A.I. Polinova, D.R. Zagirova, L.Yu. Kokaeva, I.I. Busko, I. V. ʻO Levantsevich, S.N. ʻO Elansky
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike maikaʻi loa ka maikaʻi o ka huaʻōtika o kaʻuala a me nā ʻano hua ma Belarus. Ua loli ke kuleana o kekahi ʻano o nā meaola weliweli a me kā lākou lakio i ka agrophytocenoses. ʻO ka ʻino o nā maʻi he lehulehu wale (ka hopena o ke ahi, alternariosis, nā ʻano scab, bacteriosis, pala fusarium maloʻo) ua māhuahua, akā ʻo nā mea hou nō hoʻi e aʻo ʻole ʻia, e like me ka pala o ka wai ʻeha (Fig 1). ʻO kēia maʻi, i kū mai ma India, Central Asia a me nā ʻāina hema ʻē aʻe, i kaulana i nā ʻāina Gomel, Brest, Grodno a me Minsk o Belarus. E like me nā oomycetes noho lepo ʻē aʻe, P. ultimum ke kumu o ka hōʻino nui ʻana i nā kūlana o ka momona nui - i nā wahi i ninini maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, i ka wā ua nui (Taylor et al., 2008).
I Belarus, ua ʻike ʻia ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi i nā makahiki me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahana o ka wā ulu: i kekahi mau ʻōpala, 8-10% o nā tubers i hoʻopili ʻia. Hiki i ka palahu wai ʻōpala ke hana i nā pohō nui, i kumu ʻia e ka ʻole o nā ʻano kūpale, hoʻomohala ʻia nā hana hoʻomalu a me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka maʻi ke hoʻopili ʻia nā tubers (Zhuromskaya, 2003; Ivanyuk et al., 2005). Hoʻopili ka maʻi i nā tubers wale nō. I Lūkia, ʻaʻole nui ka palaho wai ʻeha i kēia manawa.
I kēia hana, ua noiʻi mākou i nā ʻano 4 o nā ʻākena causative o ka wai ʻeha palapū i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā tubers potato o nā ʻanoʻano Vektar Belorussian, Skarb a me nā hybrids hoʻouluulu i nā waihona o ka Scientific and Practical Center o ka National Academy of Science of Belarus no Potato and Hortikultura (Minsk region). ʻO nā pahuhopu o ke aʻo ʻana e hoʻoholo i nā ʻano o nā kaʻawale kaʻawale, ko lākou virulence e pili ana i nā kūmole potato, e loiloi i ka ulu ʻana i nā mahana wela like ʻole a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka metalaxyl.
Ua ulu ka mycelium o nā kaʻawale ma luna o ka wai pea wai (180 g o nā pi ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻolapalapa ʻia no 10 mau minuke i ka 1 lita o ka wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a ma hope ua autoclaved lākou ma 30 atm no 1 mau minuke); Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo DNA mai kēlā me kēia kānana. E hoʻokaʻawale iā DNA, triturated ka mycelium paʻahau i ka nitrogen wai, lysed i ka buffer CTAB, a laila hoʻonele ʻia me ka chloroform. Ua mālama ʻia ka DNA i loko o ka wai deionized ma –20 °. ʻImi ʻia nā kaʻina nucleotide o nā ʻāpana genome kikoʻī (nā ʻāpana o nā genes ribosomal gen 18S a me 5,8S, a me ka spacer intergenic spacer ITS1) i hoʻonui ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā primers ITS1 a me ITS2 (White, 1990), ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka Pythium ultimum Trow species. (synonym Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish).
Hoʻopili nā ʻano aʻo a pau i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻuala ʻo Gala i waiho ʻia i nā keʻena humuhū. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kiko ʻeleʻele ma luna o lākou, a laila lilo i mākū, komo i nā ulcer (Fig 2). Lawe ʻia ka maʻi maʻi ma ke kau ʻana i ka mycelium P. ultimum i waenakonu o ka ʻoki tuber.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kōpaʻa tuba inoculated ma + 22 ° C. ʻO ka nui o ka ulu ulu o ka wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ʻike ʻia i nā lā 2 mua, a laila ʻaʻole i loli ka ʻaoʻao ulcer.
Kūpono kēia kumu no nā ʻano aʻo like a pau.
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ulu ʻana o nā kaha i ka ʻoat agar medium ma nā mahana o 5, 15, 24, a me 34 ° C (Fig 3). Ua ʻike ʻia ka ulu ʻana ma nā mahana a pau; ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka ulu ulu ma 24 ° C (ua kīʻaha piha ke kīʻaha 86 mm i nā lā 2). Ma 15 a me 34 ° C, ua emi loa ka nui o ka ulu ʻana (ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kīʻaha i 4 a me 3 mau lā, i kēlā me kēia).
Ma nā mahana o 15, 24, a me 34 ° C, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano haʻawina like ʻole. Ma ke ana wela o 5 ° C, piʻi wikiwiki ʻo P1 ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe (20 mm o ka lā 4), P4 - lohi iki aʻe (10 mm i ka lā 4), P2 a me P3 hiki ʻole ke ulu.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma kahi mahana o 24 ° C, hoʻomaka koke ka ulu ʻana ma hope o ke kanu ʻana ma kahi pā, ma nā mahana o 15 a me 34 ° C, ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ulu ʻana e 1 lā, a ma 5 ° C - e 2 mau lā.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo Metalaxyl (a me kona isomer mefenoxam) ʻo ia nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono loa no ka kaohi ʻana i nā oomycetes lepo. Hiki i ka Metalaxil ke komo i loko o nā tubers a hāʻawi (ʻoiai ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa) i ko lākou pale wā lōʻihi (Taylor et al., 2008, Bruin et al., 1982). Eia nō naʻe, ke emi nei ka maikaʻi o ka metalaxyl ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia o nā ʻano kūpale i nā lehulehu. Ua loaʻa nā kānana kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i nā wahi he nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Taylor et al., 2002). ʻAʻohe ʻikepili e pili ana i ke kūʻē ʻana o Belarusian P. nā hopena hope loa i ka metalaxyl, a no laila ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻāʻo i ko lākou kūpaʻa ʻana i ka lāʻau i kēia hana.
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka maʻalahi i ka metalaxyl fungicide i lawe ʻia ma ka medium oat agar me ka hoʻohui o fungicide ma nā ʻano like ʻole (Pobedinskaya and Elansky, 2014).
Ua loaʻa i nā ʻano haʻawina nā ʻokoʻa i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka metalaxyl (Papa 1). No laila, ma kahi kūpona fungicide o 1 mg / L, kū a pau ka ulu ʻana o ke kānana P4, a ua hoʻolohi loa ʻia ke koena o nā ʻano. Ua ulu mālie ʻo Strains P1 a me P2 ma kahi waena me ka hoʻonui metalaxyl o 10 mg / L. ʻO ka helu kaulike EC50 i hoʻonui ʻia (ʻo ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka fungicide e hoʻolohi ana i ka ulu o ke kanana e 2 mau manawa e pili ana i ka kaohi) no nā mea āpau āpau ma lalo o 1 mg / L. No laila, ʻo nā ʻimi noiʻi āpau i maʻalahi i ka metalaxyl; ua hōʻike ʻia he maikaʻi loa i ka pāpā ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o P. ultimum.
Wahi a Bruin et al. (1982) ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka wā kanu me ka metalaxyl ma kahi mahele o 0,5 kg / ha, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka fungicide ma tubers he 0,055 μg / g ma ka periderm, 0,022 μg / g ma ka papa huina, a me 0,034 μg / g ma ke kiko waena o ka tuber. Wahi a kā mākou ʻikepili, ʻaʻole lawa kēia paʻa o ka metalaxyl e pale aku ai i ka maʻi, akā hiki iā ia ke hoʻolohi i kāna ulu.
Ke ulu nei ma ka medium oat, ua hana nā ʻano a pau i ka oospores i ka monoculture (Fig 4), he ʻano maʻamau ia no P. ultimum. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale pālua ʻana o nā kānana ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōuli ʻike ʻia o ka launa ʻole o nā mea kanu -
Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i loaʻa iā P. ultimum kahi phytopathogen i hiki ke ulu wikiwiki i kahi ākea o ka mahana, me kahi mahana mālama o 5 ° C. He palupalu ia i nāʻaʻaʻa o nā kūpalaʻuala a hana i nā oospores i hiki ke ola lōʻihi. No laila, he ʻanoʻano weliweli ka laha hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i ka mahiʻai a pono ke aʻo hou.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka noiʻi me ke kākoʻo o ka Russian Science Foundation (papahana N 14-50-00029).
Papa 1. ʻIke o ka P. nā mea ʻoi loa i ka metalaxyl
Pau ʻole | ʻO ka metalaxyl noʻonoʻo, mg / l | ||
0 (kaohi) | 1 | 10 | |
P1 | 63 | 6 | 0 |
P2 | 65 | 5 | 0 |
P3 | 59 | 0 | 0 |
P4 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
P1 | 105 | 10 | 3 |
P2 | 110 | 10 | 3 |
P3 | 95 | 0 | 0 |
P4 | 98 | 0 | 0 |
Kokoke Hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻikepili awelika no 3 ana.
Ua paʻi ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma ka puke pai "Protection Potato" (No. 1, 2017)