ʻAʻole ʻo ka ʻuala wale nō ke kumu o ka meaʻai ʻai no ke kanaka, akā he kumu hoʻi ia o ka starch no nā ʻoihana ʻoihana he nui. Ke aʻo nei nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo A&M AgriLife Texas pehea e hoʻololi ai i ka ratio o ʻelua mau molekole starch i loko o ka ʻuala - amylose a me amylopectin - e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka ʻoihana.
No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻuala waxy me kahi ʻano amylopectin kiʻekiʻe i ka hana ʻana i nā bioplastics, nā meaʻai meaʻai, nā mea hoʻopili, a me ka waiʻona.
ʻElua mau pepa i paʻi ʻia ma ka International Journal of Molecular Sciences and Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture e ʻimi ana pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai ka ʻenehana CRISPR i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻuala.
Aia nā pepa ʻelua i nā hana i hana ʻia e Stephanie Toinga, Ph.D., he haumāna puka ma ke keʻena hana o Kirti Rathor, Ph.D., AgriLife Plant Biotechnologist ma Texas A&M Plant Genomics and Biotechnology Institute a me ke Keʻena ʻĀina. ʻO Isabelle Weils, Ph.D., kahu ʻuala ma AgriLife Research ma ka Texas A&M Department of Horticultural Science kekahi i kākau pū i nā pepa ʻelua.
"ʻO kaʻike a me kaʻike i loaʻa iā mākou mai kēia mau haʻawinaʻelua e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻokomo i nāʻano makemake'ē aʻe i kēia mea kanu koʻikoʻi," wahi a Rathor.
ʻO ka ʻuala ʻoiaʻiʻo
Hoʻoulu ʻia ka ʻuala ma luna o 160 mau ʻāina ma 40,8 miliona ʻeka a ʻo ia ka meaʻai nui no ka ʻoi aku o ka piliona kānaka.
Aia ma kahi o ka ʻuala liʻiliʻi he 160 mau calorie, ʻo ka hapa nui i loaʻa mai ka starch, wahi a Rathor, ʻo ia ke kumu he kumu nui ka ikehu no nā poʻe he nui a puni ka honua. Loaʻa i ka ʻuala nā meaʻai pono ʻē aʻe, me nā huaora a me nā minela.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka starch no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka ʻoihana.
ʻO ka nui o ka starch i loko o nā ʻuala ʻuala ke kumu nui i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻuala.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻuala kiʻekiʻe e hana i nā meaʻai i hana ʻia e like me ka french fries, chips a me nā ʻuala maloʻo, wahi a Wales.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻuala haʻahaʻa a me ka waena-starch hou a i ʻole he ʻuala papaʻaina, wahi āna. No ka ʻai hou ʻana i nā ʻuala, ʻo nā mea koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe ke ʻano o ka ʻuala, e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻili, ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻili, ka ʻiʻo a me ke ʻano o ka ʻuala. I kēia mau lā, ua puka mai nā ʻano ʻuala kūikawā o nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka pēpē; me ka ʻulaʻula, poni a melemele paha ka ʻili a me ka ʻiʻo e lilo i mea kaulana ma muli o ko lākou maʻalahi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waiwai meaʻai.
Eia kekahi, hiki ke hana ʻia ka ethanol mai ka mākū ʻuala no ka wahie a i ʻole nā mea inu ʻona; mea hoʻololi i ka plastik biodegradable; a i ʻole adhesives, binders, texturizing agents a me nā mea hoʻopiha no ka lāʻau lapaʻau, textile, lāʻau a me nā ʻoihana pepa a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻokele waiwai.
No nā noi ʻoihana, pono e noʻonoʻo i ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka starch i loko o ka ʻuala.
Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻo Toinga he mea makemake ʻia nā starch amylopectin kiʻekiʻe no ka meaʻai a me nā hoʻohana ʻoihana ʻē aʻe ma muli o kā lākou mau hana ponoʻī. No ka laʻana, ʻo ia mau starches ka ʻano i makemake ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he stabilizer a me ka mānoanoa i nā meaʻai a ma ke ʻano he emulsifier i nā pāpale salakeke. Ma muli o kona kūpaʻa paʻa ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ka amylopectin starch i nā meaʻai hau. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻuala i waiwai i ka amylopectin starch e hoʻopuka i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ethanol i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻuala me nā starch ʻē aʻe.
Nā Pōmaikaʻi o ka Hana ʻana i ka ʻuala me ka mākiko koho
Wahi a Toinga, hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano ʻuala i hoʻololi ʻia i ka starch i hiki ke wehe i nā mea hou. ʻO nā ʻuala i kiʻekiʻe i ka amylopectin a haʻahaʻa i ka amylose, e like me ke Yukon Gold i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ke ʻano āna i wehewehe ai ma ka International Journal of Molecular Sciences, he mau hana ʻoihana ma mua o kā lākou hoʻohana kuʻuna.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, makemake ʻia ka ʻuala me nā kiʻekiʻe amylose a me ka amylopectin haʻahaʻa no ka ʻai kanaka, wahi a Wales. Hana ʻo Amylose e like me ka fiber a ʻaʻole hoʻokuʻu i ka glucose e like me ka amylopectin, ka hopena i ka glycemic index haʻahaʻa a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala no ka poʻe me ka maʻi diabetes.
Hoʻokumu ʻo CRISPR/Cas9 i nā manawa hou
Ua hoʻonui ka ʻenehana CRISPR/Cas9 i ka pahu mea hana i loaʻa i nā mea hānai a hāʻawi i kahi ala pololei a wikiwiki hoʻi e hoʻokomo i nā ʻano i makemake ʻia i nā ʻano mea kanu kaulana, Weils memo. He hana lōʻihi ka hānau ʻana maʻamau a hiki i ka 10-15 mau makahiki.
Eia kekahi, ma muli o ke ʻano paʻakikī o ka genome ʻuala, ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano hou me ka hoʻonohonoho kūpono o nā ʻano i makemake ʻia he mea paʻakikī ia no ka hānau ʻana maʻamau, wahi āna. Ua hoʻonui nā ʻenehana molekula i ka maikaʻi o ke koho ʻana, a ʻo ka hoʻoponopono gene me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana CRISPR/Cas9 e hoʻohui i kahi papa o ka paʻakikī.
Hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole Yukon Gold
Ma waena o nā ʻano ʻuala like ʻole i loiloi ʻia i ka haʻawina mua, ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻo Yukon Gold i ka maikaʻi loa, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka haʻawina ʻelua. ʻO ka hopena, he ʻuala me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka amylopectin a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka amylose i loko o ka starch.
"ʻO kekahi o nā mea kanu i kīkē ʻia, ʻo T2-7, hōʻike i ka ulu maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona hua akā ua nele loa i ka amylose," wahi a Toinga.
ʻO ka starch Tuber, T2-7, loaʻa nā noi ʻoihana i ka ʻoihana pepa a me nā ʻoihana textile ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopili/binder, bioplastic, a me ka hana ethanol. ʻO ka starch tuber o kēia laʻana hoʻokolohua, ma muli o kona kūʻē ʻana i ka maloʻo a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana me ka ʻole o ka pono o ka hoʻololi kemika, pono pū kekahi i ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai hau. ʻO ka ʻuala me ka amylopectin ʻo ia wale nō ke ʻano o ka starch pono e hoʻonui i ka ethanol no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā mea inu ʻona.
Ma ke ʻano he ʻanuʻu aʻe o kēia mau haʻawina, ua hoʻopili ʻia ke komo ʻana iā T2-7 iā ia iho a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi kānana hāʻawi o Yukon Gold a me nā clones ʻuala ʻē aʻe e hoʻopau i nā mea transgenic.