Noho ʻo Kazakhstan i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka hana ʻuala ma Central Asia. Ma hope o ka pilikia o ka mahiʻai i nā makahiki 1990, ua lawe koke ka repubalika i ka sub-sector i kahi kūlana hou. A i kēia lā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻolako piha iā ia iho me ka ʻuala, akā he mea kūʻai paʻa nō hoʻi iā lākou.
Lele kuantum
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ulu ʻana o kēia wā ma ka Repubalika o Kazakhstan (RK) i ka manawa mai 2007 a 2014. Mai ia manawa, ke ulu nei ka huahana a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae o ka hana mahiʻai a me ka mākaukau o nā mahiʻai.
"ʻO ka ʻuala kahi huahana koʻikoʻi a koʻikoʻi loa no ka ʻāina," wahi a ka luna o ka Papa o ka Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers o Kazakhstan. Kairat Bisetaev. - I nā kūlana o nā pilikia waiwai a me nā pilikia geopolitical, hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ka moʻomeheu i nā pilikia o ka palekana meaʻai o nā ʻāina holoʻokoʻa.
Aia ma kahi o 160 mau mahiʻai ma ka repubalika e ulu ana i ka ʻuala ma kahi ʻoihana. ʻO ka nui o nā wahi ma lalo o nā mea kanu i 2023 ma mua o 36 tausani heka. He 15-25 t/ha ka hua awelika no na mahi mahiai liilii, no ka nui - 30-45 t/ha. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina, hoʻokō nā ʻelele o ka sub-industry e hōʻiliʻili i ʻelua mau hōʻiliʻili piha i ka makahiki, ʻo ka mea mua e "pani" i ka wā ʻole i ka manawa mai Iune a Iulai.
"I ʻOkakopa, ua pau ka mahiʻai i ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻuala mai kahi ʻāpana o 205 mau ʻeka, ʻewalu o lākou ma lalo o nā hua," wahi a ka agronomist o Agropeasant Dvor TOO. ʻO Alexander Matvienko. - I ka ho'āʻo e hoʻonui i ka waiwai o nā mea kanu, hoʻokomo mākou i nā ʻenehana holomua i loko o ke kaʻina hana. ʻO ka hopena, ma kekahi mau wahi, loaʻa iā mākou he 63 tons o nā huahana i kēlā me kēia ʻeka.
"I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia he 336 ʻeka no ka ʻuala," wahi a ka luna o Baimyrza Agro-2018 LLP. Maxim Bukaemsky. - ʻO ka pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a kā mākou hui e pili ai he 40 tons no ka ʻeka. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka makahiki, hiki ke hoʻonui i kēia helu i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa manawa.
"Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka wahi ma lalo o nā mea kanu mai ʻelima a 500 mau ʻeka i loko o ʻelua mau makahiki, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻōki," i ʻōlelo ai ka luna o Astyk-STEM LLP. Sergei Zvolsky. - I ka makahiki 2022, ua loaʻa i ka ʻoihana drip-irrigated a hiki i 57 tons o ka ʻuala i hoʻokahi ʻeka me ka awelika o ka hua o 38-40 tons.
"I kēia kau ua kanu mākou i nā mea kanu ma 416 mau ʻeka," hoʻomau ka luna o Naydorovskoe LLP i ke kumuhana. Pavel Lushchak. – Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui ʻana ma ka mahiʻai i ka lā 21 Kepakemapa a hoʻopau i ʻekolu pule ma hope. I nā makahiki liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā lā palena, e like me kēia manawa. Ma muli o ka ua nui, ua hoʻomaka mākou e ʻeli i ka ʻuala i ka lā 43 o Kepakemapa, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hua awelika ma mua o ka makahiki i hala: 37 tons no ka ʻeka me XNUMX.
Poʻohiwi mana
Ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻia nā hui ʻoihana mua a me nā uniona i ka repubalika, kahi i hoʻomaka ʻia e pale i nā pono o nā mahiʻai. ʻO kā lākou hana ka haʻi ʻana i ka ʻike e pono ai i ka mokuʻāina a, me ia, e hana i nā ala e pono ai e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia.
"ʻO ka Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers o Kazakhstan, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 2008, ua hana piha ʻia mai ka makahiki 2016," wahi a ia. Kairat Bisetaev. "Mai ia manawa, ua hāʻawi mākou i nā ʻikepili hou e pili ana i ka mokuʻāina o ka sub-industry i nā luna. ʻO ka hopena o ke kamaʻilio ʻana a mākou i hoʻokumu ai, ʻo ia ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kākoʻo aupuni. No ka laʻana, ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hapalua o nā kumukūʻai o ka poʻe mahiʻai no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka irrigation, ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu mineral a me nā pesticides.
Mai ka makahiki 2023, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kālā he 25 pakeneka no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale mālama ʻuala a me nā mea kanu i ka 40 pakeneka. Inā hoʻokomo ka mea hana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe e mālama i nā huahana mai ka ʻohi mua i ke kauwela, e uku ʻia ʻo ia no 50% o nā kumukūʻai. Hāʻawi ʻia ke kākoʻo mokuʻāina i ka poʻe kūʻai aku i nā mīkini mahiʻai, nā lako, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe he nui.
"ʻO 50% o ke kumukūʻai o nā hua o ka hoʻohua mua ʻana ke kākoʻo pū ʻia," hoʻohui Pavel Lushchak. - Eia hou, hoʻihoʻi ka moku'āina i ka 75% o ke kumukūʻai o ka uku ʻana i nā lawelawe hāʻawi wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mechanical lifting no ka irrigation.
Aia ka hiki
Hoʻoulu nui nā ʻoihana mahiʻai ma Kazakhstan i nā ʻano ʻuala o ke koho Kelemania a me Dutch. Kūʻai ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā mea elite haole a hoʻolaha i kā lākou māla i ka hana mua a me ka lua.
"ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokūkū nā ʻano mea kanu kūloko me nā ʻEulopa, no ka haʻahaʻa ʻana iā lākou ma ke ʻano o ka mākeke, mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi, a me ke kūʻē ʻana i nā maʻi," ua maopopo iaʻu. Kairat Bisetaev. - Ua hānai ʻia lākou a pau no nā ʻāpana hema-hikina o ka repubalika, ʻoiai ua ulu nui ʻia ka ʻuala ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka ʻāina, kahi e pono ai nā ʻano me ka wā ulu pōkole.
"Ua hoʻohana mākou i nā hua ʻEulopa no nā makahiki he nui," hōʻoia Pavel Lushchak, - akā i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā pilikia me ka logistic, ua piʻi nui ko lākou kumukūʻai. No laila, i kēia kau, ua lawe mākou i kahi hui o nā hua mai Turkey no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka lawe ʻana mai, ua kūʻai mākou i ka hapalua like.
"I kēia manawa, pono e noʻonoʻo i ka hana hua," i ʻōlelo ai Maxim Bukaemsky. - I ka makahiki 2021, ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Kazakhstan Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papahana kahi e nānā ai ka hui Dutch ʻo NAK, me nā poʻe loea Belgian, i nā māla me nā hua ʻuala, no ka laʻana, ma kā mākou mahiʻai, ma ke ʻano pailaka. . Hāʻawi kēia i ka repubalika i ka manawa maoli e piʻi i ka pae o nā mea hana ʻEulopa.
"I kēlā me kēia makahiki hoʻāʻo mākou i nā ʻano ʻuala hou," wahi a Alexander Matvienko, - koho mākou no mākou iho i nā mea i mālama maikaʻi ʻia, hōʻike i nā hua kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi maikaʻi. I kēia manawa ke noʻonoʻo nui nei mākou i kā mākou hāʻawi ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua kanu. Ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā super elite ma ʻEulopa a i Russia paha, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻolaha i nā hua a hāʻawi i ka mākeke kūloko me ka elite.
"Ma ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua, ke hilinaʻi nei mākou i ka lawe ʻana mai," i hoʻopau ai Kairat Bisetaev. - Akā, loaʻa iā mākou nā manawa kūpono no ka mahi ʻana i nā hua ʻuala: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke aniau continental, nā ʻāina ākea, nā wahi nui ma lalo o ka irrigation. I kēia lā, ʻo ka Union, me ka Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, me ke kālā mai ka Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ke hoʻomākaukau nei i kahi papa hana kānāwai e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i kahi ʻōnaehana nānā a me ka palapala hōʻoia e like me ka European. ʻO ka papahana me ke komo ʻana o NAK, ka mea i kūkākūkā mua ʻia, ke manaʻo nei e hana i nā kūlana no ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻoihana Komohana. Ke ʻimi nei lākou i nā ʻāina kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke ulu i nā hua no ke kūʻai aku ma nā mākeke ulu o Asia.
ʻEulopa – ʻAsia
ʻO ka māla, nā lako hale kūʻai, nā lako a me nā mīkini irrigation ma nā mahiʻai Kazakhstani ka mea nui o ka hana ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
"ʻO kā mākou mea kanu ʻuala," ʻōlelo ʻo ia Kairat Bisetaev, - ma ke ʻano o nā lako ʻenehana, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻenehana no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu, ʻaʻole lākou i haʻahaʻa i ka poʻe mahiʻai o Western.
"ʻEkolu mau mea kūʻai nui o nā mea hana honua o nā mīkini mahiʻai i loko o ka repubalika," i ʻōlelo ai Alexander Matvienko. - Hāʻawi lākou i kahi ākea o nā huahana. Loaʻa nā mīkini a me nā ʻāpana, a no kekahi mau ʻāpana e koi mua ʻia.
"Ke kūʻai aku nei mākou i nā mea hana o ke Komohana, nānā mākou i kona hilinaʻi," wehewehe i kāna koho ʻO Sergey Zvolsky. - Ke hoʻāʻo nei mākou e lawe i nā kaʻa me nā hana ʻē aʻe i mea e hoʻonui ai i kā lākou hiki. No ka laʻana, loaʻa iā mākou kahi tractor me ka naʻauao artificial a me kahi mea hōʻiliʻili ponoʻī e mālama i nā ʻohi āpau.
Loaʻa i nā kumu
ʻO nā mahiʻai o ka repubalika e ulu ana i ka ʻuala ma kahi ʻoihana ʻenehana i lako me nā ʻōnaehana wai hou.
"Hoʻohana mākou i nā wai kahe, e hōʻiliʻili iā lākou ma nā lāʻau kūikawā i ka pūnāwai, i ka wā e heheʻe ai ka hau," wahi a Pavel Lushchak. "Ma muli o ka irrigation, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻonui i ka hua i nā manawa he nui, a hoʻokahi ʻeka o ka māla irrigated i hoʻololi i 30-35 mau ʻeka o ka ʻāina maloʻo.
"Loaʻa iā mākou nā sprinklers circular-type," haʻi ʻo ia i kāna ʻike. Maxim Bukaemsky. - ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke kūʻai aku i mua ma muli o ka ʻāina. Akā ʻo ka hana ʻana ma nā wahi puʻu he mau mea maikaʻi. ʻO kēia ke ala e loaʻa ai iā mākou nā kumu wai ma nā puʻu.
"I kēia lā, ʻo 600 mau ʻeka ka wahi o ka ʻāina irrigated," wehewehe Alexander Matvienko, - akā i ka makahiki aʻe e hoʻonui ʻia e kahi 200. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo kēia ka palena, inā ʻaʻole i ka wā ʻaʻole lawa ka wai i loaʻa mai ka wai o Podlesnenskoye.
"ʻO ka pilikia o ka nele o ka wai, e like me nā ʻāina he nui, pili loa," wahi a ia ʻO Sergey Zvolsky. "I ka hoʻoholo ʻana, ua hoʻomaka mākou e ʻeli i nā luawai a loaʻa i nā kumu he nui, aia i kēia manawa nā waihona me ka nui o 8-10 tausani cubic mika.
Kāohi i nā kumu
ʻO kekahi mau kumu kumu e pale ai i ka ʻike ʻana i ka mana nui o ka repubalika i ka ulu ʻana.
"ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi ʻo ka nele o ke kapena hana," wahi a Kairat Bisetaev. - No kēia kumu, ʻaʻole mālama ka poʻe mahiʻai a pau i ka ʻenehana a ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ka hōʻiliʻili kūpono a me nā huahana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā mea hana liʻiliʻi e hana ana me ka ʻole o nā limahana i hoʻolimalima ʻia e nele loa i nā mākaukau e pono ai.
"ʻO ka hemahema o nā loea i ka ʻoihana kokoke i ka koʻikoʻi," kanikau ʻo ia Alexander Matvienko. - A ʻaʻole makemake nā haumāna puka o nā kula hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā e hana i ka mahiʻai. Pono nā agronomists maikaʻi, nā mea hana mīkini, a me nā ʻenehana i ko lākou kaumaha i ke gula, a ke hoʻāʻo nei lākou me ko lākou ikaika a pau e mālama iā lākou.
"ʻO kā mākou hui, i ka wā e hoʻoponopono ai i nā pilikia o nā limahana, e ʻimi i nā kāne kūpono ʻoiai lākou e aʻo ana i ke kula a i ʻole ke kulanui," wahi a ʻO Sergey Zvolsky.– A i ʻole e haʻalele nā kānaka no ka maikaʻi o ke ola, ke hoʻāʻo nei mākou e holoi i ka laina ma waena o ke kūlanakauhale a me ke kauhale, e hana ana i nā kūlana kūpono no nā limahana.
Wahi a ka Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers o Kazakhstan, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā keʻena mālama hou i hoʻolako ʻia me ka mālama ʻana i ke aniau no ka mālama like ʻana o 500 tausani mau huahana. Akā ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻāina a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua, pono ka mana hou.
"Ua hoʻomaka kā mākou papahana ulu ʻuala me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi hale mālama no 12 tausani tons," i ʻōlelo ai Maxim Bukaemsky. "Ua hoʻomaopopo mākou ʻaʻole hiki ke kūkulu i kahi ʻoihana kūleʻa ma kēia wahi inā ʻaʻole. ʻO nā mea hana i loaʻa ʻole ke kālā e hoʻonohonoho i ka waiho ʻana e nalowale i ka hapa nui o kā lākou loaʻa.
Hoʻoholo nā mākeke
Kūʻai pinepine aku ka poʻe mahiʻai o ka repubalika i kā lākou huahana ma o nā mea kūʻai aku, a nui ʻole ka poʻe i ʻoluʻolu i nā kūlana i waiho ʻia e nā hale kūʻai. Hana pololei nā ʻupena hoʻokahi me nā mea hana, me nā ʻaelike i mua. Ma ia mau hihia, loaʻa i ka poʻe mahiʻai ka uku mua me nā kumukūʻai paʻa i ka manawa o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka hana ma ke kula puna e hoʻopiha ai i ke kālā hana.
"ʻO ka kikoʻī o Kazakhstan ʻo nā mākeke, a i ʻole nā bazaars, ke kuleana nui loa i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana mahiʻai," wahi a ka ʻōlelo. Kairat Bisetaev. - E like me ka manaʻo o ka Union, ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% o nā ʻuala i hoʻolako ʻia i ke kūʻai aku a i ʻole pololei i ka mea kūʻai hope ma o nā bazaars. Hoʻohana pū kekahi o lākou ma ke ʻano he kikowaena hoʻolaha kūʻai nui.
"Ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka ʻohi e hele i nā mea kūʻai nui," wehewehe Pavel Lushchak, - a hāʻawi mākou i kekahi i nā kaulahao kūʻai. ʻAʻole mākou wikiwiki e kūʻai aku, waiho mākou i ka ʻuala i loko o kahi waihona a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau hou a kūʻai aku iā lākou i kēlā me kēia mahina ma nā ʻāpana like.
"Pono mākou e kū i ka hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi," i ʻōlelo ai Maxim Bukaemsky. - Hōʻike nui ʻia nā ʻuala Lūkini, Kyrgyz a me Iran ma ka mākeke. Eia naʻe, hiki i kā mākou huahana i nā mea kūʻai aku he mau kaukani kilomita ka mamao, no ka laʻana, ma Moscow.
"I ka wā o ka maʻi maʻi, ua nalowale ʻo Kazakhstanis i ka mākeke Uzbek, nalowale iā Russia," i hoʻomanaʻo ai Alexander Matvienko. – I ka makahiki 2021, ua kūʻai hou aku mākou i ka ʻuala i ko mākou mau hoalauna, a i ka makahiki 2022, kūʻai nui ʻia nā kūʻai ma loko o ka ʻāina. Akā ma ʻaneʻi nā mea mahiʻai i hoʻoulu i nā huahana haʻahaʻa i hoʻemi i kā mākou kumukūʻai.
"ʻO ke kumu o ka lele ʻana o ke kumukūʻai ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia ka mākeke ma kekahi ʻano," maopopo wau ʻO Sergey Zvolsky. - Hoʻokahi makahiki, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noi ma mua o ka hoʻolako ʻana, a piʻi ke kumukūʻai o ka ʻuala. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, piʻi ka nui o nā mea pāʻani e manaʻo ana i ka loaʻa kālā maʻalahi, a loaʻa iā mākou ka overproduction o ka moʻomeheu.
Alahele i kuhikuhi ʻia
"Ke hoʻomau nei ka Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers o Kazakhstan i kāna ʻoihana," i ʻōlelo ai Kairat Bisetaev. - I kēia manawa ke hoʻoholo nei mākou i ke komo ʻana i ka ʻoihana ʻuala, ʻaʻole i maʻalahi loa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi. Eia kekahi, ke ʻimi ikaika nei mākou i nā mea hoʻopukapuka haole no kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi no mākou - ka hana ʻuala. Pono e hoʻomohala ʻia kēia wahi mai ka wā kahiko, a he paʻakikī maoli kēia no mākou.
"Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā mea kanu ʻuala e nā manawa liʻiliʻi e kūʻai aku i kā lākou huahana," manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia Pavel Lushchak. - ʻO nā puke e hele ana i nā repubalika e pili ana a i ʻole ʻo Rūsia, i koʻu manaʻo, ʻaʻole lawa no ka hoʻopuka piha ʻana. No laila, pono nā mākeke hou.
"Ma hope o mākou ʻo Uzbekistan me ka heluna kanaka he kanahā miliona," wahi āna. Maxim Bukaemsky, - a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻāina ʻĀsia, kahi i lilo ai ka ʻuala i mea ʻai nui. Manaʻo wau he mau manaʻo ko mākou no ka ulu ʻana, a maikaʻi loa i kēlā.
"Ma muli o ko mākou lawe koʻikoʻi i kēia mea," wahi āna ʻO Sergey Zvolsky, - a loaʻa iā mākou nā loea, ua loaʻa iā mākou kekahi ʻike, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā pilikia o ka maikaʻi a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kaulahao kūʻai, e hele hou mākou i kā mākou hoʻomohala ʻana. A e hōʻea mākou i nā kiʻekiʻe hou.
Irina Berg