ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hua ʻuala ma Rūsia he moʻolelo pōkole, hoʻohālikelike ʻia, no ka laʻana, me nā ʻāina ʻEulopa Komohana, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai he mau makahiki ma mua. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho o ka hua ʻuala hua i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 60 o ke kenekulia i hala ma USSR i hōʻike ʻia e ʻekolu mau loulou nui.
ʻO ka loulou mua nā mahiʻai i hana i ka elite (elitekhozes), ʻo ka lua - nā mahiʻai i hoʻolaha i ka elite (semkhozes), ʻo ke kolu - nā ʻāpana hua o nā mahiʻai hui a me nā mahiʻai mokuʻāina i hana i nā ʻuala hiki ke kūʻai ʻia.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻōlelo normative a me nā hoʻoponopono mua i ka hana o ka hua ʻuala i ka waena o 60s, me ka "Regulation on the potato elite" a me ka "Regulation on potato seed plots in collective farms and state farms" ( 1966). Ma nā loulou mua ʻelua, pololei ma lalo o ka mana o nā luna mahiʻai mokuʻāina, ua mālama ʻia ka mahi ʻana i nā ʻuala elite e like me ka "Regulations on the Potato Elite". Ma hope mai, ua ʻae ʻia ka "Regulations on Primary Nurseries for Growing Potato Elite", i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka Research Institute of Potato Farming a ʻae ʻia e ka USSR Ministry of Agriculture (1971).
Ma ka loulou ʻekolu, e like me ka "Regulations on potato seed plots in collective farms and state farms", hoʻohua hou ʻia nā hua ʻuala (on-farm seed production) no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuala hiki ke kūʻai ʻia. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ka ʻāpana hua ʻo ia ka loulou koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā hua ma ka mahiʻai, e hoʻokō ana i nā pono o nā mahiʻai i nā hua ʻuala o nā ʻano hoʻokuʻu ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuala hiki ke kūʻai ʻia. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana hua ma kahi o 20-30% o ka nui o nā mea kanu ʻuala ma ka mahiʻai.
E like me ka ʻōnaehana kanu hua i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 60, kūʻai nā mahiʻai i nā hua ʻuala - ka elite i hoʻolako ʻia mai nā mahiʻai elite-growing, a i ʻole nā ʻuala kiʻekiʻe o ka hana mua a i ʻole ka lua mai nā māla hua (Fig. 1).
I ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana e pili ana i ka ʻohi, mālama ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻuala hua elite a me varietal, ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi kuleana nui i ka hui Sortsemovoshch. ʻO nā māhele o ka hui Sortsemovoshch i nā wahi o kā lākou hana i kūʻai ʻia a kūʻai ʻia elite, varietal seed potatoes no ka hoʻololi hou ʻana a me nā loli like ʻole, a me ke kūʻai ʻana, mālama ʻia a kūʻai aku i nā kālā repubalika a me nā kālā kūloko o nā elite a me varietal seed potatoes o nā ʻano zoned.
Ua komo nā loea o ka hui "Sortsemovoshch", me nā ʻelele o nā luna mahiʻai a me nā keʻena mālama hua, i ka loiloi a me ka ʻae ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā pūʻulu elite i mākaukau no ke kūʻai aku. Eia kekahi, ua hana lākou i nā noiʻi kula, ʻae ʻia a me nā loiloi tuber o nā hua ʻuala varietal o ka hana mua, i manaʻo ʻia no ka ʻohi ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku no ka hoʻololi hou ʻana a me nā loli like ʻole. Wahi a nā helu helu ma ka USSR, ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 80, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o nā hua ʻuala o nā hua kiʻekiʻe i hōʻiliʻili ʻia a kūʻai ʻia e ka hui Sortsemovoshch ma mua o 300 tausani tons, ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 tausani mau tons i ka RSFSR. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 70, ʻaʻole lawa ka hana ʻana o nā ʻuala elite i ka RSFSR (25-28 tausani tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki), a pono e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia kona ʻano. ʻO ka hoʻomohala koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua kanu elite ma Rūsia mai ka waena o 70s a me 80s. ʻO ia i loko o kēia manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me nā kumu hana, nā kaʻina hana ʻenehana a me nā hoʻolālā o ka hana hua elite, a ua hoʻokō ʻia nā kiʻekiʻe o ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana o ka elite (Fig. 2).
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka hua hua ʻuala i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka RSFSR ma ka waena o 70s, e pili ana i kahi ʻoihana hohonu hohonu o nā mahiʻai i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hana hou ʻana, i ʻekolu mau pae:
- ka mahi ʻana i ka super-super elite i loko o nā mahiʻai kūikawā no ka hana hua ʻuala mua;
- ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka super-super-elite i nā mahiʻai elite-growing (elitekhozes) a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka elite i loko o ia mau mea ma o ka hana pālua;
- ka hoʻoili pololei ʻana o ka poʻe elite i nā mahiʻai hui a me nā mahiʻai mokuʻāina no ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuala kalepa ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o ka hana hou III-V (Fig. 3).
ʻO ka pūnaewele i hoʻokumu ʻia o nā mahiʻai kūikawā no ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala i hiki ai i ka makahiki 80 ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ke kūʻai aku o ka elite i 100-110 tausani tons, no laila no kēlā me kēia 100 ʻeka o nā kanu kanu ʻuala ma nā mahiʻai hui a me ka mokuʻāina. aia ma kahi o 5 mau tona o ka uala elite. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i kēia hana i ka All-Russian Production and Scientific Association for Potato Seed Growing "Rossemkartofel", i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1976 ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana i loko o ka Ministry of Agriculture o ka RSFSR.
ʻO ka hui i kēlā manawa ka Research Institute of Potato Farming (NIIKH), ka NIIKH Breeding Center, ka Experimental Design Bureau, nā kahua hoʻokolohua a me nā mahiʻai hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua o ka NIIKH, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau māla mokuʻāina kūikawā aia ma 17 mau ʻāina a 6 repubalika autonomous RSFSR. Ma ke kumu o 24 mau mahiʻai kūikawā, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā laboratories NIIKH no ka hana hua ʻuala mua. ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka hui "Rossemkartofel" i hiki ai ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua ma kēlā mau wahi, nā panalāʻau a me nā repubalika autonomous, kahi ma kahi o 80% o ka nui o ka hana ʻuala Lūkini i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēlā manawa.
Eia kekahi, ua hāʻawi ka hui ʻo Rossemkartofel i kahi hoʻokele kikowaena hui ʻia o ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala elite a me varietal a puni ka RSFSR, e hāʻawi ana i ka kamaʻilio pololei ʻana i ka hana hua ʻuala me nā luna mahiʻai a me nā keʻena noiʻi.
I loko o nā mahiʻai kūikawā o ka hui ʻo Rossemkartofel, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kumu maikaʻi no ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka nui o ka hana hua mua no nā ʻano zoned a hoʻohiki. I ka makahiki 1979, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā laboratories o ka hua mua o ka NIIKH ma ke kumu o nā mahiʻai kūikawā i nā kahu hānai o ka hana hua mua no 44 mau ʻano ʻuala i makemake nui ʻia i ka hana. Wahi a ka ʻikepili kūhelu o ka Ministry of Agriculture o ka RSFSR, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka mahi ʻana i nā ʻuala super elite mai 149 ha i ka makahiki 1976 a i 495 ha i ka makahiki 1979, a me nā ʻuala elite, kēlā me kēia, mai 382 a 1313 ha (Anisimov, 1981). Ua lilo kēia i mea mahalo i ke kākoʻo kikowaena mai ka mokuʻāina a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, e like me ka Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR (1976), o nā kālā koʻikoʻi i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumu waiwai a me nā ʻenehana o nā hua elite kūikawā. nā mahiʻai ma nā ʻāina ulu ʻuala nui loa a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i loko o ia mau mea i lako pono no ia manawa, nā hale hoʻolālā-greenhouse e ulu ana i nā hua kanu, a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mana mālama ʻuala e pono ai no kēia mau kumu.
Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka hua ʻuala i ka makahiki 70 a me 80, ʻo kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi ka pono o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā papa hana hua kanu elite. ʻO ka hana i hoʻokumu ʻia o ia mau makahiki i kālele ʻia i ka hana hua clonal. ʻO ka maʻamau, ma ka hapa nui o nā mahiʻai elite e ulu nei, ua koho ʻia nā mea kanu mua no ka hana hua mua i nā kahu hānai o nā clones o ka makahiki 1 e pili ana i ka loiloi ʻike ʻana o nā mea kanu i ke kula a me ka nānā ʻana o nā mea kanu o nā lau lau e hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano serodiagnosis. Eia naʻe, ʻo kahi hapa o nā clones i ka makahiki koho i loaʻa pinepine i kahi maʻi hou. I ka manawa like, hiki i nā mea kanu hou, ke hoʻāʻo ʻia i ke kula, hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā maʻi virus a, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia a hoʻolei ʻia i ka makahiki o ka maʻi. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo nā mea kanu i koho ʻia i loko o nā clones o ka makahiki 1 me ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā maʻi virus, i ka wā i hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka hānau ʻana, i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana i ka maʻi i ka nui a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi, e pili ana i nā ʻano a me nā kūlana o ka mea kanu. manawa o ka makahiki i hala. Loaʻa nā hopena kūleʻa hou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nānā hou ʻana o ka maʻi o ka mea clonal i koho ʻia i ka wā hoʻoilo ma ke ʻano helu kuhikuhi ma muli o ka "hōʻike maka" (ke ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu mai kēlā me kēia maka tuber (indices) i loko o nā kūlana hale hoʻolālā keʻena). ʻO kēia ka mea i hiki ai ke ʻike a hōʻole i nā ʻuala o nā mea kanu a me nā clones i ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi ma mua o ke kanu ʻana iā lākou ma ke kula.
ʻO nā hopena o ka hana i hana ʻia ma ka All-Union Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) i hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano serological e like me kahi ʻōnaehana paʻa paʻa o ka hana ʻana i nā hua clonal i nā kūlana o ka ʻāina ʻĀkau-West. loaʻa ka mea kanu me ka ʻole o ka maʻi o nā maʻi maʻamau (X, S, M). Na V.I. ʻO Sadovnikova (1965), nā hoʻokolohua kūikawā kūikawā, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā ʻumi tausani o nā mea kanu, hiki ke huki i kahi hopena i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā kūlana o ka North-West, hiki ke loaʻa nā mea kanu e like me ka clonal seed production scheme. mālama ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi ma kahi kūlana ʻole mai ka maʻi viral (Fig. 4). Ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā koho maikaʻi ʻole wale nō ma ka wehe ʻana i nā mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻia mai nā mea kanu ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i nā hopena like.
I nā makahiki aʻe, e pili ana i nā hopena o ka noiʻi a NIIKH a me ka ʻike i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau hoʻokahi i koho ʻia i loko o ka nursery o nā clones o ka makahiki 1, akā ke ola kino kanaka (ʻaʻohe maʻi) ka mea hoʻomaka no ka ulu ʻana i ka super-superelite. No ka hoʻohou makahiki o ka nursery koho, no kēlā me kēia 100 tons o nā ʻuala super-super elite, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e kanu ma kahi o 4000 mau ʻuala i kuhikuhi ʻia, i hiki ai ke hōʻemi nui i nā kumukūʻai a me ka helu o nā loiloi i hana ʻia.Laiki. Fig. 5. Ka mahele ʻana a me nā palena o ke koho ʻana i nā clones i ka wā e loiloi ai i ka pūnana, ma muli o ke ʻano kanu kanu (nā ʻano Ramensky, 1979-1981)
No kēia kumu, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻuala nui i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ke kaupaona ʻana he 100 g a ʻoi aku paha e hoʻokumu i kahi nursery koho. ʻO ke kanu ʻana o ia mau ʻuala i hana ʻia me kahi lālani o 140 cm ka lōʻihi a me kahi mamao ma waena o nā ʻōpala i kahi lālani o 70 cm.
ʻO nā hopena o nā haʻawina i hana ʻia ma ke kumu o ka hale hana hoʻomohala ʻo Zavorovo o ka NIIKH i hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ʻano hoʻolālā no ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻuala i kuhikuhi ʻia i loko o ka nursery koho i hōʻoia i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻuala i ka mea kanu no kēlā me kēia tuber mua. No laila, i loko o kekahi o nā hoʻokolohua ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole no ka waiho ʻana i nā kahu hānai no ke koho ʻana i kahi ʻano Ramensky hou i kēlā manawa, ua loaʻa nā hopena aʻe. I ke ʻano o ka mana (ke kanu ʻana e like me ka hoʻolālā maʻamau o 70x30 cm, nā ʻōpala e kaupaona ana he 60-80 g), 45% o nā kumu lāʻau a hiki i 10 mau ʻuala no kēlā me kēia lāʻau i ʻohi ʻia, ka mea maʻamau e hoʻolei ʻia i ka wā koho. ʻO ke koena o 55% o nā kumu lāʻau, 47% he 11-20 mau ʻuala a he 8% wale nō ka 21 a 30 mau ʻuala no kēlā me kēia lāʻau.
I ka ʻano hoʻokolohua (ke kanu ʻana e like me ka hoʻolālā 140x70 cm, nā ʻōpala nui e kaupaona ana he 100 g), ʻo 11% wale nō o nā lāʻau i kūpono ʻole no ke koho ʻana (me ka liʻiliʻi o 10 mau ʻuala no ka lāʻau). ʻO ke koena o 89% o nā kumu lāʻau i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpala, me ka 47% a hiki i ka 20 tubers ma kēlā me kēia lāʻau, 24% mai 21 a 30 a me 18% mai 31 a 50 tubers ma ka lāʻau (Fig. 5).
He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo i ka hana ʻana o ia ʻano kanu i nā kūlana maikaʻi loa ʻaʻole wale no ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, akā no ka hana maʻalahi o ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o kēlā me kēia mea kanu i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana pale a me nā mea e pono ai i ka nursery koho.
I ke kaʻina o ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana o ka hua ʻuala i nā mahiʻai kūikawā, ua lawe ʻia kekahi mau hana kūpono e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kona ʻano no nā ʻano nui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kēlā manawa a me ka hoʻohiki. I kēia hopena, ua hoʻomohala ka NIIKH a, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hoʻāʻo hoʻomohala ākea, ua hoʻāʻo maikaʻi ʻia i kahi ʻenehana hou no ia manawa no ka loaʻa ʻana a me ka wikiwiki o ka hana hou ʻana o ke kumu kumu, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e ke ʻano meristem apical, i lilo mālie i kumu o ka maʻi. - ʻōnaehana hua ʻuala manuahi (Trofimets, Boyko, Anisimov, etc., 1990). Ua komo ka ʻenehana i kūkulu ʻia i kēia mau mea nui:
- ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā ʻuala no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā meristem apical; ka nānā ʻana i ko lākou maʻi mua e ka enzyme immunoassay (ELISA); germination i ka pōʻeleʻele ma kahi mahana o 35-37 ° C no hoʻokahi a ʻelua mahina;
- ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā meristems me ka nui o 100-200 microns i loko o kahi pahu microbiological ma lalo o kahi microscope binocular me kahi pānaʻi pālākiō ma ka hoʻonui ʻana o 30-50 mau manawa a kanu iā lākou i loko o nā paipu hoʻāʻo ma kahi ʻano meaʻai me kahi kumu mineral e like me Murashige-Skoog. me ka nui o ka kinetin;
- e ulu ana i nā mea kanu i loko o nā paipu ho'āʻo i loko o kahi lumi me nā kūlana hoʻomalu o ka mahana, ka haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻomālamalama (ka mahana 23 ° C, 70% ka ea, hoʻomālamalama 5-10 tausani lux i kahi manawa kukui 12-hola);
- ʻokiʻoki i nā mea kanu i loaʻa e like me ka helu o nā internodes a me ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻokiʻoki ma kahi ʻano meaʻai i loko o nā paipu hoʻāʻo; ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi ʻoki ma ke kumu o kēlā me kēia mea kanu no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka infestation e ka microscopy electron a me ka enzyme immunoassay (ELISA);
- hoʻopaʻa hou ʻia ʻelua ʻekolu mau laina no ka maʻi me nā maʻi e ELISA i ke kaʻina o ka grafting;
- ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu mai nā paipu hoʻāʻo i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo e loaʻa ai kahi hua o nā ʻuala;
- ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo e ELISA; ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano o ka hoʻolaha wikiwiki ʻana i loko o ka vitro i mea e loaʻa ai nā pūʻulu nui o nā mea mua e pono ai no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua (ke kumu o ka piko a me nā pua axillary o nā mea kanu, ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻokiʻoki me kahi wahi hānai liʻiliʻi - 6x6 cm ,ʻokiʻoki o nā'ōpuʻu ma hope o ka germination lōʻihi o ka tubers, etc.);
- ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā clones meristem greenhouse ma kahi kaʻawale ʻokoʻa mai nā mea kanu ʻuala ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana i hoʻomohala ʻia i hiki ke loaʻa i nā kaukani meristem clones i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki no ko lākou komo ʻana i ka hana hua mua o ka ʻuala.
I ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ākea i ka ʻenehana o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu kumu meristem no ka ulu ʻana i ka hua ʻuala ʻaʻohe virus, ua hoʻomaka ʻo NIIKH i nā noiʻi kūikawā i ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana ʻenehana o ka hana hou ʻana o nā mea kanu virus-free me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kā lākou mau keiki ma mua. nā kahu hānai kula a lawe iā lākou i ka super-super-elite a me ka elite. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hana ma ka hiki ke hōʻemi i ka manawa no ka ulu ʻana i ka elite (ʻoi aku ka hou a me nā ʻano hoʻohiki), hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi a hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai o kāna hana. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ka makahiki 1972-1977, ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o nā papa hana elite ma ka Seed Growing Department o ka NIIKH: me kahi hoʻokolohua clone ʻelua makahiki (hoʻolālā kuʻuna), me kahi kahu hānai clone hoʻokahi makahiki, e like me a me nā papahana hoʻokolohua like ʻole me ke koho ʻana i ka clone hoʻokahi makahiki a me ka hana hou ʻana i ka mea clone i hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano ʻāpana tuber.
Ma muli o nā hopena o nā haʻawina i mālama ʻia e V.N. ʻO Akatiev i nā kūlana o ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu kumu i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e ke ʻano meristem apical, no ka hoʻohana ākea ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ua ʻōlelo ʻia kahi hoʻolālā no ka hana ʻana i nā hua elite me kahi hoʻāʻo hoʻokahi makahiki o nā clones, me:
- ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka meristem clones.
- Ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā clones i hui ʻia.
- Hoʻopili.
- Ka mahi ʻana i ka super-superelite.
- Ka mahiʻai ʻana o ka super-elite.
- Hoʻonui i kahi Elite.
Hōʻike ʻia ka laulā a me ke kaʻina hana i hana ʻia ma lalo o kēia papahana o ka hana hua elite ma ke Kiʻi 6.
No ka loaʻa ʻana o nā helu hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe ma nā kahu hānai, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kahua o nā clones meristem a me ka pre-propagation, ua loaʻa kahi hopena maikaʻi nui i ka wā e ulu ana i nā mea olakino (ʻaʻohe maʻi) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana tuber. ʻO ke kumu o kēia ʻano hana penei: ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, ʻokiʻoki ʻia nā ʻuala mai ka 60 g i kēlā me kēia clone i mau ʻāpana a ʻo ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana ma kahi o 30 g, me hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau maka. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana a pau o kēlā me kēia ʻōpala i ʻoki ʻia he "hui pū" i loko o kahi ʻeke ʻokoʻa. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻeke a pau me nā ʻāpana tuber mai hoʻokahi clone i loko o kahi pahu ʻokoʻa. Ua kanu ʻia nā clones i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma kēia ʻano i ka lālani hoʻokahi. I ke kanu ʻana, ua māhele ʻia nā palena ma waena o nā clones, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā ʻāpana tuberous. I loko o kēlā me kēia clone, kanu mua ʻia nā ʻāpana tuberous me ka nui o nā ʻāpana hua, a laila me kahi helu liʻiliʻi (i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa iho ʻana) a hoʻopau ʻia me nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi ʻole o kahi hapa o 25-50 g (Fig. 7). I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi ala maʻalahi, i ka wā i ʻoki ʻia ai nā ʻuala i kekahi mau pule ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, e waiho ana i kahi alahaka pili i waenakonu a i ʻole ke kumu o ka tuber. I kēia hihia, ua paʻa nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōpala i kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka hope, ua māhele ʻia nā ʻuala i ʻāpana pololei i ke kanu ʻana.
ʻAʻole i koi ʻia nā pahu hou no nā ʻāpana kō.
I ka wā e ulu ana, ua loiloi ʻia nā mea kanu a hoʻāʻo ʻia no nā maʻi maʻi ma ka ʻike a me ka serologically. Inā loaʻa ma kahi o hoʻokahi mea kanu maʻi i loko o kahi ʻāpana ʻōpala, ua hoʻolei loa ʻia, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻole ʻia ka clone holoʻokoʻa, akā ua wehe ʻia ka ʻāpana like ʻole; he hui o na mea kanu i loaa mai ka opu hookahi. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili i loaʻa i ke kanu ʻana i kahi kahu clone me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana tuber no ka hapa nui o nā ʻano like ʻole i hiki ke hoʻonui i ka helu hoʻonui i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa i ʻelua manawa a, no laila, hoʻemi nui i ka helu o nā mea kanu i koho ʻia a me nā clones a hoʻemi nui i nā kumukūʻai. no 100 tona o ka uala super-super elite. I ka manawa like, ua loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi mai ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kahu hānai o nā clones o ka lua o ka makahiki me ka nursery o ka hānau mua ʻana o nā clones i hui pū ʻia.
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana tuber, e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻuala, i loko o nā nurseries o ka hana hua mua, i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā kumu kumu meristem, ua hoʻolaha nui ʻia nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mea hoʻonui i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻoi aku ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻuala. mai nā ʻoki ʻoki ʻana i loko o nā ipu lepo me ka kanu ʻana iā lākou ma ke kula, ka hana hou ʻana ma ka waiho ʻana, nā ʻokiʻoki, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe (Anisimov, Maksakova, 1975).
Ma muli o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā papa hana hua elite, ua hōʻike ʻia i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā kumu kumu i loaʻa i ke ʻano moʻomeheu meristem i hui pū ʻia me ka micropropagation clonal, hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia ka manawa hana no nā ʻuala elite i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau makahiki. He mea koʻikoʻi loa ia no ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā ʻano mea hou a maikaʻi. I loko o nā māla hana hoʻokele o NIIKH ma nā kūlana o ka moku ʻo Moscow, e like me nā ʻano like ʻole a pau o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, loaʻa nā pūʻulu o nā ʻuala super-super elite o ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka super-superelite, i loaʻa e like me ka hoʻolālā me kahi hoʻokolohua clone hoʻokahi makahiki, i loaʻa, ma muli o ke ʻano, mai 90 a 99% o nā mea kanu olakino, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻaneʻane like me ka super-super-elite, i loaʻa e like me ka hoʻolālā me kahi hoʻokolohua clone ʻelua makahiki. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka huahana o ka super-super elite o nā ʻuala i loaʻa e like me nā ʻano papahana like ʻole like nō hoʻi a aia ma kahi o 300-350 c/ha.
ʻO kekahi o nā kuhikuhi koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana o ka hua hua manu ʻole i ka ʻuala ua lilo i ka hui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea maʻi virus-free mua i nā puke nui e hoʻolako i nā mahiʻai kūikawā no ka hana hua mua. I kēia hopena, i loko o ka hoʻolālā o ka hui ʻo Rossemkartofel, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hana i kahi super-super elite ma kahi kumu virus-free i ka nui o 7,5 tausani tons o 34 mau ʻano i makemake nui ʻia i kēlā manawa. E like me ka helu ʻana i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 1, i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o ka super-superelite i hoʻolālā ʻia mai nā kumu kumu meristem me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻolaha wikiwiki i loko o nā greenhouses o NIIKH, 1,2 tausani mau ʻuala i ulu i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma kahi o 400 ʻeka, e ʻohi ana i kēlā me kēia. kanu i loko o kahi ʻeke ʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻoili ʻia nā mea i loaʻa i nā keʻena hana hoʻokolohua o ka institute, kahi i kanu ʻia ai lākou i loko o nā kahu hānai clonal - ma kahi o 8 mau ʻeka me ka mālama pono ʻana i nā kūlana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o ka hoʻokaʻawale spatial ma kahi o 0,5 km mai nā kanu o nā papa haʻahaʻa. o ka hua uala. I ka wā e ulu ana, ua hana ʻia nā hana agrotechnical a me phytosanitary me ka mālama pono ʻana i nā ʻāpana āpau.
ʻO ka hopena o nā mea clone i hui pū ʻia i ka nui o 160 tons i māhele ʻia i 24 mau mahiʻai kūikawā me nā laboratories no ka hana hua mua (ma ka helu o 2 tons no ka hana ʻana o kēlā me kēia 100 tons super-super-elite). ʻO ka huina o nā kahu hānai no ka hana mua ʻana i nā mahiʻai kūikawā no ka hana hua mua he 40 mau ʻeka, kahi i loaʻa ai he 800 tons o nā mea kanu. I ka makahiki aʻe, ua kanu ʻia kēia mea ma kahi o 200 ha i ka nursery breeding a loaʻa iā 3000 tons o tubers, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka makahiki aʻe no ke kanu ʻana ma kahi o 750 ha a loaʻa iā 7500 tons super. - ʻāpana hua maʻamau super elite (Pakaukau 1).
Papa 1. Hoʻonohonoho ma ke kumu o NIIKH no nā mahiʻai kūikawā no ka hana hua ʻuala mua (Trofimets, Anisimov, Litun, 1978)
Ka nui o ka hana | |||
Nā ʻano hana | Nā mea hoʻokani | Wahi pae, ha | |
Loaʻa nā clones meristem i loko o ka hale hana ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo | Laboratory no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea maʻi ʻole ma ka NIIKH Laboratory no ka wikiwiki o ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka māla o nā mea clone virus-free ma ke kula. | 1,2 | 400 tausani mau ʻuala |
Hoao kahua clonal mea me palapala noi ʻano tuberous wae | Nā Laboratories no ka hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻana no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kahua o nā mea clonal virus-free ma ka OPH Institute. | 8 | 160 t |
mua hanau hui clones mai palapala noi ʻano tuberous wae | Nā mahiʻai kūikawā no ka hana hua mua PNO "Rossemkartofel" | 40 | 800 t |
Ka hana hou nā meahana | Eia kekahi | 200 | 3000 t |
ʻOhi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe | 750 | 7500 t |
Wahi a NIIKH, i ka wā e ulu ana i ka super-super-elite e like me ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kumu kumu kumu ʻole virus, ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hua i ka elite a me kāna mau reproductions ma ka awelika no nā ʻano hoʻāʻo āpau e 20-25% .
Mai ka makahiki 90, i ka wā o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka ʻoihana agro-industrial, ua pau kekahi o nā mahiʻai kūikawā no ka hana hua mua a me nā mahiʻai elite, a ua emi nui ka nui o ka hana ʻuala elite, kahi mea paʻakikī a paʻakikī loa. ua hoʻopilikia nui i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻololi i nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka hoʻohou ʻana i nā ʻano ʻuala maʻamau e pili ana i ka hemahema nui o nā hua o ka hoʻohua kiʻekiʻe no nā mahiʻai me ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala. Ma ka hopena wale nō o nā makahiki 90, ua hoʻomaka lohi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hua ʻuala ma Rūsia ma luna o nā kumumanaʻo o ka pilina o ka mākeke e pili ana i ka papa kānāwai a me nā hoʻoponopono i hana ʻia e ia manawa ma ke kahua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hana hua o nā mea kanu mahiʻai (Malko). , Anisimov et al., 2003).
I loko o kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻolālā hoʻoponopono i ke kahua o ka mana o ka maikaʻi a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā hua ʻuala, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka ʻike i hōʻiliʻili ʻia o nā hana maikaʻi loa o ka honua. ʻO kēia ka mea i hiki ai ke hoʻonui nui i nā koi hoʻoponopono no ka maikaʻi ʻoihana o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hua ʻuala i ke ala o kā lākou hui ʻana a kokoke i nā koi kānāwai i ʻae ʻia i kēia manawa (Anisimov, 1999; Anisimov, 2005; Simakov, Anisimov, 2006, 2007 )
Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka Law on Seed Production (1997) i ka Russian Federation, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho ʻuala i hoʻohui ʻia, me ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā mea kanu: mini-tubers a me super-super elite seed potatoes (hanau lua o ka mahina) i hana ʻia. e ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka ʻano a i ʻole kekahi kanaka i ʻae ʻia e ia a i manaʻo ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala elite.
ʻO nā hua ʻuala Elite: nā hua ʻuala (super elite, elite) i loaʻa mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā hua ʻuala kumu.
ʻO ka hua ʻuala: hua ʻuala (1-2 reproductions) i loaʻa mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā hua ʻuala elite.
ʻO kahi loiloi hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohālikelike i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Rūsia a me nā ʻāina ʻo EU e hōʻike ana i ka ʻāpana o nā hua ʻuala mua e hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka māhele o nā ʻuala hua mua (PB). No laila, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻāpana o ka ʻuala hua elite me ka ʻāpana o nā hua ʻuala kumu (papa SE a me E) a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke ʻano o ka hua ʻuala i ke ʻano o nā hua ʻuala i hōʻoia ʻia (papa A 1-2). I ka manawa like, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻāpana hoʻohālikelike e pili ana i ka nui o nā hanauna o nā māla huaʻai i ka Russian Federation a me nā ʻāina ʻo EU, hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia nā ʻokoʻa nui (Papa 2).
Papa 2. Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hua ʻuala e ka helu o nā hanauna kula ma ka Russian Federation a me nā ʻāina EU.
ʻO ka hua kanu | Ka helu o nā hanauna | Nā hoʻolālā |
Pūnaehana hoʻonohonoho Lūkini | ||
Kumu (OS) | 2 | PP-1 a me SSE |
Elite (ES) | 2 | SE a me E |
Hanau (RS) Huina Huina | 2 6 | PC1-2 |
Hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāina EU | ||
Prebaseline Baseline Hoʻopaʻa ʻia | 4 3 2 | PB – PB 4 S, SE, E A1 – A2 |
Huina Huina | 9 |
I ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho Lūkini hou no nā hua ʻuala e like me GOST 33996-2016 "Seed potatoes. ʻO nā kikoʻī a me nā ʻano no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi "ʻaʻole pono ka nui o ka nui o nā hanauna o ke kula ma mua o 6 mau pae hānau, e komo pū ana no ka ʻano OS - 2, ES - 2 a me RS - 2 hanauna. Ma nā ʻāina ʻo EU, e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka European Seed Association (ESA), ʻae ʻia ka nui o 9 mau hanauna mahina, e komo pū ana i ka māhele o nā hua prebasic - 4, kumu - 3 a hōʻoia ʻia - 2 mau hanauna mahina (Anisimov, 2007). ; Simakov, Anisimov 2008).
Ma ka manaʻo maʻamau, hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o kēia manawa o nā pae hope o ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala kumu, elite a me ka hoʻohua hou ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 8.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho hou o ka hana hua i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻikuhi, ʻo ia nā ʻekolu o kāna mau papa hana o nā pae holomua o ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala kumu, elite a me reproduction ua hoʻopili ʻia e nā loulou pololei. Wehe kēia i nā manawa kūpono hou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano ʻoi loa o ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā hui āpau e komo ana, me nā hui ʻepekema kūikawā a me nā hale ʻoihana.
I nā kūlana hou, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomohala hou i ka hana ʻuala nui me ka ʻole o kahi ʻōnaehana paʻa no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai ulu ulu, nā ʻoihana mahiʻai (mahiʻai) a me nā ʻoihana pilikino me nā hua kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā papa elite a me nā reproductions kiʻekiʻe. Ma kēia manaʻo, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka hana a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala hua mua a me ka elite e lilo i mea nui i mea nui no ka hoʻokele paʻa a me ka pono o ka ʻoihana ʻuala.
ʻO ke kūlana o kēia manawa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hiki o nā ʻano ʻuala home e koi i ka hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana kūpono e hoʻololi i ke kumu waiwai a me ka ʻenehana o ka hana hua ʻuala a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pono kūpono no ke koho ʻana a me nā kikowaena hana hua e lilo i kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana ʻuala ma Rūsia. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā papahana ʻepekema a me nā ʻenehana (KSTP) i loko o ke ʻano o ka Subprogram "Hoʻomohala i ke koho ʻana a me ka hana hua o nā ʻuala" o ka Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture no 2017- He mea nui ka 2030. ʻO ka hoʻokō kūleʻa ʻana i nā hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi ma kēia wahi i ka wā e hiki mai ana e kōkua nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana, e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ʻuala paʻa, e hana ana i nā ʻōnaehana logistic hou no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā ʻano maikaʻi loa mai nā mea hoʻokumu Lūkini i ka mākeke, e hōʻemi ana i ka hilinaʻi lawe mai a e hōʻoia ana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai ma Rusia.