ʻO ka ʻoiai ko mākou ʻāina i waena o nā alakaʻi o ka honua i ka hoʻoili palaoa ʻana he mea kaulana ia. A ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻolako mākou i nā ʻāina ʻē he ʻumikūmālua me kā mākou ʻaila pua puaʻa ʻaʻole ia he nūhou. Hāʻawi mākou i ka pipi i nā mākeke haole. Akā eia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua haki ʻo Lūkia i ka mākeke kūwaho me kāna ... chips! - kahi mea i manaʻo ʻole ʻia.
Hoʻopilikia. Akā makemake wau
"Kuhi ʻole ʻia, akā hoʻokō ʻia," - i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka poʻe loea o ka ʻoihana kūʻai ʻo Roif Expert, nāna i aʻo i ka mākeke no nā ʻāpana ʻuala. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo lākou, ʻaʻole i hiki aku kā mākou ʻāpana i kahi mamao loa i nā ʻāina ʻē, akā ʻo Kazakhstan, Belarus, Azerbaijan a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka USSR mua loa i pili iā lākou. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, hoʻokūkū nā mea kālepa, i nā makahiki ʻekolu i hala aku nei, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka hana ʻana i nā pīpī ma mua o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ikaika o ka ʻai home. A ʻo kēia ʻokoʻa i hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka lawe aku ma kahi o 10% i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ka makahiki i hala aku nei, ua aneane ia ma kahi o 20% o ka nui o ka loaʻa o ka hana ma ka'āina. I nā ʻōlelo waiwai, he 75 miliona US kālā. Ma ka kaulike: lawe ʻia mai nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i loko o Lūkia. Akā inā, no ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 2015, ua like like ka nui o nā import
Ma kēia, hiki i ka ledger me nā hopena o ke ao holoʻokoʻa ke waiho ʻia. A e nānā pono i ke ʻano o ke kūlana o kēia manawa, i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe kalepa o ka loulou kalepa - ka poʻe e alualu pololei i nā neʻe ʻana o nā mea kūʻai aku i nā hale kūʻai. No laila, ua hoʻololi ʻia i ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana o nā meaʻai māmā i nā hebedoma ʻelua o ka "hoʻomaha" hoʻoikaika ʻia ma nā kūlanakauhale i aneane pālua. A ʻo nā puʻupuʻu he ʻāpana wale nō ia o ka pūʻulu huahana meaʻai māmā.
ʻO nā meaʻai māmā nā huahana no ka wikiwiki a me ka maʻalahi o ka pōloli. Kōkua pū lākou i ka hoʻolana manawa. Hoʻopili pū i ka poʻe i kēia manawa i kahi kaʻawale. ʻO kēia ka wehewehe no ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka makemake o nā mea kūʻai.
Māhele ʻia ka mākeke meaʻai māmā āpau i ʻelua, a ʻoi aku ka nui, nā hui - no nā meaʻai māmā a me nā mea ʻono. Alakaʻi ʻia ka mea mua e kā mākou ʻāpana (ʻo lākou pū ka hapa nui loa ma ka mākeke meaʻai māmā āpau - aneane 30%). Ma hope o lākou nā ʻanoʻano, nā nati; nā pahū paʻakai, mauʻu, nā kuki; iʻa, iʻa iʻa; nā sausage puhipaka, etc.
Wahi a ka ʻimi noiʻi ʻo Market Analytica, ʻo nā ʻāpana kaulana loa i waena o nā Lūkia he ʻāpanaʻono me ka tī. Makemake ʻia lākou e 36% o nā mea kūʻai. A laila i ke kaʻina e iho mai ana: nā ʻāpana me ka kirīmi kawa a me nā mea kanu (14%), kūlohelohe me ka paʻakai (12%), me nā ʻakaʻaka (10%), me ka puaʻa (8%), me ka kirīmi kawa a me nā ʻalalā (4%). 3% o nā mea kūʻai mai “mālama ʻole, aloha au i nā ʻano āpau”.
Hāʻawi nā kāne mai 18 a 50 mau makahiki i ka makemake i ka pīpī, akā i nā meaʻai māmā a pau. ʻO ka poʻe kūʻai aku hana nui ka poʻe ʻōpio mai 16 a 23 mau makahiki a me ka poʻe waena.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻai - 80% - e noʻonoʻo pono ʻole i nā pīpī a me nā meaʻai māmā paʻakai ʻē aʻe, kūʻai nō naʻe lākou. 37% pūniu i nā mea ʻai māmā ma ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule, 30% - hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia ʻelua a ʻekolu mau pule. Akā 10% ʻai i kēia huahana i kēlā me kēia lā.
Hoʻopaʻi i ka hewa
Hōʻike ka mōʻaukala o ka holomua honua i nā huahana he nui i hānau ʻia me ka pono kūpono. A pēlā me nā pahu.
... ʻO ka magnate mokuahi, ka mea nona ka moku nui ma ka Honua Hou, ʻo Cornelius Vanderbilt, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kāna ʻano capricious. I ka manawa i noho ʻo ia ma ka hōkele ʻoi loa ma ke kaona hoʻoneʻe o Saratoga Springs a ua kono ʻia i kahi papaʻaina i ka ʻaina awakea.
Hāmau ka mōʻaukala e pili ana i ka mea i lawelawe pono ʻia no ka ʻaina awakea. Akā i loko o nā pena ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ka inaina o ka ʻuala i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ka miliona miliona. ʻO ia, ʻike ʻoe, ʻokiʻoki loa ʻia. Ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ke pā i ka lumi kuke, lawe ʻia kahi mea hou. Ua like ka hopena: fi, nui! .. A ʻo ke kolu o ka manawa - ka mea like ...
Ua hoʻomāinoino ʻia ke koki pōʻino ʻo George Crum e wili i ka ʻuala. A i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka pā no ka hā o ka manawa, me ka hoʻonāukiuki, ʻokiʻoki ʻo ia i nā paipū i nā ʻāpana maikaʻi loa. A laila palai ʻo ia iā lākou i ka ʻaila a hiki i ka momona. Ma hope, ua ʻae ʻo ia he hoʻonāukiuki - ʻoiai he gaggle fussy.
Hoka ka hoʻonāukiuki. Ua hauʻoli ʻo Vanderbilt me ka pā hou. A ua kauoha wau i nā ʻāpana uala (i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania - ʻāpana) i nā manawa a pau aʻu i noho ai i ka hōkele. Ua kapa ʻia ka ipu hou "Chips Saratoga" a lilo i inoa inoa.
Ua hiki ia ma 1853. A wehe koke ʻo Krum i kāna haleʻaina ponoʻī. Eia nō kekahi, ʻaʻole i kūʻai ʻia nā pōpoki i loko; ua hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi wale i ka palaoa i ka papa ʻaina. Ua lilo ka pāʻaina i mea kaulana i waena o ka poʻeʻAmelika ʻAmelika a i komo i ka papa o nā hale ʻaina o ka upscale i United States.
ʻEkolu wale nō mau makahiki ma hope aku, hele aku ka kripili i ke alanui. I ke kanakolu o nā makahiki ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 20 o ka makahiki hope, ua kipa ʻo ia i ka palena o ʻAmelika a hele aku "i ka honua."
Ua puka ʻia nā Chip ma ka Soviet Union ma 1963. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana ma Moscow ma ka hui ʻo Mospischekombinat No. 1. Ua kapa ʻia ka huahana ʻo "Crispy Potato (ma loko.) Moscow ". Ua hoʻoulu ʻia ia i loko o nā ʻeke he 50 grama a ma ke kumukūʻai o 10 keneta. Ma ka'āina, ʻo ia ma nā kūlanakauhale nui kaiāulu, ʻaʻohe mea ʻano like. No laila, he ʻeke pōkole maʻa mau ʻo Moscow i kahi hōkele kūleʻa a Moscow. E ʻae loa i ka buttery.
ʻAʻole i hiki i ka manaʻo ke hoʻomanaʻo wau i ka aila. I kēia manawa ua hana kekahi o nā ʻoihana iā Moscow Potato, e hoʻopili ana i kēlā ʻano Soviet kahiko, akā ke hana nei i kekahi mau hoʻoponopono i ke kaʻina hana ʻenehana. Hoʻopakele kēia i ka huahana hope loa mai ka aila keu.
A ʻo ka pili mua o Rūsia me nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia e nā haole i kū i ka waena waena o 1990. Pono mākou e ʻae: ʻo ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa, mai ka liʻiliʻi a ka nui, ua kau ʻia ma luna o lākou. ʻOiai ʻo ka hopena o nā hopena o ka noiʻi ʻepekema ua ʻike ʻia, ka mea i ʻike i kēia huahana he meaʻai maikaʻi ʻole (ʻai ʻōpala - "ʻōpala ʻōpala").
Koti kūikawā
ʻO ke ala kuʻuna o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pīpī, e like me ke kenekulia a me ka hapa i hala aku nei, e hoʻomoʻa i nā ʻuala maka. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻololi pinepine ʻia me nā mea i hoʻomoʻa ʻia. I kekahi hihia, he mea nui ka maikaʻi o nā mea maka, no ka mea ʻaʻole kūpono nā uala papa maʻamau no nā ʻāpana.
Ua hoʻomohala nā mea hoʻohua i nā ʻano o nā ʻāpana ʻuala kūikawā. Pono ka paipū o kāna mau kūmū, me kahi pālahalaha a me ka puni. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā koi koi e kahakaha ʻia e pono ai kona mau maka - pāpaʻu, e hoʻonui ai i ke kaʻina hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Pono e hoʻokaʻawale ka mea hoʻohui kemika: ʻemi kō kō haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻike paʻapaʻa kiʻekiʻe.
I nā makahiki i hala aku nei a me ka hapa, ua loaʻa wale nā ʻano hou a me nā ʻano pōmaikaʻi o nā haole wale nō, akā ua kū pū ʻia nā koho ʻē aʻe. A ma lalo o ke kanu i nā pōpoki kaliki ma Lūkia i kēia manawa i kahi ākea. No laila e noʻonoʻo pinepine ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā huahana huaʻai hou ma mua o ka noi ʻana mai ia mea mai nā hana hoʻoili. A laila hele i ka pīkī ʻuala i ka hale kūʻai ma luna o kahi pā me ka lumi ʻaina.
Ma nā kūlana o ka hapanui o nā mea hana, ʻaʻole pono e hāʻawi ka ʻaila kālua i kahi ʻala i ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia. No laila, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka niu a me ka ʻaila soybean. No nā pīpī uku - ʻoliva. Ma hope o ka palai ʻana, hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā ʻāpana, paʻakai, kāpīpī ʻia a paʻa.
ʻO kahi hana hana ʻē aʻe ke kānana. Mai ka palaoa ʻuala, i hoʻowali ʻia me ka palaoa cereal, starch, paʻakai, hana ʻia nā pā lahilahi - pālahalaha a i ʻole kāwili ʻia, palai lākou. I ka manawa like, nalowale koke ka ʻono o ka uala palai, no laila hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā ʻono i loko o ia mau ʻāpana. A no laila ʻaʻole e nalo nā "ʻala" ma nā wahi a pau, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka monosodium glutamate - ka mea hoʻonui ʻono kaulana a kaulana hoʻi o ka honua.
ʻO kahi hana hana ʻē aʻe he puʻupuʻu puffed. Hana ʻia lākou "ma starch". Akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kona ʻono. A ʻoi aku nā mea hoʻohui i koi ʻia e ʻono i kēia mau ʻāpana. Ma ʻEulopa, makemake lākou i kēia ʻano kikoʻī. Ma Lūkia, eia nō naʻe ke waiho nei kēlā mau ʻāpana i ka palena o ka nānā ʻana o ka mea kūʻai. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻāpana ke lilo lākou i mea ʻaneʻane i kēlā me kēia lā. Pili ka hilinaʻi iā lākou i ka narcotic - ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia e nā ʻepekema Kelemania. Akā ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻike e pili ana i ka pehea e "hoʻopau i ka lolo" mai ka ʻai ʻole i kaohi ʻole o ka ʻai ʻole.