Ke ulu nei i nā mea mahiʻai mahiʻai, me ka hoʻohui i nā ʻano agrotechnical, i koe ka mea nui i ka nāhelehele i ka nāhelehele, paʻakikī e hana me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana o nā lāʻau make. I ka manawa like, he mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hana olaola kiʻekiʻe, pono nā lāʻau make i kahi ʻoihana ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻohana nei iā lākou.
ʻO Valentina Demidova, ka mea noiʻi o ka Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIF, Moho o ka Biological Science;
ʻO Maria Kuznetsova, ke poʻo o ka ʻoihana o kaʻuala a me nā mea kanu mea kanu o ka Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIF, Moho o ka Biological Science.
I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, i nā wahi like ʻole o Lūkia, ua nui nā hihia i ka wā ʻo ka hōʻeha mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau make ma muli o ko lākou hopena ʻawahia i nā hua i pale ʻia mai nā nāhelehele ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻO ka hopena ma hope o ka lāʻau make ka hopena o ke koena o ka agena (a me kāna mau metabolites) i hoʻohana ʻia i nā makahiki i hala ma ka mokuʻāina o ka lepo, mahi ʻia a me nā mea kanu nāhelehele. Hoʻoholo nui ʻia ka makaʻu o ka lāʻau make ma hope o ka hopena e nā kumu ʻekolu: ka ikaika o ka adsorption, degradation and migration (neʻe). Pili ka hopena o kēia mau kumuhana i ka lepo-climatic a me nā agrotechnical, ke aniau, a me nā waiwai o ka lāʻau ponoʻī.
ʻO ka ʻuala i ulu i nā mahiʻai nui a loea e ʻehaʻeha loa ma muli o kēia.
Kumu o ka toxicosis ma kaʻuala:
- mālama i loko o ka lepo o nā koena o nā lāʻau make i mea ʻino i nā ʻoka ma hope o kā lākou noi ʻana i ka hua ma mua o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka mea kanu;
- hōʻino i nā lula no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau make "ʻuala" (metribuzin, rimsulfuron, prosulfocarb, a pēlā aku);
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea sprayers me nā koena o nā lāʻau make i loko o nā pahu (i hāʻawi ʻia no ka maʻalahi o kaʻuala i kēia mau mea);
- airletse droplets o nā lāʻau make i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i nā mahinaʻai pili.
ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, pili ka lāʻau ʻona i hōʻike ʻia i nā paukū 2-4 me ka hoʻokō ʻole i nā rula a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka hoʻohana.
ʻAʻole nui nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā ulu o kaʻuala. ʻO kēia nā lāʻau nui loa mai nā hui o triazines (metribuzin), aryloxyalkanecarboxylic acid (MCA), sulfonylureas (rimsulfuron), thiocarbamates (prosulfocarb). Koho ʻia kēia mau mea hana a pono ʻole e hōʻeha i nā mea kanu ʻuala. Eia nō naʻe, ma lalo o kekahi mau ʻano, hoʻokaumaha ʻia kaʻuala. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke ʻano o ke aniau, ka makaʻala o nā ʻano like ʻole, ka ʻaihue ʻana i nā rula noi, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa,
Pili nā ʻōuli i ka papa o nā mea hana. Hoʻokumu ʻo Metribuzin i ke ahi a pāpā i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. Hoʻomaopopo loa ʻia kēia i nā ʻano makaukau a i ʻole ke noi ʻia i ka wā maloʻo me kahi ua nui hou (Fig 1).
Hiki iā Rimsulfuron ke hana i ka melemele a i ʻole ke hele ʻana i nā lau ʻuala ʻōpio. ʻO ia mau hōʻailona e like loa me ka hōʻike o kahi maʻi viral. No kēia kumu, makemake ʻole ʻia kona hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻuala hua.
Hoʻomaopopo loa nā mea kanu ʻuala i nā lāʻau make, me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā hua i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea weliweli loa no kaʻuala nā lāʻau make i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka hua mua mai ka hui 2 (acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS) a me ka hui 4 (synthetic auxins).
ʻO nā herbicides pūʻulu 2 e komo pū me nā sulfonylureas i hoʻohana nui ʻia (metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), a me nā imidazolinones (imazethapyr, imazamox, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Pili ko lākou hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma kaʻuala me ka loli o ka synthesive o kekahi mau amino acid pono. Hiki ke hoʻomau i nā koena ʻo Sulfonylurea ma lalo o kekahi mau ʻano i ka lepo a hōʻino i kaʻuala no ka manawa lōʻihi ma hope o ka noi. Loaʻa kekahi imidazolinones i ka lepo no kekahi mau makahiki. ʻO ka hōʻike o ka hopena ʻawahia o kēia hui o nā herbicides ma luna o kaʻuala he ʻokoʻa a pili i nā ʻano varietal o nā mea kanu. ʻO ka pinepine, endochlorosis (a i ʻole ka melemele ʻana o nā lau), wrinkling (a i ʻole mosaic) a, ma ke ʻano he lula, mālama ʻia ka hoʻolohi ulu (Fig 2). ʻO ia mau hōʻailona e like loa me ka hōʻike o kahi maʻi viral. ʻO ia no kēia kumu ma nā lepo me nā koena o nā lāʻau make, paʻakikī ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka ʻae ʻana o nā māla i ka hana ʻana i nā hua uala.
Hiki ke loli nā ʻōuli o ka hōʻino ʻia i nā tubers e kēia mau lāʻau make, akā ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka paipae lōhiu (pinepine ʻia e like me ka hōkū) a me nā ulu cone e like me ke ʻano o nā tubers e like me popcorn (Fig 3,4).
ʻO nā mea kanu pūʻulu 4 e pili pū ana me nā derivatives o phenoxyacetic, benzoic a me nā pyridic acid. ʻO ka mea liʻiliʻi paʻa (ʻo ia hoʻi ka wā lōʻihi) o lākou nā phenoxyacetic acid derivatives (2,4-D). ʻOi aku ka makaʻu o ka hōʻino ʻana i kaʻuala e benzoic (dicamba) a me picolinic (clopyralid, picloram) acid derivatives. No laila, no ka hōʻike o nā hōʻailona o ka hōʻino ʻino i kaʻuala, ʻo ke kū ʻana o ka clopyralid i ka lepo ua lawa ia i kahi mahele lāʻau e like me 0,07% o ka helu noi i ka makahiki i hala ma ka hua pala mua, a ma ka pae 0,7%, ua hōʻike mua ʻia kahi hōʻemi nui o nā hua o kahi hua maʻalahi.
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā sulfonylureas a me nā imidazolinones, ʻike ʻia ka pōʻino o ka uala e dicamba, clopyralid, a me picloram aia wale nō ma ka ʻaoʻao lewa. ʻO nā mea kanu, ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka deformation o nā lau lau, e like me nā mea kanu fern (Fig 5). Hoʻopili kēia mau lāʻau make i ka hoʻonohonoho a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kiko ulu (nā maka) i nā kūpeʻe kaikamahine. No laila, i ka makahiki o ke kanu ʻana i kaʻuala i ka lepo i haumia me nā koena o kēia mau lāʻau make, hana maʻamau ʻia nā piko a me nā tubers, akā ua hōʻino ʻia kā lākou papahana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā helu ulu Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōuli i luna i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, ke hoʻohana ʻia ia mau tubers ma ke ʻano he mea kanu. Ke hoʻokō nei i ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu uala i ka phytosanitary, ʻaneʻane mākou i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hālāwai me nā mea kanu me nā ʻōuli i luna aʻe ma nā wahi like ʻole o Lūkia.
I ka manawa like, he mea nui e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hōʻike o ka lāʻau lāʻau lāʻau herbicidal mai nā hōʻailona o nā maʻi maʻi. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka lāʻau lāʻau herbicidal a me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā maʻi āpau ka hōʻike nui ʻia o nā hōʻailona o ka hōʻino ma waena o ka māla a i ʻole ka wahi, ma nā wahi, akā ʻaʻole ma nā mea kanu pākahi.
Ke hoʻolālā nei i ka kanu ʻana i kaʻuala, pono ia e noʻonoʻo i ke koena o ka hopena o nā mea kanu i noi ʻia i ka wā i hala. ʻO ka nui o ka luku ʻia o nā mea hana o nā lāʻau make i loko o ka lepo e pili ana i nā kumu he nui: ka nui o ka lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia, ke ʻano o ke kau (ka mahana, ka momona o ka lepo), ke ʻano o ka lepo, ka nui o microbiota, a pēlā aku. ʻO nā kūlana maloʻo i ka makahiki o ka noi ʻana o sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, dicamba, picloram a me clopyralid e hoʻonui i nā pilikia o kā lākou koena i ka lepo a hōʻino i kaʻuala i ke kau aʻe.
No laila, inā he kānalua e pili ana i ka "maʻemaʻe" o ka māla, ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i kaʻuala, pono e kālailai ʻia ka lepo no nā koena o nā lāʻau a i ʻole nā biotesting lepo e hoʻohana ana i nā mea kanu anakuhi
Ma ka huli, hiki i nā lāʻau make i nā uala i hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā mea kanu aʻe. E pili ana i kēia, ua hoʻokō mākou i kekahi mau noiʻi, ʻo ke kumu o ia mau mea e hoʻopaʻa i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lāʻau make o ka lāʻau make ma muli o ka metribuzin, hoʻohana ʻia ma kaʻuala, ma nā mea kanu o ka pue wale i ka puna, kukama, ʻoka, a me ka beet kō.
ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka phytotoxicity o metribuzin i lawe ʻia ma 2018 a me 2019 ma lalo o nā kūlana o kahi hoʻokolohua mea kanu i loko o ka lumi kōmaʻomaʻo ma lalo o ke aupuni hydrothermal.
Ma ke ʻano he mau mea kanu hoʻāʻo, hoʻohana mākou i ka beet kō (v. Ramonskaya single-seeded 9), oats (v. Argaman Elita), kukama (v. Edinstvo), a me ka pue wahine ʻana (v Ratnik). Ua ulu nā mea kanu i nā ipo 80 mm ke anawaena me ka hiki o 600 cm3, piha me nā laʻana o ka lepo sod-podzolic i lawe ʻia.
No ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua, ua lawe ʻia nā laʻana o ka lepo mai ka māla kahi i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ai ka lāʻau make (control), a mai ka papa hoʻāʻo hoʻokolohua, kahi i ulu ai ka ʻuala a hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau make (a.v. metribuzin) i kahi mahele lāʻau o 0,5 kg / ha. I nā makahiki ʻelua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, lawe ʻia nā laʻana i ka puna, i loko o ʻApelila, mai kahi hohonu o ka hiki ke piʻi o 0-25 cm i 10 kope.
Nā kūlana no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu hoʻāʻo: ka ea wela 250C (lā) a me 200C (pō); e hoʻoinu i ka lepo a hiki i 60% o ka PV.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike o nā laʻana lepo i koho ʻia e ka hopena o ka lāʻau make i loiloi ʻia 28 mau lā ma hope o ka lūlū ʻana i nā mea kanu e ka ʻokoʻa o ke kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaupaona o nā mea kanu hoʻāʻo.
Wahi a nā hopena o ka loiloi, ua ʻike ʻia ma nā laʻana lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻike ʻia ka pāpā ʻana o nā mea kanu hoʻāʻo a pau i ke ʻano o ka nāwaliwali ʻana o ke koʻokoʻo, kahi lohi o ka ulu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kaohi (Fig 6-9) ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kanu oat i ka kaohi he 25-35 cm, i ka huli ʻokoʻa 20-23 cm; ke kō he 15-20 cm (kaohi), i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi hōʻike 10-13 cm; kukama 16-22 cm (kaohi), i ka hoʻokolohua ʻano 11-14 cm; rape puna 12-14 knm (kaohi), i ka 10-12 knm i aʻo ʻia.
Ma ka awelika, ma kahi o 2 mau makahiki, ʻo ka emi o ke kaupaona o nā mea kanu hoʻāʻo kukumba e kāohi he 70,8%; beet kō - 45,0%; ʻoka - 44,4%; rape puna - 33,1% (Papa 1).
No laila, ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou noiʻi ʻana aia kahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka metribuzin i hoʻohana ʻia ma kaʻuala ma nā mahi mahiʻai like ʻole: kukama, beet kō, ʻoka, rape puna. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mea kanu like ʻole e nā koena lāʻau make i loko o ka lepo, pono e hana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole.
- E noi i ka palena iki o nā lāʻau herbicides (hoʻomākaukau hoʻomākaukau a i ʻole nā hui wai pahu i loko o kahi mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea hana "ola lōʻihi").
- ʻO ka palau hohonu ma mua o ka lūlū ʻana i nā mea kanu maʻalahi.
- Pili i nā hoʻohuli hua e hoʻemi i ka makaʻi o ka lāʻau make i nā mea kanu.
- E hoʻohana i nā mea kanu anakahi (nā hua o nā mea kanu i maʻalahi i kēia lāʻau make):
- no nā mea kanu lāʻau mai ka hui 2 - acetolactate synthase (ALS) mea kāohi (sulfonylureas a me imidazolinones) - kōpō kō, rapeseed;
- no ka hui 4 - synthetic auxins (phenoxy acid (2.4D, etc.), benzoic acid (dicamba), pyridic acid (clopyralid, picloram) - beans, flax;
- no ka hui 5 - metribuzin - kukama, ʻoka, beet kō.
5. Lawe i ka hānai ʻana i nā lau o nā mea kanu i hōʻino ʻia me nā mea momona i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā amino acid: ʻo kahi laʻana, Izabion, Aminokat, etc.