Pehea e loaʻa ai kahi ʻohi maikaʻi o ka ʻuala inā lilo ka hemahema o ka naʻau ma ka ʻāina i mea maʻamau, a ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wai i loko o ka mahiʻai ʻaʻole hiki ke (a i ʻole)?
OLELO HOOLAHA KA POE KANAWAI E NONO NA ANOAI KUE I KA ALO.
KUE ALOHA A I OLE HE wela?
ʻO ka mea mua, e kamaʻilio mākou me ka terminology. E like me ka mea i hoikeia Evgeny Simakov, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiʻai, Polofesa, ke poʻo o ka ʻOihana Gene Pool Experimental o ka FRC Potato i kapa ʻia ma hope o A.G. ʻO Lorch, pono e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā manaʻo o "nā ʻano ʻano maloʻo" a me nā ʻano "wela-pale (wela)". Aia ka māhele mua i nā mea hiki ke kū i ka lepo a me ka maloʻo ea. "Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole e hiki ke ʻae i ka nele o ka wai no kekahi manawa (akā ʻaʻole i ke kau holoʻokoʻa!) - wehewehe ka ʻepekema, - a hoʻomau nā ʻano ʻano wela wela i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, akā i ke alo o ka irrigation". Hōʻike nui ʻia nā ʻano mea pale wela ma ka mākeke. "ʻO Colomba, Arizona, Impala, Riviera ka manaʻo nui, no ka laʻana, ma ka ʻāina ʻo Astrakhan, ma ka irrigation, - wahi a Evgeny Simakov, - Hiki i ka Favorite a me Grand ke lilo i mau laʻana o nā ʻano ʻano wela wela.»
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano ʻano pale maloʻo. "i ka Soviet makahiki ma na wahi hema Ua kaulana loa ka ʻano Volzhanin, Hoʻomanaʻo ka mea akamai ua hana ʻia e Stepan Afanasyevich Lezhepekov, kahu hānai ma ka Ulyanovsk Experimental Station. Hiki ke kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he ʻano maʻamau hoʻomanawanui maloʻo. Ke ulu nei ia i kēia manawa, akā ʻoi aku ka pinepine ma nā mahiʻai pilikino, kahi ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi nā hiʻohiʻona o waho.ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻuala. Nalo ʻo Volzhanin nā alakaʻi o kēia wā ma nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa (ʻili ʻili, nā maka hohonu) a me nā hōʻailona hua".
"ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻano kūʻokoʻa maloʻo kaulana - Majestic (UK), - i kākoʻo ʻia e Professor Simakov, - ma ka hema o Rūsia, hāʻawi ia i kahi hua o 15-20 t / ha i ka wā e ulu ʻole ai. aniani".
ʻO nā ʻano ʻano hou, ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia nō, a ua ulu lākou i kēia lā ʻaʻole wale ma nā wahi wela kahiko.
HE KOHO
Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Chelyabinsk, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka 7,2 tausani ʻeka no ka ʻuala i ka ʻoihana hana, akā ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hana irrigation ma kekahi mau mahiʻai holomua. I kēia manawa, ua lilo ka maloʻo no kēia wahi i mea maʻamau.
«I nā Urals, ua lilo ia i lula e hala ʻole hoʻokahi mahina o ke kauwela me ka ua ʻole. - mokuʻāina Alexander Vasiliev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiʻai, ka mea noiʻi nui o ka South Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato Growing (UNIISK), he lālā o ka Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center o ka Ural Branch o ka Russian Academy of Science. - Ua hoʻopaʻa mākou i ka maloʻo no nā makahiki ʻehā i ka lālani, a ʻo 2022, e like me ka mea hope loa, ʻike mākou i ka mea paʻakikī loa, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ua i kēia mau manawa ma mua o 1975 (ka makahiki maloʻo loa ma ka ʻāina i ka wā nānā)". Wahi a ka mea ʻepekema, ʻo kekahi o nā ʻano ʻano maloʻo maikaʻi loa i ka Southern Urals, hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi hopena maikaʻi i loko o nā kūlana climatic paʻakikī, ʻo ia ka ʻano Russian Tarasov. "Loaʻa iā ia ka ʻano Nevsky i kona mau mākua - he plastic loa, - wehewehe ʻo Alexander Vasiliev, - liʻiliʻi ka maʻamau o ka nahele, ʻaʻole nui nā ʻuala nui. Kau waena. He kiʻekiʻe loa kona huahana, ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi hiki ke hōʻea i ka 3 kg no ka lāʻau (ma kahi o 120 t / ha), ʻo ka awelika he 90 t / ha. Inā loaʻa ka wai ma ka liʻiliʻi i kekahi manawa o ke kau, hoʻohana nā mea kanu o kēia ʻano i ka nui".
Evgeny Simakov,
Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiʻai, Polofesa, ke poʻo o ka ʻOihana Gene Pool Experimental o ka FRC Potato i kapa ʻia ma hope o A.G. Lorcha:
"Ma hope o 2010, ua hoʻomaka mākou e ʻike i nā ʻano like ʻole i kā mākou laina e hiki ai ke kū i ka lepo a me ka maloʻo o ka ea, a e like me nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana, ua lilo ʻo ARIEL i ka maloʻo nui loa, a laila SADON a me METEOR. I kēlā me kēia ʻumi lā i kēia kau, ua ʻohi ikaika mākou, a ua hōʻike kēia mau ʻano i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, akā. I nā ʻano like ʻole ma lalo o nā kūlana like, mai kahi manawa i ka manawa, ʻaʻohe piʻi o ka hua..
Ma nā ʻāpana hoʻokolohua o YuUNIISK, i nā kau maloʻo o 2019-2022, me ka ʻole o ka irrigation, ʻo ka ʻano Tarasov me ka hilinaʻi e hāʻawi i kahi hua o 40 t / ha. Wahi a ka mea akamai, aia kekahi mau ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i nā hopena maikaʻi i nā kūlana wela a me ka maloʻo, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻole lākou i kūpaʻa.
No laila, ua hōʻike pono nā ʻano Kashtak a me Zakhar iā lākou iho i 2021, akā i ka wā e hiki mai ana ua hāʻule nā hōʻailona. ʻO ka hua o ka ʻano Spiridon ma 2022 he 15% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o hoʻokahi makahiki ma mua.
Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow, ʻaʻole i maʻalahi ka maloʻo. "В i kēia kau, kanu mākou ma hope o nā lā maʻamau, loaʻa nā mea kanu i ka wai nui mai ka hoʻoilo, akā a laila, a puni i ke kauwela, ʻaʻohe ua i hāʻule i ko mākou moku ʻo Shatursky, wahi a Evgeny Simakov.
ʻO nā paʻa mahiʻai nui e hana ana ma ka ʻāina e ulu i ka ʻuala ma lalo o ka irrigation, akā nalo nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi i nā makahiki maloʻo.
Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Samara, kaulana i kona ʻano wela a maloʻo, ua hōʻuluʻulu lākou i kā lākou helu ponoʻī o nā ʻano ʻano kūpono no ka ulu ʻana i nā kūlana wela a me ka nele o ka ua. Ma kēia māhele, ua hana ʻia nā hana ʻepekema e hoʻoholo i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka maloʻo ʻana o Rūsia no ʻehā mau makahiki e ka Samara Research Institute of Agriculture. ʻO N.M. Tulaykova - lālā o ka SamScience Center o ka Russian Academy of Science.
«Ke komo nei kā mākou institute i ka ecological and geographicalka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻuala hou i hoʻohiki ʻia (ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka Comprehensive Plan for Scientific Research on the Development of Potato Breeding and Seed Production), - wehewehe Alexey Bakunov, Moho o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, alakaʻi noiʻi o ka Samara Research Institute of Agriculture, - kumuhana o kā mākou noiʻi - "Papa nā ʻano like ʻole и huikau nā meahana potatoes e pili ana i ke kū'ē ʻana i nā kumu koʻikoʻi biotic a me abiotic i nā kūlana o ka ʻāina ʻo Middle Volga. Hana ʻia ka hana me ka Institute of Ecology o ka Volga Basin o ka Russian Academy of Science, ua lawe ʻia nā loiloi biochemical pono āpau ma ke kumu o ka IEVB RAS.".
Ua pau ka pōʻai hoʻāʻo ʻekolu makahiki mua ma 2021. ʻO nā ʻano ʻano 45 i hāʻawi ʻia i ka Samara Research Institute of Agriculture, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i nā mea maikaʻi loa ʻelua (i hōʻike i ka hopena kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūʻē ʻana i nā maʻi viral i nā kau āpau) - ʻo Krasa Meshchery a me Siversky kēia.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hua kiʻekiʻe loa o nā ʻano like ʻole i ka makahiki 2019, i ka wā i maikaʻi loa nā kūlana ulu. He wela a maloʻo nā kau ʻelua e hiki mai ana, ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka ea i nā mahina kauwela ma mua o 40 ° C, ʻo ka mahana o ka lepo: 50 ° C. Ua ulu ka ʻuala ma nā ʻāpana hoʻokolohua me ka ʻole o ka wai. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka awelika hua o ka ʻano Krasa Meshchery no ʻekolu mau makahiki he 30 t / ha, Siversky - 29 t / ha.
ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka hua mai kēlā me kēia kau (i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka ʻano ʻo Siversky), e like me ka ʻepekema, ʻaʻole ma muli o ke ʻano o ka wā, akā i ka degeneration o nā ʻōpala, ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā maʻi viral (ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kēia kaʻina hana i ka wā wela. ).
ʻO nā ʻano ʻano ʻo Utro, Terra, Alaska, Debyut i hōʻike maikaʻi loa i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua, akā hāʻule nā hōʻailona hua i ʻekolu manawa mai 2019 a 2022. ʻO nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe a pau i hāʻawi i ka hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi wale nō i ka wā ulu mua, a laila ua emi nui ka hana.
NA HOAILONA KUMU
Akā ʻo ka hana nui a ka poʻe noiʻi Samara ʻaʻole wale i ka inoa o nā alakaʻi, akā no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻāpana physiological a me nā biochemical o ka mea kanu ʻuala e hōʻike i kona kū kūʻē ʻana i ka wela a me ka maloʻo, i hiki ai ke koho i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka "formal. nā hiʻohiʻona", me ka hana ʻole i nā hoʻokolohua lōʻihi.
«ʻO ka hōʻailona nui o ke kū'ē i ka wela a me ka maloʻo e mau ana ka hua, - hoʻomanaʻo iā Alexey Bakunov, - ke hoʻāʻo nei mākou e ʻimi i ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana physiological a me biochemical o ka mea kanu me ia. Wahi a kā mākou ʻike, ʻo ka mea mua, ʻo ke ʻano o ke kaʻina hana e hoʻopili ʻia e ka ʻike o nā pigments photosynthetic, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lipid peroxidation, a me ke ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana membrane cell.". I ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā ʻano ʻuala o nā hui oʻo like ʻole i nā ʻano hana hoʻololi like ʻole i nā kūlana ʻino.
«I nā ʻano oʻo mua Hoʻoholo ʻia ka huahana e nā pae kiʻekiʻenele i nā puaʻa photosynthetic (chlorophyll b) a me ka helu haʻahaʻa o nā stomata ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana lau. I ke kau waena, ʻike ʻia ke ʻano hoʻohuli: ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pae o nā puaʻa photosynthetic, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka stomata i kēlā me kēia lau. Eia kekahi, i ka pūʻulu waena-mua, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōnaehana membrane cell ma mua o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā tubers (i Iulai). A i nā ʻano waena waena (e like me nā ʻano me ka wā ulu lōʻihi) nui loa kiʻekiʻe o ka proline (kahi amino acidoe e hoomalu ana kanu ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi) a me ka liʻiliʻi ka pae o ka lipid peroxidation", - Alexei Bakunov kaʻana like i kāna mau hopena.
Ma muli o ka ʻikepili i loaʻa, ua hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke kūkulu i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻokolohua o ka hilinaʻi o ka hua o nā ʻano ʻuala o nā pūʻulu oʻo like ʻole ma nā kūlana kanu hydrothermal. ʻO keʻano, ua hoʻoholo nā kānakaʻepekema i nāʻano mua,ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hua i ka mahana o ka ea ma mua o ka lepo lepo (loaʻa iā lākou ka manawa e hopu ai i ka wai puna). ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā genotypes waena a me ka waena waena i ka makū o ka lepo a emi ʻole ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ea. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o ka waena waena i ka mahana ma mua o ka waena waena, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻina o ka tuberization i loko o lākou.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona e wānana i ka hua o nā ʻano ʻuala like ʻole. Akā ʻaʻole i pau ka noiʻi. Mai ka makahiki 2022, ua neʻe ka Samara Research Institute of Agriculture i ka hana aʻe o ka hana, i kēia manawa e hana nā ʻepekema i kahi hoʻokolohua piha no ka pale ʻana i ka maloʻo o 55 mau ʻano ʻuala hou. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia ʻano ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia koʻikoʻi i ka wā e ulu ana i kahi mea kanu?
E WELA
ʻAʻole i ʻike nā Breeders i ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi no nā ʻano ʻuala kūʻokoʻa maloʻo ma ka mākeke a makaʻala i kā lākou wānana.
«ʻO nā mea mahiʻai mahiʻai ma ko mākou ʻāina e loaʻa i ka pōʻino mai ka hoʻomau mau ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā he pūʻulu o nā ʻano ʻuala ulu ma nā mahiʻai, mau nō - haʻi Alexander Vasiliev, Ka mea noiʻi nui o ka South Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato Growing, - me ke noi no ka malooʻuala kūpaʻa e hoʻopili nui ʻia e nā ʻelele o nā pā hale. ʻO ia paha ke kumu i kiʻekiʻe loa ai ka pae o ka ʻuala i loko o nā hale o ka heluna o ka ʻāina ʻo Chelyabinsk a ʻaʻole i haʻalele i ka pae o nā mahiʻai mahiʻai, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana ʻokoʻa.mahi mahiai.
Pono ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka maloʻo i ka Southern Urals i kēia manawa, akā paʻakikī loa ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻolālā no ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke haʻalele i ka hiki ke hiki i ka 5-10 mau makahiki he mea hiki ʻole ke mahi i ka ʻuala i ko mākou ʻāina. me ka wai ʻole".
Mūkana
Manaʻo ʻo Evgeny Simakov e ulu ka makemake o nā mea mahiʻai i nā ʻāina ulu ulu ʻuala o Rūsia i nā ʻano maloʻo maloʻo i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
«Inā ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke ʻano o ka wā i loko o ke kāʻei non-chernozem, kahi i loaʻa ai ka irrigation no nā mahiʻai a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ia he mea paʻakikī, e hoʻomau i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻomehana ʻana, a lilo nā maloʻo i mea mau loa, e koi ʻia nā mea mahiʻai e hoʻololi i ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu. nā mea kanu i ka wai, akā ʻaʻole ia e maʻalahi ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana hoʻoheheʻe i ka nui no ka mea ʻaʻole nui nā kumu wai, - wahi a ka loea. Eia kekahi, mai poina e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai, ʻaʻole hiki i kēlā me kēia mahiʻai ke kūʻai aku i ia mau lako..
Pono mākou e hana koʻikoʻi i ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano ʻuala pale maloʻo, akā pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo he lōʻihi loa kēia kaʻina hana. A he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi hiʻohiʻona, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, e hoʻopōʻino i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.".
Samara Research Institute of Agriculture. ʻO N.M. ʻO Tulaykova, kahi lālā o ka SamRC RAS, mahalo i nā limahana o ka Institute of Ecology o ka Volga Basin RAS no kā lākou kōkua i ka hana ʻana i ka noiʻi "Ka loiloi o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā mea hybrid o ka ʻuala no ke kū'ē ʻana i nā kumu koʻikoʻi biotic a me abiotic i nā kūlana o ka ʻāina ʻo Volga Waena": O.A. Rozentsvet, E.S. Bogdanov, V.N. Nesterov.