ai i nā paipu ke mālama ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi ma kahi mahana o 5 ° C a e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomaka wela o PCR ma hope o ka wela ʻana no 10 mau minuke ma kahi mahana ma luna o 80 ° C. Ua hana ʻia ʻo PCR e like me ka papahana aʻe: 94.0 ° C - 90 s (1 cycle); 94.0°C – 30 s; 64.0°C – 15 s (5 mau kaʻina); 94.0°C – 10 s; 64.0°C – 15 s (45 mau kaʻina); 10.0°C – mālama.
Nā hopena a me nā kūkā kamaʻilio
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā kaʻina o ka gene glycerol triphosphate dehydrogenase ma nā ʻano he 45 i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā lau, nā ʻōpala, nā ʻuala a me nā hua tōmato (Kutuzova, 2018) ma nā wahi like ʻole o Rūsia. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻina i aʻo ʻia o nā kānana a pau i 2 pūʻulu, ʻokoʻa i ʻelua nucleotides. Ua waiho ʻia nā kaʻina nucleotide o nā ʻelele o nā hui ʻelua ma GenBank ma lalo o nā helu KY496634 a me KY496635.
ʻO nā primers coc70gdf, coc280gdr a me ka cocgdz probe i kūkulu ʻia ma ko lākou kumu i nānā ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu BLAST (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast) ma nā ʻano gene glycerol triphosphate dehydrogenase a pau i loaʻa ma ka waihona GenBank mai nā ʻano o ka genus Colletotrichum a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana DNA o nā mea ola ʻē aʻe i homologous loa i ka primers a me ka ʻimi noiʻi.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka naʻau o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā laʻana me nā manaʻo like ʻole o C. coccodes DNA, DNA mai kahi lau ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka anthracnose (hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka makahiki 2017 ma Mari El, Red Scarlett variety), a me nā ʻili tuber i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi ʻeleʻele. ka ʻāina Kostroma, ʻano ʻano Red Scarlett, Papa 2). No ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka DNA i loko o nā ʻuala a me nā lau, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kānana C. coccodes mai iā lākou i loko o nā moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe.
Hōʻike nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana i ka naʻau o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo e hiki ke hoʻohana pono i ka hiki ʻana o C. coccodes DNA i loko o kahi hāpana inā ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna ʻike i ka hui PCR ma mua o 0.05 ng. Ua lawa kēia no ka ʻike ʻana, no ka mea, aia ka sclerotia ma ka awelika 0.131 ng, a hoʻokahi spore - ma kahi o 0.04 ng DNA (Cullen et al., 2002). ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka hui Pelekane (Cullen et al., 2002) i hōʻike i ka naʻau like (paepae cycle 34 ma 0.05 ng DNA a me 37 ma 0.005 ng).
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā laʻana kūlohelohe i loaʻa nā C. coccodes i nā hihia āpau i hiki ke ʻike pono i kona hele ʻana i ka hāpana (Papa 2). ʻO ke ʻano i manaʻo ʻia no ka ʻili ʻana i ka DNA ua hoʻololi ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu maoli.
Papa 2. Ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka naʻau o ka ʻōnaehana hōʻike ʻike Colletotrichum coccodes i manaʻo ʻia no PCR manawa maoli.
Образец | Ka nui o ka DNA ma ka laana*, ng | pōʻaiapuni paepae | ʻIke ʻia o nā C. coccodes |
---|---|---|---|
Mycelium o Colletotrichum coccodes | 50 | 21.3 | + |
5 | 25.7 | + | |
0.5 | 29,7 | + | |
0.05 | 33.5 | + | |
0.005 | 40 | - | |
0.0005 | 42.8 | - | |
0.00005 | - | ||
ʻili ʻuala 1 | 50 | 32 | + |
ʻili ʻuala 2 | 50 | 30 | + |
ʻili ʻuala 3 | 50 | 31.5 | + |
lau ʻuala | 50 | 29.5 | + |
Nānā. *Ma kahi hui o nā huahana PCR.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka kikoʻī o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo ma nā laʻana DNA i unuhi ʻia mai 15 mau ʻano haʻakai. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā maʻi fungal a pau e nā mea kākau mai nā hua a me nā lau tōmato maikaʻi a maikaʻi, a me nā ʻuala ʻuala; Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi kānana mai ke aʻa palaoa (Papa 1). Ma waena o ka poʻe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka ʻili o ka hua, aia kekahi mau ʻano mea ʻaʻole pathogenic no ka tōmato (no ka laʻana, Phellinus ferrugineoveltinus).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ua ʻike ʻia ka C. coccodes DNA ma kahi pōʻai paepae o 20-27, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā ʻano fungal ʻē aʻe a hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona ma hope o ka pōʻai 40, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kahi hopena leo ʻole (Table 3).
Papa 3. E ho'āʻo ana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo i nā ʻano ʻano halo
Ka inoa o ka halo | pōʻaiapuni paepae |
ʻO Coccodes Colletotrichum 1 | 20.9 |
C. coccodes 2 | 22.6 |
C. coccodes 3 | 23 |
C. coccodes 4 | 22 |
ʻO Fusarium oxysporum | > 40 |
F. verticillium | > 40 |
Rhizoctonia solani | > 40 |
Phomopsis phaseoli | > 40 |
Alternaria alternata | > 40 |
A. tomatophila | > 40 |
Helminthosp hall solani | > 40 |
Phellinus ferrugineoveltinus | > 40 |
ʻO Stemphylium vesicarium | > 40 |
ʻO Ilyonectria crassa | > 40 |
ʻO Cladosporium cladosporioides | > 40 |
C. fulvum | > 40 |
Acrodontium luzulae | > 40 |
Penicillium SP. | > 40 |
Nānā. * ʻO ka nui o ka DNA ma nā laʻana a pau he 10 ng.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo i kūkulu ʻia e ʻike i nā C. coccodes i nā laʻana o nā lau ʻōmato me nā hōʻailona o ka pōʻino e nā pathogens necrotrophic a me nā hua ʻuala hua me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia. No ke aʻo ʻana, lawe ʻia nā ʻano hua o nā ʻano like ʻole i ulu ʻia ma nā ʻāina Kostroma, Moscow, Kaluga, a me Nizhny Novgorod. ʻO ka hiki ʻana o C. coccodes DNA i manaʻo ʻia he hilinaʻi i nā laʻana i ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka pōʻai o ka paepae ma mua o 35. Ua koho ʻia kēia waiwai paepae ma muli o ka ʻike hilinaʻi o 0.05 ng o C. coccodes DNA (paepae 33.5, Papa 2) a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka wā ma nā pōʻai paepae ma luna o 40, ua ʻike ʻia ka DNA nonspecific o kekahi ʻano fungal ʻē aʻe. Me kēia ala, ua ʻike ʻia ka hilinaʻi hilinaʻi o C. coccodes DNA i 5 mau ʻāpana o nā ʻōpala i ulu ʻia ma nā ʻāina Kostroma, Moscow, Kaluga a ma hoʻokahi lau tōmato mai ka moku ʻo Yeisk o ka Territory Krasnodar (Papa 4, 5).
Papa 4. Ka ike ana i na Colletotrichum coccodes ma na opu uala*
Helu laʻana | ʻano ʻuala | Wahi ulu | ʻIke ʻia o nā C. coccodes | pōʻaiapuni paepae |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ʻulaʻula | ʻāina ʻo Kostroma | + | 35 |
2 | + | 35 | ||
3 | - | 38 | ||
4 | ʻO Sante | ʻĀpana kikowaena | + | 34 |
5 | - | |||
6 | - | 41 | ||
7 | - | 41.8 | ||
8 | + | 30 | ||
9 | ʻO Zhukovsky i ka wanaʻao | ʻĀpana kikowaena | - | 40.5 |
10 | - | 40.6 | ||
11 | - | |||
12 | Molly | ʻāina ʻo Kaluga | + | 34.3 |
13 | - | 38.4 | ||
14 | Kauike | ʻāina ʻo Kaluga | - | |
15 | ʻO Gala | ʻāina ʻo Nizhny Novgorod. | - | |
16 | - |
Nānā. * ʻO ka nui o ka DNA ma nā laʻana a pau he 50 ng.
Papa 5. ʻIke ʻia o nā coccodes Colletotrichum ma nā lau tōmato*
Helu laʻana | Wahi ulu | ʻIke ʻia o nā C. coccodes | pōʻaiapuni paepae |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Krasnodar māhele, Crimea moku | - | |
2 | - | ||
3 | - | ||
4 | - | 45 | |
5 | - | ||
6 | - | ||
7 | - | ||
8 | - | ||
9 | Krasnodar māhele, Yeisk apana | - | 39.2 |
10 | - | 40.8 | |
11 | - | ||
12 | - | 41.6 | |
13 | - | 40 | |
14 | - | 41 | |
15 | - | 41.9 | |
16 | - | ||
17 | - | ||
18 | - | 40.3 | |
19 | - | ||
20 | - | ||
21 | + | 34.5 | |
22 | - | ||
23 | - |
* ʻO ka nui o ka DNA ma nā laʻana a pau he 50 ng.
ʻAʻole i emi ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo a mākou i hana ai i ka mea i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā mea noiʻi Pelekane (Cullen et al., 2002) i ka ʻike a me ka kikoʻī a kūpono no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻO kāna hoʻohana ʻana no ka nānā ʻana i nā hua kanu i hiki ke ʻike i ka C. coccodes DNA i loko o nā ʻōpala me ka ʻole o nā hōʻailona o waho o ka pōʻino a me ka hoʻopaʻa pono ʻana i ka maʻi o nā lau.
I Rusia, a hiki i kēia lā, ʻaʻole i nānā ʻia nā ʻuala ʻuala no ka maʻi C. coccodes. Ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou noiʻi mua ma loko o 16 mau hua kanu i hoʻāʻo ʻia i ulu ʻia ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka Russian Federation, 5 i loaʻa nā C. coccodes. Hōʻike kēia i ka maʻi ʻuala maʻamau ma Rūsia kahi ʻeleʻele o ka ʻuala ʻuala, a ʻo kāna kuleana i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia.
I ka nānā ʻana i nā lau ʻōmato, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻike hilinaʻi o C. coccodes DNA i hoʻokahi lau mai ka moku ʻo Yeisk o ka Territory Krasnodar. I ka wā ma mua, i ka nānā ʻana i nā māla tōmato ma ka hema o Rūsia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokolohua Pelekane (Cullen et al., 2002), ua ʻike ʻia nā lau i loaʻa nā C. coccodes, a ma kekahi mau māla ua loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā lau i hoʻopilikia ʻia e C. coccodes (Belov et. al., 2018). Ma nā'āinaʻo Krasnodar a me Primorsky a me ka moku Moscow, uaʻike mākou i nā hua'ōmato, kahi i hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe o C. coccodes. Hiki paha i ka C. coccodes ke laha loa ma nā tōmato ma Rūsia ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia i kēia manawa, a ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia kona pōʻino.
No laila, a hiki i kēia lā, ua lawa ka ʻike e pili ana i ka laha ʻana o C. coccodes ma nā ʻuala a me nā tōmato.
No ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ke kuleana o kēia haʻuki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā maʻi ʻuala a me nā tōmato, ka nānā nui ʻana i kona laha ʻana ma Rūsia, ke aʻo ʻana i ka hana o ka lepo a me nā maʻi maʻi, a me ke kuleana o ka wahi ʻeleʻele i ka mālama ʻana he pono. Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā diagnostics PCR ke maʻalahi i kēia hana, a ʻo ka hoʻohana like ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo ʻelua e hoʻonui nui i ka pololei o ka nānā ʻana.
Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka hana e ka Russian Science Foundation hāʻawi No. 18-76-00009.
Ua paʻi ʻia ka ʻatikala ma ka puke pai "Mycology and Phytopathology" (Vol. 54, No. 1, 2020).