Mai ka makasina: No. 1 2016
Māhele: Kūkākūkā kūikawā
ʻO B.V. Anisimov, S.N. Zebrin, V.N. Zeyruk,
All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming i kapa ʻia ma hope. A.G. ʻO Lorja
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka mana maikaʻi a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka ʻuala hua, ua māhele pinepine ʻia nā tuberous rots i ʻelua mau ʻano nui - maloʻo a me ka pulu.
ʻO nā pala maloʻo, ʻo ka mea maʻamau ʻo Fusarium dry rot a me Phoma rot. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hiki ke ulu aʻe ka pala maloʻo ma luna o nā ʻuala ke hoʻopilikia ʻia e Alternaria.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pala o ka ʻōpala pulu ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka maʻi mai nā mea kanu i loaʻa i ka pōʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka ʻeleʻele i nā ʻōpala o kahi hua hou. I ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma nā ʻāina maʻa loa, hiki i ka pala ka lāʻau ke ulu ma luna o nā ʻuala i ka wā a i ʻole ma hope koke o ka ʻohi ʻana. Hoʻokumu pū ka wai kiʻekiʻe o ka lepo i ka wā e ulu ai i nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka popopo ʻulaʻula o nā ʻōpala, a ʻo ka wā wela i ka wā o ka tuberization hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pala wai o nā ʻōpala ma hope koke o ka ʻohi ʻana.
I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i nā "rots hui" ke hōʻeha loa: late blight-bacterial, fusarium-bacterial, fomosa-bacterial. ʻO ke komo ʻana o nā maʻi fungal a me nā maʻi bacteria i loko o nā ʻuala a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pala e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e ka pōʻino mai nā nematodes, wireworms a me nā larvae o nā pests insect. I nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala, ʻo nā kumu o ka ulu ʻana o ka tuber rot hiki ke hypothermia a me ka maloʻo o nā ʻuala.
ʻO ka pala maloʻo o nā ʻuala i hana ʻia e nā phytopathogens fungal
Fusarium (Fusarium spp.)
Hiki ke ma'i ma o ka mea anoano a me ka lepo. Hoʻoulu ka pōʻino i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pala, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.
Phomosis (Phoma spp.)
ʻO ke kumu o ka maʻi ʻo ia ka mea kanu i haumia; hiki ke laha ka ma'i me ka ua. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā ʻuala i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana, akā ulu pinepine ka pala o Phoma ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a/a i ʻole ma nā mahana mālama haʻahaʻa.
Alternaryosis (Alternaria kekahi spp.)
Ola nā ʻuala Alternaria i ka ʻuala a i ʻole nā mea ola ʻē aʻe ma ke kula a i ʻole ma ka lepo.
ʻO ka pala pulu i hana ʻia e nā fungi pathogenic a me ka bacteria
Laha keʻokeʻo (Pitofhthara infestans)
Hoʻopili nā spores mai ka piko i nā ʻuala i ka lepo. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka tuberous late blight i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana a hoʻomau i ka ulu ʻana i ka wā mālama. ʻO ka pōʻino i nā ʻuala i ka wā o ka hoʻoili ʻana ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili pinepine ʻana i kēia.
ʻulaʻula pala (Phytophora erythroseptica)
Hiki mai ka ma'i ma ka lepo. Hoʻoulu ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi e ka lepo kiʻekiʻe a me ka mahana. Hoʻoulu ka pala i ka wā a i ʻole ma hope koke o ka ʻohi ʻana.
Palapala lāʻau (Geotrichum candidum)
ʻO ka lepo ke kumu o ka maʻi. Hoʻoulu ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka pala e ka lepo ikaika a me nā kūlana mahana i ka wā ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻokahe ʻana i ka lepo kūpono a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻuala mai nā wahi wai o ke kula kaʻawale mai ke koena o ka mea kanu hiki ke hōʻemi i ka laha o ka pala.
Popopo wai (ʻThlelo spp.)
Puna o ka ma'i: lepo. Loaʻa ka maʻi o nā ʻuala ma o nā ʻeha. Laha koke ka pala ma nā ʻuala hou i ʻeli ʻia ʻaʻole i paʻakikī ka ʻili. ʻO ka mahana wela i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana e hāpai i ka ulu ʻana o ka pala.
'Oleʻele wāwae (Dickeya/Pectobacterium spp.)
ʻO ke kumu o ka maʻi ʻo ia ka maʻi ʻano ʻano maʻi, akā ma ke kula hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia ka maʻi mai nā mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻia i nā kulu wai maikaʻi i loaʻa i nā hua bacteria (ua ua/aerosols) a me nā pepeke. Hiki ke loaʻa mai ka maʻi hoʻopili mai nā lako a i ʻole nā ipu i haumia. ʻO ka maʻi e kēia mau pathogens a me ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi i makemake ʻia e nā kūlana ulu ulu, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka Pectobacterium he kulana anu a pulu, a no ʻO Dickeya – mehana a me ka wai.
apo popopo (Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus)
ʻO ke kumu o ka maʻi ʻo ia ka mea kanu i haumia. Hiki ke loaʻa i ka maʻi asymptomatically nā ʻōpala o kekahi mau ʻano. Hoʻolaha pū ʻia ka bacteria e nā lako i hoʻohaumia ʻia, ʻoi aku ka ʻoki ʻana. I ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina, ua manaʻo ʻia he maʻi quarantine; i ka wā o kahi maʻi maʻi, hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā mea i hoʻohaumia ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kahe.
Popopo mai ka hypothermia a me ka maloo o na hua
Nā kumu: haʻahaʻa wela (ma lalo o 1 °C) ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a i ʻole mālama ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻopōʻino ʻia ka tuber ma muli o ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana i ka mahana (ʻaʻole pono ma lalo o ka hau hau) Pono e ʻohi ma mua o ka hau a pale i ka hoʻoilo nui ʻana i ka waiho ʻana.
Popopo mai ka pōʻino i nā ʻōpala e nā nematodes, wireworms a me nā larvae insect
ʻO ka nematode ʻuala - Ditylenchosis (ʻo Ditylenchus mea luku)
Hoʻouna nui ʻia nā Nematodes me nā hua kanu i hoʻopili ʻia. He paʻakikī ke hoʻopau ʻia nā nematodes no ka mea e ola ana lākou ma nā mea kanu he nui. Hiki ke maʻalahi ka hoʻemi ʻana i kā lākou helu ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kīʻaha i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hua i hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mauʻu.
uwea uwea (Agriotes/Tandonia/Arion spp.)
ʻAi nā ʻōpuʻu i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a hohonu paha i loko o ka ʻōpala. He ʻikiʻi mau nā ʻāpana (ʻaʻole like me ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e nā slugs), akā hiki ke hoʻopili nui ʻia. ʻO ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e nā wireworms e hiki ai i nā pathogens ʻē aʻe ke komo i loko o ka tuber, hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻano pala.
Me nā wireworms, ʻo ka pohō ʻana o ke ʻano o ka pala maloʻo a i ʻole ka pulu pulu (e pili ana i nā kūlana mālama) ke kumu pinepine ʻia e ka pōʻino mai nā pipi, ʻokiʻoki, slugs, a me nā moth ʻuala.
Khrushchi (larvae) ʻai i nā lua o nā ʻuala. ʻAʻole like me nā cutworms, ʻaʻole lākou e waiho i ke koena peel a puni nā kihi o nā lua.
ʻO nā scoops (nā anuhe) nahu i nā lua o nā ʻano nui i loko o nā ʻuala. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o lākou ke koena o ka peel ma ke ʻano o kahi fringe.
Nā slugs
ʻAi lākou i nā lua o nā ʻano like ʻole i loko o ka pulp tuber, hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke komo ʻana o nā phytopathogens i loko o ka ʻōpala, e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻano pala.
mohu ʻuala
Hāpai ia i nā ʻāpana haiki (2-4 mm) ma lalo o ka ʻili a i ʻole i loko o ka ʻuala. ʻO kahi hōʻailona o ka pōʻino o ka mu, ʻo ia ka hele ʻana o ka lepo ma ka ʻili a ma nā ʻāpana i loko o nā ʻōpala.
Hoʻoholo nui ʻia ka ikaika o ka ulu ʻana o ka tuber rot e ka pae o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi i ka wā ulu a me ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻuala. No laila, he mea nui ka nānā ʻana i nā kumu o ka maʻi ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka mahina ʻai i ka wā ulu a me ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i nā hana pale kūikawā a me ka pale ʻana i ka wā o ka mahi ʻana i ka lepo, ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea kanu no ke kanu ʻana, ka mālama mea kanu a me ka ʻohi ʻana.
ʻO nā ʻano hana pale a pale, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa: ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻuala i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu mua e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka lepo o nā pathogens; ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā mea kanu organik a me nā minerala, nā microelements a me nā mea calcareous e hoʻonui ai i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā ʻōpala i nā maʻi; ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻuala maikaʻi wale nō no nā kumu hua, ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala a laila hoʻolei i nā mea maʻi; disinfection o nā ʻano hua ma mua o ke kanu ʻana; ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻano mea kanu āpau a me nā ʻenehana hoʻomalu weed e kōkua i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu olakino, hoʻomohala maikaʻi i hiki ke hoʻohana piha i ka pane kūlohelohe kūlohelohe i nā microorganism ʻino.
Ma ke ʻano he pale ʻana i ke kanu ʻana i nā hua, he mea nui ia e wehe i nā mea kanu maʻi - nā kumu o ka maʻi - ma o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka phyto-cleaning. Hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o nā maʻi i nā mea kanu i nā manawa like ʻole, no laila e loaʻa pinepine ka hopena nui ma ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ʻekolu mau manawa.
Hana ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua ma hope koke o ka puka ʻana o nā wana piha, i ka wā i hiki ai nā mea kanu i ke kiʻekiʻe o 15-20 cm I kēia manawa, pono pono e wehe i nā lāʻau i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka blackleg. ʻO ka wehe koke ʻana o nā mea kanu maʻi mai ke kanu ʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kumu o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi ma ke kula.
Hana ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻelua i ka wā pua. I loko o kēia manawa, hoʻopau pinepine ʻia nā mea haumia varietal, a me nā mea kanu stunted i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā maʻi bacterial a me nā maʻi viral. ʻO ka maʻamau, ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻelua, hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka māla a hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mea kanu me nā koi hoʻoponopono o ka maʻamau i hoʻokumu ʻia no nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā papa o ka ʻuala hua.
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ke kolu o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana i nā poʻo. I loko o kēia manawa, wehe ʻia nā mea haumia i koe, a me nā mea kanu e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi bacterial (ring rot) a me nā maʻi viral.
Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e nā limahana i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia ma ke alo o kahi loea loea i loaʻa nā mākau kūpono i ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona o nā maʻi a me nā haumia varietal potato. I kēia hihia, hele wāwae ʻelua mau kānaka ma ka ʻauwai a nānā pono i nā mea kanu ma nā lālani ʻelua ma ka ʻākau a me ka hema o ka ʻauwaha kahi i hana ʻia ai ke alahele. ʻEli ʻia nā mea kanu maʻi a i ʻole nā mea haumia ʻano like ʻole me kahi ʻōpala me nā ʻuala, me nā ʻuala makuahine, a lawe ʻia mai ke kula. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia e huki i nā mea kanu, no ka mea hiki ke waiho i nā ʻōpala makuahine i ka lepo, e ulu hou i ka makahiki hoʻokahi a hua hou i nā mea kanu maʻi. Pono e luku loa ʻia nā piko a me nā ʻuala i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
Inā loaʻa ka hoʻoweliweli o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka late blight a me ka alternaria i kahi pae haʻahaʻa a koʻikoʻi paha, hoʻohana ʻia kahi paʻakikī o ka hoʻomākaukau kemika a me ka biological e pīpī i nā mea kanu i ka wā ulu. Hiki i kēia mau ʻenehana i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke hōʻemi nui i nā poho mai ka pala i ka wā mālama ʻuala.
ʻO kahi hana koʻikoʻi e pale ai i ka maʻi o nā ʻuala i ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia o ka ulu ʻana i ka pala o ka tuber, ʻo ia ka wehe mua ʻana i nā piko. Hoʻokō ʻia ia ma ke kanu ʻana i nā hua 14 mau lā ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana, a ma nā mea kanu ʻoihana ma kahi o 7 mau lā ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana. Ke wehe koke ʻia nā poʻo ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana, ʻaʻohe manawa e hoʻoikaika ai ka ʻili o ka tuber a ʻeha nui ʻia e nā mīkini ʻohi, hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi nui o ka uala me ka pala maloʻo a pulu. No laila, no ka laʻana, inā ua hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka 50% a ʻaʻole e piʻi hou ka paona o ka mea kanu, pono e luku koke ʻia nā poʻo i ʻole e loaʻa nā ʻōpala i ka lepo. Akā i kēia hihia, pono e mālama i kahi manawa ma waena o ka luku ʻana i nā piko a me ka ʻohi.
Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā poʻo e ka ʻoki mīkini me ka hoʻoneʻe pono ʻana i nā mea kanu mai ke kula, no ka mea, ʻo nā mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia he kumu koʻikoʻi ia o nā pathogens o ka late blight a me ka bacteriosis tuber ma mua a i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana i ka desiccation kemika ma nā ʻāpana hua. No kēia kumu, kāpī ʻia ka ʻuala me Reglon Super (2,0 l/ha). Pono ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai hana ma kahi o 300 l/ha.
I ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana, ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻuala a me ka mālama ʻana iā lākou, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā pahu, nā kaʻa, ka wehe ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me kahi hopena 2-3% o ke keleawe sulfate. Hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻuala a pau ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a hoʻopau ʻia nā mea hana me kahi hopena 5% o ke keleawe sulfate.
I ka hakakā ʻana i ka pala, ʻo nā ʻano hana āpau e pale ai i nā hōʻeha mechanical i nā ʻuala i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana, ka ʻohi ʻana, ka lawe ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, pono e hoʻoponopono pololei i nā mea ʻohi ʻai, nā mea ʻeli ʻuala, sorters, a mālama pono i nā tubers, e pale ana iā lākou mai ka hāʻule ʻana mai kahi kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe i ʻae ʻia o nā ʻōpala e hāʻule ana i kahi ʻili metala (springy thin-sheet) he 50-80 cm, kahi lāʻau paʻa - 25-50, kahi lāʻau lattice - 15-25, kahi rubberized - 50-75, lepo - 200, ma ka ʻuala - 100-125 cm.
Ka mālama ʻana ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me nā ʻenehana no ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā poho mai ka pala i ka wā mālama ʻuala
ʻAʻole ma mua o hoʻokahi mahina ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā hale mālama i ka lepo a me nā ʻōpala kahiko, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia me ka lime me ka hoʻohui ʻana o 2-3% keleawe keleawe, a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā pā hale, ke kaupaku, nā pā bin a me nā panela me ka lime. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka fumigation me ka whist hoʻomākaukau (nā māka nui 150-200g/1000 m3 lumi no ka uala).
I ka wā o ka hoʻomalu ʻana ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana, ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻuala no ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi i ʻike ʻia ma luna o nā ʻuala.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka tuber a me nā koi hoʻoponopono no ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu a me nā ʻuala pāʻoihana (meaʻai) e hoʻoholo ʻia e nā kūlana: GOST R 53136-2008 "Seed potatoes. Nā kikoʻī ʻenehana"; GOST R 55329-2012 “Ka hua ʻuala. ʻO kaʻaeʻana a me nāʻano o ka nānāʻana" a me GOST R 51808-2001 "Nāʻuala meaʻai hou, hoʻomākaukau a hoʻolakoʻia."
Hōʻike ka papa 1 a me 2 i nā ʻae hoʻoponopono o nā kūlana pala o ka tuber no nā ʻāpana o nā hua uala e komo ana i ke kālepa ma nā ʻāina EU, Kanada, Russian Federation a me ka Repubalika o Belarus.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina e hana ana a hoʻopuka i nā hua ʻuala i kā lākou kūlana ʻāina e hoʻolauna i nā ʻae ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā koi hoʻoponopono o ka UNECE international standard, ʻoi aku hoʻi e pili ana i nā pala maloʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā fungi pathogenic a me nā bacteria [6] (Papa 1).
Papa 1. Nā ʻae hoʻoponopono o nā kūlana pala o ka tuber no nā papa like ʻole/hanauna o nā hua ʻuala i kūʻai ʻia ma nā ʻāina EU.
Страны | Ka hoʻomanawanui no nā papa ʻuala hua, % | ||||
S | SE | E 1-3 | He 1-2 | B | |
ʻO ka EU1 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | ||
Aupuni Hui Pū ' | 0,2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Germany | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 |
Holland2 | 1-4 mau ʻuala no 50 kg | ||||
Finland | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 |
France | 0,1 | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,2 |
Pelekiuma | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 |
Denmark | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 |
Pelekania | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 |
Kelepona Czech3 | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) |
Canada4 | 1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | 1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | 1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | 1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | 1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) |
1 - Wahi a EU Directives 2002/56 a me 93/17;
2 - No ka pulu pulu, ʻae ʻia ka 1 tuber no 250 kg;
3 - Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻailona no ka pala pulu ma nā pale;
4 – Hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻae ʻana i ka pulu pulu no ka hoʻouna ʻana/ka mokuna.
ʻO nā koi hoʻoponopono o nā kūlana aupuni o kēia manawa ma Rūsia a me ka Repubalika o Belarus no ka māhele OS e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kūlana honua o ka maʻamau UNECE. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻae ʻana no nā ʻuala hua o ka EC a me RS i nā kuʻuna o ka UNECE maʻamau no ka pala maloʻo a me ka pulu, e alakaʻi ana i ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻokūkū o nā elite a me nā hua hānau o ka hana home. . I kēia manawa, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi kikoʻī Interstate Standard o nā ʻāina lālā o ka EAEU no nā lako interstate o nā hua ʻuala, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻolauna i nā hoʻomanawanui hou aku no ka pala maloʻo a me ka pulu, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kūlana o nā analogues honua. (Pakaukau 2).
Papa 2. Nā ʻae hoʻoponopono o nā kūlana no ka pala o ka tuber no nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hua uala e komo ana i ke kālepa ma ka Russian Federation a me ka Repubalika o Belarus.
Nā Kūlana | Nā Kūlana Papa/hanau* | ||
Kaukau | ЭС | RS 1-2 | |
GOST R-2008 | 0,5 (0) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) |
GOST o ka Repubalika o Belarus | 0,5 (0) | 2 (1) | 3 (1) |
Kūlana waena o ka mokuʻāina (draft) | 0,5 (0) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
* OS - ʻano o nā hua kumu; ES - nā hua elite; RS – nā hua hānau. Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻailona no ka pulu pulu ma nā pale.
E like me ka GOST R 51808-2001, no nā papa ʻai hou a pau, i hoʻomākaukau ʻia a hoʻolako ʻia, ka hele ʻana o nā ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka pulu, maloʻo, apo, pihi pala a me ka hope blight, a me ka frostbitten a me nā hōʻailona o ka "suffocation". ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia. Ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka nānā ʻana o ka tuber o nā laʻana i koho ʻia i mea e hoʻāla ai i nā fungi phytopathogenic, bacteria a me nā nematodes stem i loko o nā ʻōpala, ʻōlelo ʻia e mālama i nā ʻōpala i kahi mahana o 10-20.оC i loko o 20 mau lā.
ʻO ka mua, kaupaona ʻia ka hāpana, a laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lepo manuahi a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o nā haumia e ke kaumaha ma ke ʻano he pākēneka o ka nui o ke kaumaha o nā ʻuala o kahi hāpana i hāʻawi ʻia. Ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i nā haumia, holoi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻōpala i ka wai a nānā ʻia. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā mea maʻamau a me nā hemahema a hui pū ʻia e ke ʻano o ka pōʻino (maʻi, pests, mechanical). Hōʻike ʻia ka helu o nā ʻuala maʻi ma ke ʻano he pākēneka o ka huina nui o ka hāpana. Ma muli o ka ʻikepili ʻikepili, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻuala i nā ʻāpana kūpono o nā mea kanu, a ua hāʻawi ʻia nā pūʻulu ʻuala i nā papa kūpono o ka ʻuala mua a hope paha (Extra, first or second classes).
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā hemahema i loko (ka wāwae ʻeleʻele, ka pala o ke apo, ka hope blight, ka phomosis, ka pōʻeleʻele o ka pulp, ka wahi glandular, hollowness, ditylenchosis), 100 mau ʻuala no kēlā me kēia laʻana i ʻoki ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao longitudinal. Inā loaʻa nā maʻi a i ʻole nā hemahema, ʻoki ʻia nā ʻuala i koe o ka hāpana.
Inā he nui nā maʻi ma ka ʻōpala hoʻokahi, e noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi o nā mea ʻino loa i kēia ʻano: ʻeleʻele, wāwae ʻeleʻele, late blight, fomoz, pala maloʻo, ditelenhoz, suffocation, frostbite, scab maʻamau, rhizoctonia, pauka. a me ka pehu kala, ka poino mechanical.
ʻO nā ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole e ka palaka hope, ka pala maloʻo, ka pala pulu, ka wāwae ʻeleʻele, ka pala apo, ka phomosis, a me nā nematodes kumu i manaʻo ʻia he maʻi. Ma muli o nā hopena o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻuala, ua huki ʻia kahi hōʻike hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻuala, e hōʻike ana i ka helu a me ka pākēneka o nā ʻuala maʻi.
I mea e hōʻemi ai i nā poho mai ka pala, nā hua ʻuala mai nā māla kahi i ulu ikaika ai ka blight, phomosis, nā maʻi bacterial, a ua loaʻa nā ʻōpala i ka pōʻino mechanical, i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana a i ka manawa mua o ka mālama ʻana, pono e hana ʻia ka disinfection e kūʻē i kēia maʻi. ʻO ka mea kumu kumu o ka fusarium maloʻo maloʻo (i ka wā e ʻohi ai me ka ʻuala e hui pū i kēia intake e koi ʻia) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau Maxim (0,2 l / t) a i ʻole Fitosporin (1 kg / t).
Hoʻopau ʻia ka disinfection o nā ʻuala ʻuala i ka hāʻule me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana aerosol o nā ʻano like ʻole, i kau ʻia ma luna o nā conveyor loaders a i ʻole nā helu helu. ʻO 3-5 l / t ka hoʻohana wai hana. Me kēia inu wai, ʻaʻohe pono e hoʻomaloʻo i ka ʻuala. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka fumigation me ka whist hoʻomākaukau (nā māka nui 5-10 g/t)
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana inā hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma mua o 3 mau lā ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻuala, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ma hope koke o ka ʻohi ʻana i ka wā e mālama ai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana kahe pololei. I ka hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou, pono ʻoe e hahai i nā lula palekana i ka wā e hana ai me nā pesticides.
I nā lā 20-25 mua o ka mālama manawa a i ʻole ka mālama mau ʻana (manawa mālama), pono e mālama ʻia ka mahana ma 15-18.оC a me ka haʻahaʻa pili 90-95%. Hāʻawi kēia i ka ho'ōla wikiwiki ʻana i nā ʻeha ma nā ʻōpala. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka puʻu tuber e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana a inā ua lako ʻia me ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele ea.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka manawa mālama, hoʻemi iki ʻia ka mahana o ka ʻuala, akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 0,5-1.оC i kēlā me kēia lā no kahi manawa o 26 a 30 mau lā, a mālama ʻia i ka wā mālama nui i loko o 2-5оC, ʻano like ʻole ma muli o ke ʻano olaola o nā ʻano ʻano.
Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kūlana mālama maikaʻi loa ma o ka ea, hoʻoluʻu me ka ea o waho a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o ia me ka ea mālama. I nā hihia a pau, pono e loaʻa i ka ea i hoʻolako ʻia kahi mahana maikaʻi. I ka pūnāwai, mālama ʻia ke ʻano maikaʻi loa e ka ventilation i ka pō a i ke kakahiaka no ka manawa lōʻihi ma mua o ka hoʻoilo.
Pono ka mahana o ka ea a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o ka ea i hoʻolako ʻia i ka pā ʻuala, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mahana o ka ʻuala e 2-5.оC. Pono e like a i ʻole ka ʻoi aku o ka mahana o ka mālama ʻana i loko o ka hale waihona, akā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1.оH.
Hoʻokō ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka mālama ʻana ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka puʻu ʻuala 2-3 mau manawa i ka pule no 30 mau minuke.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka ulu ʻana o ka pala o ka tuber a hōʻemi nui i ka nalowale o ka mālama ʻana.
ʻO ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻuala i ka hoʻoilo ʻaʻole makemake ʻia, no ka mea hiki ke kōkua i ka overinfection o nā ʻuala me ka pala maloʻo a, no laila, hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka maʻi. Pono e hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻōpala i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka pala maloʻo a hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ka papa luna o ka embankment. Pono e wehe pono ʻia nā ʻeke i ʻike ʻia o ka pala pulu me ka papa pili o nā ʻuala olakino.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻuala inā ʻoi aku ma mua o 10% o nā ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā maʻi fungal a me nā maʻi bacteria.