He mea nui ka hana ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻili ʻuala maikaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana ʻuala, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻuala i holoi ʻia a i ʻoki ʻia i luna o ke kālepa hou. ʻO ka ʻuala e like me ka ʻili ʻilihune a i ʻole ʻole ka ʻili a me ke kūlana he pilikia koʻikoʻi a ʻae ʻole ke kumu kūʻai no ka ʻoihana e hōʻole ʻia a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia kekahi mau pilikia peel e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā maʻi a me nā maʻi physiological (netting, greening, overgrown lentils, cracks, mechanical damage), akā e kamaʻilio pololei kēia ʻatikala e pili ana i ka peel kūlohelohe a me nā hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna. kūlana.
I loko o nā palapala kūikawā, ua kapa ʻia ka ʻili a i ʻole ka ʻiʻo waho o ka ʻuala ʻuala i kapa ʻia ʻo periderm. ʻO ka periderm kahi papa pale o nā pūnaewele e hōʻemi i ka nalowale o ka wai mai lalo o nā parenchyma cell a hāʻawi i ka pale mai nā pathogens lepo. ʻO ka periderm he ʻekolu ʻano o nā pūnaewele: phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium) a me phelloderm (Fig. 1). Hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "peel" e kuhikuhi i ka periderm holoʻokoʻa, a i kekahi manawa e kuhikuhi i ka phelem wale nō.
ʻO ka phellem a i ʻole plug ka ʻiʻo waho loa o ka periderm, ka mea e kūʻē i ka nalowale o ka wai, loaʻa ka ikaika mechanical a hana ma ke ʻano he pale kūpono i nā bacteria pathogenic a me nā haʻi. ʻO ke ʻano o ka phelem ke ʻano he "brick" a pili pono kekahi i kekahi me ka ʻole o nā wahi intercellular. ʻO ka periderm potato maʻamau o nā ʻano like ʻole he 7-18 mau ʻāpana cell me ka mānoanoa o 100 -200 microns. Ma muli o ka fluorescence a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana me nā mea pena e like me ka berberine, ʻike maʻalahi ka phellem i ka waiwai o ka suberin, a ʻo kēia ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale pono ai i nā cell pellem mai nā papa o lalo. ʻO Suberin kahi polymer hydrophobic i hui pū ʻia me nā pūhui phenolic a me aliphatic i hoʻopili ʻia me ka glycerol a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o ka pā mua a me ka plasmalemma. Hoʻopihaʻia nā pūnaewele i hoʻopihaʻia i ka ea a no laila ke hāʻawi nei i ka insulation thermal, nā paia i hoʻokuʻuʻia e pale i ka hoʻoukaʻana o nā microorganisms (mechanically and chemically), a me nā waihona wax i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka suberin e pale i ka maloʻo o loko.
Ma waho aʻe o ka suberin, ʻo ka ʻuala ʻuala periderm he nui nā kemika pale ʻē aʻe me nā waiwai antioxidant, antibacterial a me nā insecticidal. He huahana waena paha kēia o ka biosynthesis suberin a i ʻole nā metabolites pale kūʻokoʻa. ʻO nā metabolites nā waxes non-polar, saturated a unsaturated fatty acids, saturated dicarboxylic acids, monoacylglycerols, 1-alkanols, n-alkanes, sterols and polyphenols, quinic acid, phenolicamines, phenolic acids, flavonoids glycoalkaloids (solanine, solanine, solanine, chaconine). solatriose a me nā mea'ē aʻe), saponins, polyamines (putrescine, spermine a me spermidine derivatives), a me ka methylprotodioscin a me ka protodioscin.
ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻili ʻuala maoli (native) i ʻekolu mau ʻanuʻu: 1- ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka periderm - hoʻokumu ʻia ka phellogen cambial e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā cell subepidermal; 2- ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka periderm ʻaʻole - hoʻohui ka phellogen ikaika i nā ʻili o ka ʻili i ka ʻōpala e hoʻonui ana; ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka phellogen he palupalu a hiki i ka luku ʻana, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻili mai ke kumu o ka tuber pulp a me ke kumu kūʻai pilikia o ka pōʻino o ka ʻili; 3- oʻo o ka periderm - pau ka ulu ʻana o ka tuber i ka pau ʻana o ke kau ulu, ʻaʻole koi ʻia nā ʻili ʻili hou, a lilo ka phellogen i mea ʻole. ʻO ka hopena, pili paʻa nā ʻāpana periderm i ka pulp tuber (parenchyma) ma kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ka oʻo ʻana, a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka peel (Fig. 2).
ʻO ka ʻuala ʻuala kahi kumu i hoʻololi ʻia e hoʻomaka ana e ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he internode pehu kokoke i ka pua apical o ka stolon. ʻO ka papa waho o ka stolon ka epidermis, kahi i hoʻopuehu nui ʻia ka stomata. ʻOiai ʻōpiopio loa ka ʻōpuʻu, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka epidermis e ka periderm, e hoʻomaka ana ma ka hope o ke kumu o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuʻa a palahalaha koke ma luna o ka ʻili holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻopiha ʻia ka periderm i ka wā i hiki ai ka ʻōpuʻu i ka nui o ka pī. Ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka periderm, ʻo nā keʻena ma lalo pono o kahi o ka stomata e puʻunaue ikaika a hana i nā lentil. I ka ulu ʻana o ka tuber a me ka ulu ʻana o periderm, ʻo ka phellogen kahi meristem lateral ikaika. Māhele ʻia nā pūnaewele Phellogen a lilo nā pūnaewele hou ma waho o ka ʻuʻa. ʻO ka hana ʻana o nā pūnaewele phellem e ka phellogen a me ka nalo ʻana o nā pūnaewele phellem ma o ka exfoliation ma ka ʻili o ka tuber aia i loko o ke kaulike i ka wā e ulu ai ka tuber. Hele mai ʻo Phelloderm mai ka phellogen.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana transverse me ka hematoxylin a nānā ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope māmā (pane hema) a me kahi microscope ultraviolet (pane ʻākau, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele) no ka nānā ʻana i ka morphology o ka ʻiʻo a me ka nuclei cell, a me ka autofluorescence o nā paia cell suberized, kēlā me kēia. (A) ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka periderm—ua hoʻokaʻawale nā pūnaewele subepidermal e hana i nā hua mua phellogen (Phg) (pōʻai), e hoʻopuka i ka phelemcellae (nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo). (B) Ka ulu ʻana o ka epidermal oʻoʻole—e hoʻomau mau ana ka phellogen a hoʻohui i nā mea hou aku (Ph) i ka ʻōpuʻu e hoʻonui ana. Hōʻike ke kiʻi i hoʻonui ʻia (2,5x kiʻekiʻe) nā cell i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma waena o ʻelua mau cell (nā pua ʻulaʻula). Hiki ke luku ʻia ka paia o ke kelepona, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka ʻili ʻōpiopio mai ka ʻili o ka tuber. (C) ka oʻo ʻana o ka periderm—ma hope o ka wehe ʻana o ka lau a i ʻole ka oʻo ʻana o nā mea kanu, pau ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpuʻu, pau ka puʻunaue o ka cell phellogen, a hoʻoulu ʻia kahi kaʻina hoʻomaha. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka papa phellogen i ka pae oʻo. ʻO nā ʻaukā unahi: 200 µm.
Ke hoʻokumu ʻole ʻia ka ʻili ʻuala, ua pōʻino (hoʻokaʻawale ʻia) e ka pilina mechanical me nā ʻāpana hana o nā mīkini, nā pōhaku, nā puʻupuʻu, nā ʻōpala hāʻule, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā periderms maoli a me nā ʻeha e like me ke ʻano o ke kumu o ka ʻiʻo, ka hoʻolālā a me ka morphology, akā ʻokoʻa i ke kaʻina saturation a me ke ʻano o ka pectin a me ka anthocyanin. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka suberin o ka periderm ʻeha i ka waxy alkyl ferulates a ʻoi aku ka permeable i ka wai. I loko o 3-1 mau lā, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papa uhi i ka wahi i hōʻino ʻia, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā paia o nā ʻāpana hāmama o ka parenchyma tuber i ka lignification / suberization. I ka lā 3, ʻike ʻia ka primordia o phellogen, a ʻike maopopo ʻia nā kolamu o nā cell phellemal hou ma lalo o ka uhi uhi. Mai ka lā 3, e hoʻopili ʻia ka phellem hou mai nā ʻaoʻao o waho i loko, a i ka lā 4, ua palahalaha a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana suberized o ka phellem, e hōʻike ana i ka maturation o ka periderm ʻeha.
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka auxin a me ka lipid hydroxyperoxide ma 20-30 mau minuke ma hope o ka hōʻeha ʻana e hoʻomaka i nā hanana cytological e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka periderm ʻeha. Piʻi ka pae o ka waikawa abscisic, ethylene, a me ka waikawa jasmonic ma hope koke o ka ʻeha ʻana a ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka periderm. Hoʻomaka wikiwiki ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka periderm i ka ʻeha ma 20-25 ° C, ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (10-15 ° C), a ua ʻae ʻia i nā mahana ma luna o 35 ° C, ma nā O concentrations.2 emi iho ma lalo o 1% a me ka mahana he 15°C a ʻoi aku paha. Pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka hui ʻana o ka mahana, ka oxygen a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma muli o ke kūlana physiological o nā ʻōpala e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻiʻo kūloko i ʻike koke ʻia a pale i ke komo ʻana o ka pathogen a me ka nalowale o ka wai.
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻili i hōʻino ʻia, ka hopena i ka pōʻeleʻele o nā ʻano ʻili maʻemaʻe (photo 3B), ma muli o nā kūlana ulu suboptimal. ʻAʻole hoʻokumu ʻia kēia maʻi physiological e nā pathogens. ʻO ke kala ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula paha he ʻano genetic, e like me ka ʻano ʻAmelika kaulana ʻo Russet Burbank. ʻO nā ʻuala me ka ʻili ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka ʻuala ma mua o ka ʻuala me ka ʻili maʻemaʻe, a no nā ʻano loea he mea pono kēia, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka pōʻino o loko o nā ʻuala, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mākeke o ka mea kanu. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka zonal o nā ʻāpana cell phellem ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana phellogen, no ka laʻana, mai ka wela o ka lepo kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o nā pūnaewele phellem e pili ana i ʻole lākou e paheʻe i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o ka tuber. Ma muli paha o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka suberization a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ka pectin a me ka hemicellulose maʻiʻo. I ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka tuber i ka wā e ulu ana, pohā ka ʻili mānoanoa, a loaʻa i kahi waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha.
ʻOkoʻa loa nā algorithms a me nā hopena o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ʻili ʻuala i nā kūlana like ʻole. Ua aʻo ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻuala a me ka ʻeha periderm o ka ʻuala no nā makahiki he nui a ua uku ʻia ka manaʻo nui i ke ʻano o ka suberization o ka pā pellem cell, i.e. ke kaʻina hana e hāʻawi i ka periderm i kāna mau mea pale kumu. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua aʻo ikaika ʻia nā ʻano genetic o nā kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka peel, ua ʻike ʻia nā kumu genes o kekahi kala peel a me nā ʻano he nui. Ua loaʻa ka lanakila ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻili o nā ʻano ʻuala i ʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā genes i makemake ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻike o nā ʻano hana ola a me nā hiki ke hoʻomalu i ka hoʻāla ʻana o nā cell phellogen no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ʻili o ka tuber i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana a i ʻole ka hana ʻino ʻana o kēia mau cell i ka wā o ke kaʻina o ka oʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka tuber. ʻili hope. He papa phellogen ka mahele ʻana o ka periderm makua ʻole, a ʻo ka periderm oʻo (maʻamau o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala) he papa phellogen kekahi, akā ʻaʻole ia e hana a ʻaʻole i hana i nā pūnaewele plug hou.
Hiki ke loiloi ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻili ʻuala ma ka ʻike maka a me nā ʻano hana hoʻokele pono. Hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā laboratories hana i nā palapala kiʻi maikaʻi e kōkua i nā limahana e loiloi ʻike i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻuala e pili ana i nā ʻāpana i koho mua ʻia. (He laʻana o ia kiʻi ma ke kiʻi 4).
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā palapala kiʻi maikaʻi no ka mea maʻalahi lākou e hana (a hoʻolako pinepine ʻia e ka mea kūʻai aku) a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā limahana hoʻokele maikaʻi o ka huahana me ka wikiwiki a me ka maʻalahi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā loiloi i hana ʻia e ke kanaka ma muli o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona ʻike he kumuhana a hiki i ka hewa. No laila, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻokomo ikaika ʻia nā scanner optical i ke kahua o ka loiloi ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ʻōpala a me ke ʻano o ka peel. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka Optical, a hiki i ka 100 tons i kēlā me kēia hola, a e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana mau (24/7) e like me nā koina hōʻole maʻamau. Ke holomua nei kēia wahi o ka ʻenehana. Inā he 5 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kaupalena ʻia kona hiki i ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻuala holoi ʻia e like me 3-4 mau ʻāpana, a laila i kēia lā ke hana ʻia nei nā mea hoʻokaʻawale optical no 7-8 mau ʻuala i holoi ʻole ʻia (kiʻi 5). Loaʻa ka holomua i ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻili o lalo, nā hemahema o loko o ka ʻuala.
No ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka peel, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā mika gloss kalepa (photo 6). Hōʻike ka ʻili ʻālohilohi i ka māmā, no laila e loiloi ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano a i ʻole nā pūʻulu ʻuala me nā ʻano ʻili like ʻole. Aia nā ho'āʻo e hana i nā mea hana kūikawā no ka ʻuala, akā ʻaʻole kēia i alakaʻi i ka hana nui.
ʻO nā kumu agronomic koʻikoʻi e hoʻoikaika a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻili ʻuala, ʻo ia ka ʻano like ʻole, ke ʻano o ka lepo, ka hohonu o ke kanu ʻana, ka meaʻai, ka mahana o ka lepo, ke koʻikoʻi o ka wai, ka wai, ka lōʻihi o ka wā ulu a me ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana ma hope o ka mālama ʻana.
ʻOkoʻa loa ke ʻano o ka peel ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole i ka ʻoihana hoʻopili a me nā kaulahao kūʻai, akā ʻaʻole i lawa ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka peel. Hoʻohana nā ʻoihana hānai i nā huaʻōlelo like ʻole e wehewehe i ka ʻili o nā ʻano ʻano. Ma mua, ua hōʻike nui lākou i ke kala, ka hohonu o nā maka a me ka maʻalahi - ka mesh o ka peel. I kēia mau lā, ua lilo ka huaʻōlelo "ʻili hope" i mea maʻamau, akā ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia nā pae hoʻohālike no ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā pae o kēia hōʻailona "ʻilihune - awelika - maikaʻi - maikaʻi". ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ke ʻano maoli o ka peel o kēlā me kēia ʻano i loko o ka lepo kikoʻī, nā kūlana ulu a me nā ʻenehana i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hana wale nō. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻalahi o ka peel e hoʻoholo i ka kūpono a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana i ka ʻano no ka holoi ʻana i ka wā mālama. ʻOiai no nā ʻano ʻenehana, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka peel, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka holoi ʻana a me ka ʻōpala i ka wā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i nā ʻōpala.
Hoʻopili ke ʻano lepo i ka maʻemaʻe o ka ʻili, akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka lepo. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpala i ulu i ke one ma mua o nā ʻuala i ulu ma humus. Ua ʻike ʻia i loko o ka ʻoihana hoʻopili ʻana ʻo nā ʻuala i ulu ʻia ma ka lepo lepo a i ʻole ka lepo lepo ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka holoi ʻana i ka ʻili ma mua o nā ʻuala i ulu ʻia ma nā lepo one abrasive. He ʻili pahee paha ka ʻili o nā ʻuala i ulu ʻia ma ka lepo peaty, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano o kēia mau ʻuala. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma luna o nā ʻuala i ulu ʻia i loko o nā ʻāina abrasive, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka ʻāpana cork, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano, ka maʻalahi, a me ka ʻālohilohi i ka lepo lepo. ʻO ke kanu hohonu ka hopena o nā ʻili lahilahi ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kanu pāpaʻu.
Ma nā kūlana o ka wela o ka lepo kiʻekiʻe (28-33 ° C), he ʻano mānoanoa nā ʻili o nā ʻuala a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka pōʻeleʻele a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pūnaewele. Ma hoʻokahi hoʻokolohua, ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka periderm i ka wā e ulu ai i nā mahana o 10,20,30оʻO C ka 120, 164, 182 µm. Manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wai e hoʻonui i ka ʻili pūnaewele a me ka ʻeleʻele, akā ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe hōʻike i paʻi ʻia e kākoʻo i kēia. Aia nā hoʻolaha e pili ana ka ʻālohilohi o ka ʻili i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa mai ka maloʻo ʻana a hiki i ka ʻohi ʻana (ʻo ia hoʻi.
ʻO ka meaʻai kūpono kūpono e hōʻemi i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi ʻili a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka peel; pili pū ia i ka mānoanoa o ka peel, akā ʻaʻole i nā hihia āpau. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o N, P a me K a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu organik e hoʻonui i ka mānoanoa o ka phellem a me ka nui o ka mānoanoa o ka phellogen a me ka phelloderm i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nitrogen wale nō. Nui nā puke e pili ana i ka mana o nā macro- a me nā micronutrients i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano kikoʻī i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i kekahi mau mea waiwai.
ʻĀina. ʻO ka manawa a me ka nui o ka mea hoʻomomona nitrogen i hoʻohana ʻia he hopena nui i ka ʻeha ʻeha ma muli o ka hopena nui i ka oʻo. ʻO ka nele o ka Nitrogen hiki ke hoʻomaka i ka oʻo mua ʻana o ka hua a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka maʻi ʻeha inā mālama ʻia nā ʻuala ma lalo o nā kumu make no ka manawa lōʻihi ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana. ʻO ka nui o ka nitrogen (ʻoi loa i ka hopena o ke kau) hoʻopaneʻe i ka oʻo ʻana o nā mea kanu, ka hopena i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka umekaumaha kikoʻī, hoʻonui i ka maʻalahi i ka ʻili ʻana a me ka ʻeha ʻeha, a me ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻili. Manaʻo nā mea kanu ʻuala ʻAmelika ʻaʻole pono ka nui o ka noi nitrogen no ka ʻuala irrigated ma mua o 350 kg o ka nitrogen no ka ʻeka, ʻoiai ma ka waena o ʻAukake ʻaʻole pono ka nui o ka nitrate i loko o nā petioles ma mua o 15 mau ʻāpana o ka miliona. He hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka nitrogen i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻili inā hoʻokō ʻia ka desiccation i ka wā mua o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nitrogen e alakaʻi i ka defoliation. Pono e hoʻololi i ka noi Nitrogen ma muli o ka lōʻihi i manaʻo ʻia o ke kau. Pono e mālama pono i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nitrogen ma nā ʻano ʻano ʻili maikaʻi ʻole.
Phosphorus. ʻAʻole like me ka nitrogen, ka phosphorus, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, hoʻolaha i ka oʻo ʻana o nā ʻōpala, ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi peel ikaika a hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka reticulation. Hoʻopili ʻia ka Phosphorus e nā ʻōkuhi o nā aʻa i ka wā e ulu ikaika ana, no laila pono e hoʻopili ʻia nā fertilizers phosphorus ma mua o ke kanu ʻana.
Paila pāʻiko ma lalo o ka ʻuala e hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka nui a me ka ratio i nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe. Inā loaʻa ka nele o ka pāhare pāpaʻa, hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā ʻōpala i ka pōʻeleʻele i ka ʻiʻo ma hope o ka ʻili ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka potassium e hōʻemi i ka gravity kikoʻī a me ka hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa.
Kaomi e ho'ēmi i ka maʻalahi i nāʻeha ma muli o kona hopena i ka ikaika o ka paia pūnaewele. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻeha ʻana inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka calcium tuber ma mua o 200-250 micrograms no ke kilokani maloʻo. ʻO ka absorption maikaʻi loa o ka calcium ke hoʻohui ʻia i ka lepo ma mua o ke kanu ʻana.
ʻo Sulusa hoemi i ka pae o ka ma'amau a me ka pauda scab. Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi loa ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka sulfur i ka lepo ma kahi ʻano maʻalahi i ke kanu ʻana, akā hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sulfur foliar ke hōʻemi i ka infestation.
ʻO Borona Kōkua i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka calcium i loko o nā paia cell a hoʻoikaika pū i ka absorption calcium, no laila he mea nui nā hale kūʻai calcium e hōʻoia i ka ʻai kaulike a hoʻonui i nā pono o ka lawe ʻana i ka calcium.
Zinc hoʻohana mau ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka palaka pauda. ʻO kāna noi wale nō i ka lepo e hōʻoia i ka pono kūpono.
Nui nā hōʻike o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka peel me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka wā ulu (kiʻi 7). Eia naʻe, loaʻa ka hopena ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi. ʻAʻohe hōʻike o ka hopena pololei o ka foliar fertilizing i ka mānoanoa, ka maʻalahi, a me ka ʻālohilohi o ka ʻili. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua me ka meaʻai paʻakikī, no ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau i ka pilikia o nā peels palupalu i kekahi mau ʻano ma ʻEnelani.
Kiʻi 7. ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka peel me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā macro- a me nā microfertilizers
ʻO nā hana hoʻoponopono ʻai ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻili ʻuala penei:
• Ke koho ʻana i nā māla me ka momona maikaʻi loa, nā ʻāpana agrochemical a me ke ʻano lepo. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia i nā māla i loaʻa nā kumu maikaʻi ʻole e like me ka maʻi, ka hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole ka hiki ke mālama i ka wai;
• Hoʻohana piha i nā kumuwaiwai agro-climatic no ka oʻo piha ʻana o ka ʻili. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā hua kiʻekiʻe me nā maʻi haʻahaʻa;
• ʻO ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā fungicides, microbiological preparations, biologically active substances i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomākaukauʻana i nā mea kanu, i ke kanuʻana a i ka wā ulu e ho'ēmi i ka laha o nā maʻi;
• ʻO ka wai i mea e pale ai a hōʻemi paha i nā maʻi e like me ka scab maʻamau;
• ʻO ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana a me ka ʻohi ʻana i ka wā maikaʻi i ka wā maikaʻi e pale aku ai i ka pōʻino kino a me ka maʻi maʻi;
• E 'alo koke i ka liming ma mua o ke kanu 'ana i ka 'uala, no ka mea, he mea ia e 'ike 'ia ai ka pehu.
ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe kikoʻī ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pale kemika o nā ʻili tuber mai nā maʻi ma ke ʻano o kahi ʻāpana o kēia ʻatikala. He kumuhana nui ʻokoʻa kēia; pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pale i ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala nui. Akā, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he nui nā maʻi peel i hoʻomalu maikaʻi ʻia (rhizoctoniosis, maʻamau a me ka scab kālā) a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ikaika, he nui ke koho, a no ka nui o nā pilikia ʻaʻole lawa ka hiki o nā lāʻau lapaʻau (anthracnose, pauka. scab, bacterial rot) a he liʻiliʻi wale nō nā molekala maikaʻi .
Hāʻawi ʻia nā manawa hou no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi peel e ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano hou o nā mea pale - nā hoʻomākaukau microbiological a me nā regulators ulu. No ka laʻana, ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka herbicide 50-D i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2,4 mau makahiki e hoʻomaikaʻi a hoʻopaʻa i ke kala o nā ʻano ʻuala ʻulaʻula kūloko kūloko. ʻO ka hopena o kahi kala ʻoi aku ka saturated no kekahi mau mahina, a loaʻa kahi hōʻemi ʻike ʻia o ka laha o ka scab (kiʻi 8). Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia hoʻohana i manaʻo ʻia i loko o nā lula kūhelu no ka herbicide 2,4-D:PALAPALA ULAULA (I ulu no ka mākeke hou): Hoʻonui ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o kēia huahana i ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula, kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻili, hoʻonui i ka hoʻonohonoho tuber, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka like ʻana o ka nui o ka tuber (ka liʻiliʻi jumbo). Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka pane ʻana o ka hua ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole, nā kumu koʻikoʻi, a me nā kūlana kūloko. E kūkākūkā me Agricultural Extension Service a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mea kanu kūpono no nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kūloko. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole me ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele maoli ka pōmaikaʻi maʻamau mai ka mālama ʻana. E hoʻohana i 1.6 mau auneke wai o kēia huahana no kēlā me kēia ʻeka i loko o 5 a 25 mau galani wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana honua a i ʻole lewa. Pono ka nui o ka pulupulu i kohoia no ka uhi maikai ana o na mea kanu. E hana mua i ka wā o ka ʻuala ma mua o ka pua (ma kahi o 7 a 10 ʻīniha ke kiʻekiʻe) a hana hou i ka lua ma kahi o 10 a 14 mau lā ma hope. Mai ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau noi no ka mea kanu. Mai ʻohi i loko o 45 mau lā o ka noi. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, a i ʻole ka hui ʻana me nā pesticides a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pōʻino o ka hua.
ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ke ʻano o nā peels i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana, no laila ʻoi aku ka mea nui o ka maikaʻi o nā peels i ka wā e komo ai i ka waihona. I mea e hāʻawi ai ka ʻuala i ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe ma ka mākeke holoi ʻia a mālama i kēia ʻano maikaʻi i ko lākou ola ʻana, he mea koʻikoʻi ka maikaʻi o ka agronomy māla i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili. Me nā ʻenehana mālama hou e hiki ke mālama i ka maikaʻi peel maikaʻi no nā pule he 35, akā inā kiʻekiʻe ka maikaʻi i ka manawa o ka ʻohi. Nui nā ʻano o ka hoʻopau ʻili ʻana i hoʻoholo ʻia i ka ʻohi ʻana a hoʻololi liʻiliʻi i ka waiho ʻana. Pili kēia i ka ʻupena, nā māwae ulu a me kekahi mau maʻi e like me ka scab maʻamau a me ka rhizoctonia. I ka manawa like, hiki i ka nui o nā ʻāpana peel ke hōʻemi i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana: ka nani, ka nui o ka lentil, anthracnose, ke kālā a me ka pauka.
No ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili i ka wā e waiho ai, pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka friji i ka hikiwawe ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana i loko o ka waiho ʻana (inā paʻa nā ʻili a paʻa paʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike i ka ʻili). Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mea kanu me ka ea maloʻo i ka wā mua o ka mālama ʻana e hoʻoneʻe i ka wai o ka ʻili. E ho'āʻo e mālama i ka ʻuala ma ka mahana ma lalo o 4,0°C.
ʻIke pinepine ka ʻili o nā ʻuala i kona ʻālohilohi i ka wā mālama. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina kūikawā ma muli o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā cell i loko o ka papa uhi i loko o nā pule mua ʻelua o ka mālama ʻana inā nalowale nā pūnaewele i ka manawa o ka mālama ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka periderm e alakaʻi i ka ʻeleʻele o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, kahi e hōʻino ai i ka ʻālohilohi, a lilo ka ʻili i ka ʻili. ʻO ka ʻili o waho o ka ʻōpala e ʻili i ka wā e waiho ai, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻololi hou ʻia e kekahi mea, ʻo ka peel mai ka laumania, ʻālohilohi, hiki ke lilo i ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele a ʻalaʻala (kiʻi 9). ʻO ka pōʻino a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka periderm pono e mālama pono ʻia.
ʻO nā regiment ventilation maikaʻi loa i ka wā mālama nui, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he hopena liʻiliʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻālohilohi o ka peel. Akā, hōʻike ka nui o nā ʻano ʻano ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana cork ma kahi haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe o 98% i mālama ʻia i loko o ka waihona. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻuala ma kahi haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe e hōʻemi ana i ke kaumaha o ka tuber ma 1-2%. I ka manawa like, pono ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ka condensation moisture i ka mālama ʻana, ʻo nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole no ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana o ka hua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hiki ke mālama ʻia i ka poho kaumaha mai ka maloʻo. I nā kūlana phytopathological hou, mālama i kahi haʻahaʻa o 90-95% (a ʻo ia ka pae haʻahaʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ka hanu ʻana o nā ʻuala i loko o ka intertuber space i nā manawa me ka ʻole o ka ventila, ʻo ia hoʻi, he waiwai maoli kēia o nā ʻuala i mālama ʻia). . A no nā pūʻulu me ka pilikia o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā maʻi fungal a me nā maʻi bacterial, pono ia e mālama i kahi pae haʻahaʻa pili o 85-90%, ka mea e pale ai i ka physiological a me ka bacteriological deterioration o ka huahana mālama. ʻO ka ʻālohilohi o ka ʻili o nā ʻano ʻulaʻula he nui i ka wā mālama lōʻihi. Ke ho'āʻo nei e mālama i ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe ma ka uhi ʻana me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Ma hoʻokahi hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā haku mele ʻehā like ʻole. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka loiloi sensory-based alginate, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waihoʻoluʻu, ʻoniʻoni a me ka ʻae ʻia o ka ʻuala ʻili ʻulaʻula. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka peel i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa edible coating, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka F1 a me ka F2 formulations.
I ka wā hoʻomākaukau mua o ke kūʻai aku, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana e hiki ai ke mālama a hoʻomaikaʻi hoʻi i ke ʻano o nā ʻōpala. Hiki i nā mea holoi pahu me nā pulupulu wiliwili (ua kapa ʻia lākou he polishers, kiʻi 11) hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ʻālohilohi o nā ʻili ʻuala, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻopau nui ʻia kekahi o nā hopena ʻino o nā hana mahiʻai a me ka mālama ʻana e ka holoi ʻana i ka maikaʻi. ka pono o ka ʻili o ka ʻuala, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka pōʻino o ka ʻuala. Pono mau e loiloi koke i ka hopena o ka holoi ʻana i nā ʻili ʻōpala i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i kahi pūʻulu hou a i ʻole nā ʻano like ʻole a hoʻoponopono i ke kaʻina hana holoi. I kēia manawa, pono ke nānā ʻia ka pae o ka microbiological contamination, me ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia, a pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā disinfectants a me nā antimicrobials i ʻae ʻia no ka ʻoihana meaʻai. Ke ho'āʻo nei nā kānaka a pau e pale a mālama i nā lula no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala i holoi ʻia me nā mea pale ma ke ʻano ʻike.
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻili ʻuala ma ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana e hōʻoia ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻeke me ka perforation lawa no ka ventila a me ka pale ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka ʻike ʻana i ke kukui mālamalama, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o glycoalkoloids. ʻO ke kumuhana o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka ʻili ʻuala i ka wā mahiʻai, mālama a kūʻai aku e pono ke noʻonoʻo ʻokoʻa.
No laila, hana ka ʻili i nā hana pale koʻikoʻi o nā ʻuala a hoʻoholo i ka loiloi o nā mea kūʻai aku i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala. Ke ulu nei ke kūʻai ʻana o nā huahana holoi a hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hoʻonui nā koi no ke ʻano o nā ʻuala. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona he nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻāpana poʻo paʻa paʻa, paheʻe, ʻālohilohi o ka periderm, akā ʻaʻohe ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa no ka mālama ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana. ʻO nā koho kūpono no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻili ʻuala ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano maikaʻi loa a me nā ʻano lepo, ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai agroclimatic o ka wā ulu, ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka maʻi, ka wai paʻa, kaulike a me ka fertilization piha me nā macro- a me nā microelements, ka ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea biologically active a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu, ka desiccation i ka manawa, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻokō kūpono a me ka pololei o nā pae mua o ka mālama ʻana, ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino mechanical, ka wili ʻana o nā tubers me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako kūikawā.
Kiʻi 11. Mīkini holoi holoi
Ka mea kākau o ka mea: Sergey Banadysev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Agricultural, Doc-Gene Technologies