I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Iune, ua pau ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma ka hapa nui o nā wahi o Rūsia. Aia ka manawa e nānā ai i nā hua e hilinaʻi nei nā mahiʻai kūloko a pehea e pili ai kēia i ka ʻohi e hiki mai ana.
HEAHA KA MAKOU E KANU AI?
Wahi a ka Ministry of Agriculture o ka Russian Federation, ʻo nā hui mahiʻai kūloko a me nā mahiʻai i kēlā me kēia makahiki e ulu i ka ʻuala ma kahi o 300 tausani heka. No laila, ma ka liʻiliʻi o 900 tausani mau hua kanu i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻoihana ʻoihana. He aha kāu e ʻōlelo ai e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o kēia mea kanu? Ma muli o ka ʻike kūhelu, ʻaʻole nui.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka luna hoʻokele o ka Potato Union, ʻo Alexey Krasilnikov, ʻo ka hapa o ka liona (ma kahi o 95%) o ka hana ma ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā pūʻulu hua e lawe ʻia nei e ka Federal State Budgetary Institution Rosselkhoztsentr (ma kahi o 5% e Rosselkhoznadzor). I ka manawa like, e like me nā helu mai ka Russian Agricultural Center, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻaelike i hoʻopau ʻia e kēia hui me nā mea hana hua he mau ʻaelike no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka māla. Ma ke noi ʻana o nā mea kanu hua, nā loea o ka Rosselkhozcenter e hana i nā noiʻi āpau o nā hua kanu i mea e hoʻoholo ai i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe, ka ʻino, nā maʻi a me nā pōʻino.
ʻO ia hoʻi, loiloi ʻia nā mea kanu ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana. Loaʻa i ka ʻoihana ka liʻiliʻi o nā noi no ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā hua ʻuala (e like me 2017, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā palapala hōʻoia no nā mea kanu me ka nui o 100 tausani tons). He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi palapala hōʻoia no ka hui o nā hua ʻaʻole ia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mea kūʻai aku i nā hua kiʻekiʻe. Wahi a Alexey Krasilnikov, ma Rūsia, ua hāʻawi pinepine ʻia nā palapala hōʻoia no ka super elite, akā no ka ʻuala o ka lua a me ke kolu o ka hana hou ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili i ka nui o nā hōʻiliʻili nui. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, ua pāpā ʻia nā ʻuala o ke kolu o ka hoʻohua ʻana mai ka ulu ʻana.
Ma ka laulā, e like me ka manaʻo o ka Luna Hoʻokele o ka Potato Union o ka Russian Federation, ʻo ka hapa o nā mea kanu i hōʻoia ʻia i kēia lā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10-15% o ka nui o nā ʻuala i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea kūʻai aku no ke kanu ʻana.
NA ANOAI I NA ALAKAI OE UMI: HAOLE & DOMESTIK
Wahi a nā helu helu mai ka Potato Union o ka Russian Federation, 70-80% o nā mea kanu i hōʻoia ʻia he ʻuala mai nā ʻano alakaʻi he ʻumi. Ma kahi o ka ratio like i koe ma ka mahele o na mea kanu kalepa. ʻO ka ʻumi kiʻekiʻe i kēia manawa he ʻelua wale nō ʻano o ka koho Lūkini: Nevsky a me Udacha. A ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻia lāua ʻelua i ka poʻe mahi ʻuala no 20 mau makahiki.
No ke aha i hoʻohana ai nā mea hana i nā ʻano ʻano liʻiliʻi a koho pinepine i nā hoʻokō i lawe ʻia mai?
E hoʻomaka kākou me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he koho maoli ka poʻe mahi ʻuala. ʻO ka Russian "State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use" he 435 mau ʻano, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou i ka home. Wahi a ke poʻo o ke kikowaena hānai o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming i kapa ʻia ma hope. ʻO Lorkha Evgeniy Simakov, ʻaʻohe hewa i ka hiki ʻana mai o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ma kā mākou mākeke.
Pono ka poʻe Lūkini e hoʻohana i nā hoʻokō maikaʻi loa o ke koho honua. Akā, pono nāʻanoʻano home e lawe i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi ma nā māla Lūkini i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka palekana o ka'āina. Eia kekahi, e like me ka manaʻo o ka ʻepekema, ʻaʻole i haʻahaʻa nā ʻano ʻano Lūkini o kēia manawa i nā mea ʻē aʻe i kaulana loa i nā ʻāpana nui (hua, adaptability a me nā ʻano mea kūʻai aku o ka tubers).
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole mākaukau nā mea mahiʻai āpau e lawe i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ke ʻano he axiom.
Ke hilinaʻi nei kekahi o lākou i kēia manawa, inā hiki i nā ʻano Lūkini ke hōʻike i nā hopena kiʻekiʻe, a laila aia wale nō i nā kūlana kūpono o nā pā hoʻokolohua.
He nui ka poʻe e koho i nā hoʻokō o nā koho haole no ka mea ua maʻa lākou iā lākou i nā makahiki i hala aku nei a ua hilinaʻi lākou i ka kūleʻa (ʻo nā ʻano ʻano e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia nā hua, he nani nā ʻuala, a makemake nā kaulahao kūʻai e kūʻai iā lākou). No ka hapa nui o nā mahiʻai, ʻo ke kākoʻo agronomic i hāʻawi ʻia i kā lākou mea kūʻai aku e nā ʻelele o nā hui hua ʻāina ʻē he mea nui loa. "Hele mai nā poʻe loea a mālama i ke kaʻina kanu a me ka ulu ʻana," wahi a Pavel Starchenko, ka luna o Meridian LLC (Chelyabinsk region).
- I koʻu manaʻo, hōʻike kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mea nāna e hoʻolako i ka inoa o kāna ʻoihana a mālama nui i nā hopena. ʻAʻole ia e ʻae i ka hōʻino ʻia o ka brand.
Hōʻole ka nui o nā mahiʻai i ka hoʻokolohua me nā ʻano Lūkini ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻenehana mahiʻai. ʻO ka agronomist nui o ka mahiʻai ʻo Kurgan Potato, ʻo Mikhail Gorbunov, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hoʻolālā ana kāna hui e hoʻomaka e hana me nā ʻano ʻano home, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke wānana i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka laina o ka mahiʻai. No kahi ʻoihana pāʻoihana, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hopena: nā hōʻailona hua, ka mākeke.
Akā inā hiki i ka mahiʻai ke ulu i ka ʻuala Lūkini ma ke ʻano e hōʻike ai i ka piha piha o nā ʻano like ʻole: ʻaʻohe ʻikepili i nā kikoʻī o ka ʻenehana mahiʻai. No ka laʻana, pono ʻoe e kūkulu i kahi ʻōnaehana pale mea kanu me ka ʻike ʻole i ke kū ʻana o lākou i nā herbicides. Ma kēiaʻano,ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hanaʻana me nā mea'ē aʻe: hōʻike mau ka mea hana i kēiaʻike i ka weheweheʻana o nāʻano likeʻole, a laila e hoʻopau i nā pilikia kūponoʻole.
Aia nā kumu kumu ʻē aʻe e pale ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka kaulana o nā ʻano ʻano home ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ka mea nui o lākou ka nele i ka hoʻolaha a me ka nele o nā mea kanu.
Ua ʻike ʻo Evgeniy Simakov mai ka makahiki 2000, ua ʻike ʻia ka mākeke hua ʻuala Lūkia i ʻekolu mau hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano hua ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ke koho ʻana o nā hua ʻai i loko o ka hale i noho ʻole ʻia. No ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā hoʻokō Lūkini, pono ia e hana i nā puke nui o nā elite, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā ʻoihana ʻepekema wale nō.
I kēia lā, ke hoʻāʻo nei nā ʻepekema e hoʻololi i ke kūlana ma ke ʻano o ka ratio o nā ʻano ʻano ʻāina a me nā ʻāina ʻē ma ka mākeke. No laila, i kēia makahiki ma ka hōʻikeʻike ʻo Potato ma Cheboksary, kahi ʻelele o ka Lorch All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming i kono i nā mea hana hoihoi e lawe i nā hua o nā ʻano ʻano home hou no ka hoʻāʻo.
Ua loaʻa ka poʻe hoihoi i kekahi mau ʻāina Lūkini, me nā repubalika o Chuvashia a me Bashkiria; Vologda, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Kaluga, Tyumen, Astrakhan, Belgorod; Krasnoyarsk Territory, etc. Malia paha i kēia kau e hiki mai ana e hoʻonui hou ʻia kēia papa inoa, a e neʻe ka pilikia i mua.
UALA KOHO BELARUSIA
I ka makahiki 2017, 5 tons o ka ʻuala hua i lawe ʻia mai i Rūsia mai ka Repubalika o Belarus - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o Netherlands. ʻO ka hoihoi o nā mea hana Lūkini i nā ʻano koho Belarusian he mea maopopo loa: ma hope o ʻelua mau hua hua, akā ʻaʻole i kūleʻa loa ke kālā, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea a pau ke kūʻai aku i nā mea kanu ma nā ʻāina non-CIS.
He aha nā mea maikaʻi'ē aʻe o nā hoʻokō o ka koho Belarusian?
Wahi a Alexander Kuznetsov, ka luna hoʻokele o ka Ustyuzhensky Potato SPSCC, ma muli o kāna ʻike ulu ʻana, kūʻē nā ʻano Belarusian i nā maʻi maʻi (me ka Y virus) a ʻaʻole e hōʻemi i nā hua e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i ke kanu ʻana i nā hua o ke kolu a me ka hā. .
Hoʻomaopopoʻo Alexander Kuznetsov i kekahi mauʻano Belarusian (Breeze, Manifest, Lel, Palace, a me nā mea'ē aʻe) i hōʻoia maikaʻi iā lākou iho ma ka lepo Lūkini a koiʻia e nā mea kūʻai mai nā wahi likeʻole o ka'āina. Malia paha e nui aʻe nā ʻano like ʻole i ka wā e hiki mai ana; ʻike ʻia nā huahana hou i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻOiai, ma mua o ka hana hou ʻana iā lākou a puni ka ʻāina, pono e hoʻāʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano no ʻelua a ʻekolu mau makahiki ma lalo o nā kūlana Lūkini. I loko o kēia manawa, hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻolaha ʻole ʻia e nā mea hānai.
Akā ʻo ka paʻakikī nui e pale aku i kēia mau ʻano ʻano mai ke aʻa ʻana ma Rūsia ʻo ka nele o nā kumu kumu maʻemaʻe o ka hoʻohua kiʻekiʻe. Nui nā mea mahiʻai e kūʻai i nā hua ʻaʻole mai nā keʻena noiʻi, akā mai nā mahiʻai pilikino, a ʻaʻole like ka hopena i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia. Hoʻopilikia nui kēia i ka inoa o nā ʻano like ʻole.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maʻamau kēia pilikia no nā hua Belarusian wale nō.
MAKEKE I NA LEO HELE
Ma hea kahi e kūʻai ai nā mea hana ʻuala Lūkia i nā mea kanu?
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā paʻa mahiʻai nui a me nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi he nui nā mea kūʻai aku i nā hui hua haole a me kā lākou mau keʻena ʻelele Lūkini no nā makahiki he nui. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka mea kanu o ka hoʻohua kiʻekiʻe i ka mākeke e nā hui ʻepekema kūikawā.
Wahi a VNIIKH i kapa ʻia ma hope. ʻO Lorch, i kēia manawa ma Rūsia 12 mau hui ʻepekema e hoʻomau i ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala kumu. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o nā mea kanu kumu i hana ʻia e lākou i ka super-super elite category (ʻo ka nui o nā ʻano home) ʻokoʻa ma waena o 3-3,5 tausani tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā māla hua i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu, me nā ʻoihana 156 (e like me Ianuali 1, 2018) i hala i ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoia manawaleʻa o ka Russian Agricultural Center no ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka Register.
ʻO ka mea mahalo, ʻaʻole lākou a pau i hua maoli i ka ʻuala hua, ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia. Wahi a ka Potato Union, ka mea i loiloi i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā palapala hōʻoia i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Russian Agricultural Center i ka manawa mai 2014 a 2017, 60 mau māla huaʻai mai ka Register ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi palapala hōʻoia no ka uala i kēia manawa holoʻokoʻa. Ma ka manawa like, 27 mau mahiʻai ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka Register i hoʻopuka i nā palapala hōʻoia 495 i nā makahiki like.
Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe loea ʻoihana no nā makahiki he nui ka "hina" o ka mākeke hua ʻuala ma Rūsia: ua kūʻai ʻia ka nui o nā hua no ke kūʻai ʻole ʻana me ka palapala ʻole, a koi ʻia kēlā ʻano mea kanu. Ua kūʻai koke ʻia nā hua me ka ʻole o nā palapala hōʻoia, no ka laʻana, e nā mea hana o nā ʻuala kalepa mua mai nā ʻāpana hema.
ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻoihana mahiʻai, e kū nei i ka hana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻohi kiʻekiʻe a mālama iā ia no ka manawa lōʻihi, e mālama i ka pilikia o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hua me ka nānā nui.
"Ua kūʻai makapō mākou i kēia manawa, ua aʻo mākou mai ka ʻike ʻawaʻawa", wehewehe ʻo Pavel Starchenko, ka luna o Meridian LLC. - Ke koho nei mākou i nā mea i hōʻoia ʻia, e aʻo i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka pūʻulu ma ka pūnaewele Rosselkhoznadzor, a hoʻouna mākou i kā mākou mau loea i ka mea kūʻai aku i hiki ai lākou i ka wā o ka hui hou ʻana. Ke hoʻolilo ʻoe i kāu kālā i ka hana ʻana, helu kēlā me kēia ruble.
Akā no kekahi poʻe mea kūʻai aku, ʻaʻole lawa ka loaʻa ʻana o nā palapala hōʻoia no ke kūʻai.
Luna agronomist o ZAO Potato ʻO Mikhail Gorbunov ʻike ʻo ia i ke koho ʻana i kahi mea hoʻolako hua ʻuala no kahi mahiʻai, e nānā mua ʻo ia i ka pili o ka mea kūʻai hua i ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu. Akā ʻo ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu mai nā māla hua liʻiliʻi ma ka mākeke i wehe i kā lākou meristem laboratories e mālama ʻia me ka akahele nui. Wahi a kāna mau ʻike, ʻaʻole nui ka poʻe loea i kēia ʻoihana ma Rūsia, no laila he mau hihia ke loaʻa nā mea i loaʻa ma muli o ka microclonal propagation, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e lawe i kahi viral load, nalowale kekahi o nā waiwai o nā ʻano like ʻole. .
NA MANAO PALAPALA
He aha nā mea e pono ai e hana i ka mākeke hua ʻuala ma Rūsia i ʻoi aku ka ʻike a me ka civili?
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu hua i ninaninau ʻia e nā mea hoʻoponopono i ka wā e kākau ai i kēia mea ʻike i kahi hopena i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā lula no ka hana ʻana a me ka loiloi o ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu.
Hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā ʻōlelo hoʻohewa i ka GOST maʻamau hou 33996-2016 "Seed potatoes. Nā kūlana ʻenehana a me nā ʻano no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi", i hoʻomaka ʻia ma Ianuali 1, 2018.
Wahi a kekahi poʻe loea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā waiwai i ʻae ʻia no nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi kanu me nā maʻi viral a me nā maʻi bacterial.
ʻO ka GOST hou no nā hua ʻuala e hāʻawi i ka mea kanu hua i nā manawa hou aku no ka hewa. Ke emi nei mākou i ka koi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu Lūkini. He ʻino kēia no ka mea kūʻai aku, wahi a ka poʻe loea.
Nui ka poʻe i makemake i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka palapala hōʻoia pono o nā mea kanu.
"No ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā mea kanu e lilo i mea koi a ʻaʻole makemake, - wahi a Alexander Kuznetsov, ka luna hoʻokele o ka Ustyuzhensky Potato SPSK. — ʻO ka hana hou ʻana i nā mea kanu he mea leʻaleʻa nui no ka mahiʻai, a pono mākou e hōʻemi i nā pilikia o ke kūʻai ʻana ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā mea hana pono ʻole mai ka mākeke.
Kākoʻo ʻia ka manaʻo like e ke poʻo o ke kikowaena hānau o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming i kapa ʻia ma hope o Lorch, Evgeniy Simakov. I kona manaʻo, ʻo ka hōʻoia pono ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻuala, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, e hoʻonui i ka māhele o nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe i ka mākeke hua ʻuala, a ma kekahi ʻē aʻe, e hōʻoia i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā haʻawina no kāna kūʻai ʻana e nā huahana. nā mea hana.
He paʻakikī ke wānana inā e ʻae nā luna i kēia mau manaʻo. Akā ʻike ʻia ka pono o ka mākeke hua ʻuala e hoʻololi, a e hoʻoholo nui lākou inā hiki i nā mea hana ʻuala Lūkia ke ulu i kahi huahana e hoʻokō i nā koi ʻoihana paʻakikī no ka maikaʻi o ka huahana a me ka nui o ka ʻohi.