Wahi a FAO (2011), ʻo ka ʻai honua o kaʻuala a me nā huahana uala ma kēlā me kēia capita ma kahi o 35 kg i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoiai ka awelika no ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa o ʻEulopa he 85 kg per capita. a ma Rūsia - 90 kg no kēlā me kēia kanaka.
ʻO Boris Anisimov, kākāʻōlelo no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā papahana ʻepekema a me nā papahana aʻo - poʻo o ka Center Educational o FGBNU VNIIKH
I ka Russian Federation, ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o kaʻuala i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea ʻai i manaʻo ʻia ma 13-14 miliona mau tona. No ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hohonu ʻana i nā huahana ʻuala (french fries, chips, dry dry mashed potato), ma kahi o 1 miliona mau tona i lilo. ʻO ka pono no nā ʻuala hua no nā waeʻano o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai (AHO), nā mahiʻai mahiʻai (PFHs) a me nā mea kalepa pākahi (IE) me kahi huina kanu kanu ma kahi o 300 tausani heka i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o 1 miliona mau tona. He paʻakikī loa e koho i nā nui maoli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kaʻuala no nā ʻanoʻano a no nā hānai holoholona i ka mahele o nā home o ka lehulehu, ʻoiai ʻo ka helu i manaʻo ʻia ma aneʻi he 5-6 miliona mau tona. ʻO nā poho i ka wā e waiho ana i nā mahiʻai o nā mahele āpau hiki ke koho ʻia ma 1,5 miliona mau tona, nā lako hoʻolilo - 150-200 tausani tona.
No laila, ma Rūsia, ʻo ka pae o ka lako me nā ʻuala i hana ʻia i ka home ma kahi o 22 miliona mau tona. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana o kēia pae e pili ana i ka deficit o ke kaulike nui o nā ʻuala i hiki ke kūʻai ʻia, a, no laila, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahele o nā lawe mai. ʻO ka mahele i manaʻo ʻia o nā lawe mai i ka nui o ka nui o kaʻuala i hoʻopau ʻia i koho ʻia ma 300-350 tausani tona. ʻO kēia ka wanaʻao nui, "ʻōpio", kahi i koi nui ʻia a hoʻonui i nā kūʻai aku i nā kaulahao kūʻai aku i ke kau, ke hoʻopau ʻia ke ola o nā mea kanu o ka makahiki i hala (i Mei), a ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lawe ʻana i ke kālepa, noho mau kaʻuala uala o ka hua hou ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻelua mau mahina hou.
Makemake nui ka mea kūʻai hou i ke kūʻai ʻana i kaʻuala me nā kūpuna maikaʻi, nā helehelena maikaʻi a, ma ke ʻano he ʻili lahilahi. I ka manawa like, ke kinona a me ka nui o nā tubers, ka hohonu o nā maka, ke kala o ka peel a me ka pulp, ka ʻole o nā kīnā kūwaho a kūloko hoʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e kekahi ʻano i ka ulu lua (overgrowth), ke kūkulu ʻana i nā māwae ulu, hollowness, hoʻololi i ke kala o ka pulp (discoloration) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he mea nui. nā kīnā kūloko i hiki ke ala aʻe i loko o nā tubers ma muli o nā ʻano kūlohelohe a me nā ʻano kai i loko o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ulu a i ʻole nā ʻino mechanical, keu hoʻi i ka ʻohi ʻana, ka lawe ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.
ʻO ke kinona o nā tubers o nā ʻano papaʻaina hiki ke ʻokoʻa mai ke kaʻapuni a i ka elongated, ʻo ka nui maʻamau no ke anawaena transverse nui loa he 40-60 mm, ʻo ka hohonu o nā maka mai ka liʻiliʻi a i ka waena, ke kala o ka ʻili mai keʻokeʻo a i ka ʻulaʻula, keʻokeʻo ke kala o ka ʻiʻo - cream - melemele. Hoʻoholo ka paʻakikī āpau o kēia mau hōʻailona i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kūʻai mai o ka pākaukau pākaukau a me nā hiki o kā lākou hoʻohana i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pā like ʻole a hoʻoholo pinepine i ka kaulana o nā ʻano a me ke koi no lākou ma ka mākeke kūloko o ka uala ware, ʻoiai ke hoʻolako ʻia lākou no ke kūʻai aku i nā kaulahao kūʻai hou.
ʻO ka ʻāina hānau o kaʻuala ʻo ʻAmelika Hema, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai kēia "moʻomeheu" ma mua o 12 BC. e ma ke kapakai komohana akau o Peru. Ua lawe ʻia kaʻuala i mahi ʻia mai ʻAmelika a i ʻEulopa (Sepania) i ka makahiki 500. Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻuala mua i Rukia mai Holland e Peter I i kāna huakaʻi ʻana ma ʻEulopa. ʻO nā hoʻāʻo mua e hāʻawi i kaʻuala ma Rūsia ʻaʻole i kūleʻa pinepine ma muli o ka paʻa ʻana o nā paipu i ka wā o ka hoʻouna. No kēia kumu, i ka makahiki 1565, ua hoʻouna ke komisina lapaʻau i nā hua i Siberia, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka māla lāʻau lāʻau o St. Petersburg, no ka hāʻawi ʻana i "bourgeoisie hoihoi" a me "kūkulu hale maikaʻi". Ma Ilimsk, ua hāʻawi ka keʻena moku i 1769 g mau hua iā A. Berezovsky, nāna i mālama i nā mea ulu a loaʻa nā tubers. Wahi a V.S Lekhnovich, A. Berezovsky, me ka ʻike ʻole, i hoʻokō i ka wae uala mua ma Siberia, a ma Russia paha.
KA WAIWAI NUTRITIONAL
I kēia mau lā, ke loli nei nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka waiwai o ka uala e like me ka huahana nui o ka meaʻai kanaka, ʻo ia ka mea nui ma muli o ka ulu nui ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke ala o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waiwai o ka uala, a me ka noiʻi hohonu i ka papa o kāna mea i haku ʻia.
Ma mua o 50-100 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ko mākou ʻike o ka hoʻohui kemika o ka meaʻai a me ka waiwai physiological o kāna mau mea ponoʻī (a me nā complexes). Pono kēia mau mea āpau e noʻonoʻo i ke ana o ka manaʻo o kēia manawa o ka meaʻai kanaka, ʻaʻole wale nō e māʻona i ka manaʻo o ka pōloli, akā mai ka manaʻo o ka meaʻai olakino. Hoʻoikaika kēia ala e loiloi hou i nā mea āpau āpau i nā kōpala uala.
Hoʻoholo nui ʻia ka waiwai meaʻai o kaʻuala e ka lakio kaulike maikaʻi o nā mea momona nui i loko o nā kōpala (starch, protein, momona, vitamina, minerals, antioxidants o anthocyanin a me carotenoid ʻano a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).
I ka manawa like, i ka honua palapala ʻikepili e pili ana i ka ʻike o nā kumuwaiwai paʻa i nā kūmaka potato e loli ka nui. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke ʻano o ka biochemical o ka tubers ma muli o nā kumu he nui: ʻano like ʻole, ka lepo a me nā ʻano o ke aniau, nā mea hoʻomomona, nā ʻenehana e ulu ana, kēkelē o ka oʻo ʻana, nā aupuni mālama, a pēlā aku ka hopena o ka hopena o nā loiloi.
Ua ʻae nā loea kūwaho i loko o ke kumumanaʻo o ka Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) i ka awelika waiwai no ka ʻike o nā mea pono a me kā lākou hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole (papa 1 ma ka ʻaoʻao 22).
ʻO ka mea nui o kaʻuala i ka hānai kanaka ka mea hoʻi i ka ʻike o nā mea e like me nā wikamina, nā minelala, nā waikawaola (Papa 2).
Loaʻa i kahi kūpono kūpono no ka ʻike o ka ascorbic acid a me nā mea waiwai nui - nā antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids), hiki i nā uala ke hana i ka hana nui i ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi he nui, a ma kēia ʻano - kekahi o nā meaʻai nui i ka papaʻai olakino kanaka.
Ma ka hoʻomakaʻana o nā ʻike a me nā manaʻo hou, ʻike nui ʻia ka nui o nā ʻokoʻa o nā mea kū hoʻokahi o ka hui o nā biochemical o nā ʻuala mai ka ʻike o kahi kīlapa olakino like ʻole.
Ua lilo ia i mea nui i loko o ka paila ʻuala i loko o ka wai he nui (75% a ʻoi) a me ka hoʻohuʻu ikehu ʻo ia iho (ʻo ia hoʻi ka mānoanoa o nā meaola no 100 kcal) he haʻahaʻa. I ka uala, pili like kēia ʻano i ka papa kuhikuhi ikehu e koi ʻia ana e ke kino o ke kanaka i ke kaʻina o ka digestion a me ka assimilation o ka meaʻai. Wahi a ia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻuala i nā pono o kahi makua i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā huahana meaʻai ʻē aʻe o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona.
HUAKAI. ʻO kēia ka mea nui o kaʻuala a me kāna meaʻai nui a me ka hanohano waiwai (hoʻokele waiwai). I loko o kahi tuber hou, ma ka awelika, ʻo ka nui o ka starch ma kahi o 17,5% (fluctuation range 8,0-29%) a i ʻole 75-80% i nā mea maloʻo.
ʻAʻole hiki ke lawe ʻia e nā kānaka ke starch maka. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela (e laʻa me ka kuke ʻana), hoʻonui nui ka ʻai ʻana - a i 90% paha. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i loko o ka tract gastrointestinal o ke kanaka, hoʻopili liʻiliʻi ʻia ke starch e nā amylolytic enzymes i ka glucose, a ʻo ka hope wale nō i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pōʻaiapā metabolic o ke kino o ke kanaka.
ʻO ka starch uala i loko o ka tract gastrointestinal kanaka ʻaʻole ia i hoʻopau pono ʻia i nā sugars maʻalahi; ʻo ka ʻāpana o ia mea i komo ʻole i loko o ka puka komo i loko o ka ʻōpū nui. ʻO kēia ka "starch pale" i kapa ʻia. Wahi a nā ʻike olakino hou, he substrate waiwai nui kēia starch no ka microbiota kolona kanaka.
ʻO ka hopena pilikino o ka "starch protection" ʻo ia ka hoʻopoka ʻia ʻana e nā microflora peʻā ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kūlohelohe, a, me ke ʻano, me nā mea i kapa ʻia nā balastogen, kālai ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o nā selamene carcinogenic i ka pōʻai. He mea koʻikoʻi ka mea hope loa no ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi o kēia ʻōpū.
PROTEIN (RAW PROTEIN).
ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka protein protein i loko o kaʻuala a hiki i kahi o 2% (0,69-4,63%). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pili wale i ka nui, akā e pili ana hoʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka protein potato. ʻO ka lakio o nā amino acid pono a me nā mea ʻole i loko o ia mea nui loa (like ia me ka protein o ka kumu holoholona), no laila, noʻonoʻo ʻia ka protein potato ma ke ʻano waiwai nui, e hoʻokokoke ana i ka hana o nā hakina e ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% i ka protein o ka hua moa. ʻO ka digestibility o ka protein potato i loko o ka tract gastrointestinal kanaka ma luna o 90%. Ma waena o nā protein proteins mai nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia, ʻo ka protein potato ka waiwai biological kiʻekiʻe loa; e pili ana i ka waiwai o ka nutritional ka lua o ka protein holoholona (kaʻiʻo, ka waiū, nā hua moa). ʻIke ʻia i kēia manawa he waiwai ka protein potato i ka lysine a me ka sulfur-i loko o nā amino acid pono.
Wahi a nā meaʻai meaʻai UK, ka papaʻai o kēia manawaʻO ke kaulike kaulike kaulike o kēlā me kēia ʻano huahana he mea nui. I ka manawa like, i ka papaʻai olakino olakino, manaʻo ʻia ka lākiō maikaʻi loa ke mahele ʻia ka mahele o kaʻuala, berena a me nā huahana palaoa ʻē aʻe he 33%, nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai - 33%, ka waiū a me nā huahana waiū - 15%, kaʻiʻo, nā iʻa a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe - 12 %, nā huahana i loaʻa nā momona a me nā kō - 7%.
Loaʻa i ka protein potato 8 mai 20 mau amino amino pono. ʻO kahi ʻāpana nui o ka koi o kēlā me kēia lā no ka wikamina C e hoʻokō ʻia e kaʻuala. Ke hoʻopau nei i ka 100 g o kaʻuala, i hoʻolapalapa ʻia i ka ʻili a ʻili ʻia ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana, loaʻa i ke kino o ke kanaka he 20 g o nā pākeke, 2 g protein, 0,1 g momona a me 2 g puluniu, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia mau helu ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole.
I ka waena o ke kenekulia XVIII. Ua pālahalaha nui kaʻuala ma ʻEulopa, a i ke au o Catherine II, ua hoʻomaka lākou e ulu i Rūsia ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻāina.
Ua aʻo haʻahaʻa ka poʻe ʻEulopa e kiʻi i nā hua kaʻuala kiʻekiʻe. He mea nui loa kēia no ka poʻe mahiʻai ʻilihuna ʻāina a me nā kamaʻāina, i hiki mau, keu hoʻi i nā makahiki wīwī no nā mea kanu palaoa, hāʻawi iā lākou iho a me ko lākou mau ʻohana i ka meaʻai. No laila, ua lilo ka uala i ʻano mea e hōʻoia i ka palekana meaʻai. Ua huki ka mea kākau Lūkini nui ʻo Leo Tolstoy i kēia ʻano i kāna mau hana hoʻolaha i ka wā āna i hoʻopaʻa ai i nā kumu o ka wī ma Rūsia i ka hopena o ka XNUMX kenekulia. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ʻo kaʻuala i ka papaʻai o ka poʻe mahiʻai Lūkia i kahi nui i pani i ka berena a kōkua iā lākou e ola i nā makahiki pōloli.
Ua mālama ʻia kēia moʻomeheu i mau miliona o ke ola, ʻaʻole wale i ka wā o nā hua ʻole, akā i nā wā o ke kaua ma ʻEulopa i nā kenekulia ʻekolu i hala.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia i ka wā kahiko i ka pahū kanaka i ʻEulopa i nā kenekulia 400-XNUMX. ua pili pū me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kēlā mau makahiki kaʻai a ka poʻe ʻEulopa i ʻo XNUMX kg o kaʻuala (no hoʻokahi mākua i kēlā me kēia makahiki), a me ka lawa o ka waiū a me nā huahana waiū. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau huahana i hōʻoia i ka waiwai kūpono o ka heluna kanaka.
MAKUAHI... He mea nui ʻole ka momona o ka ʻuala, he mea nui ia i ka hoʻolālā papaʻai ke hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kīʻaha like ʻole a huki i nā meaʻai. Eia nō naʻe, waiwai nui ke ʻano o nā waikawa momona, ma muli o nā ʻāpana nui e like me nā linoleic unsaturated pāpālua (e pili ana i 50% o nā waikawa momona potato) a ʻekolu mau manawa unsaturated linolenic (ma kahi o 20%) mau waikawa.
NA MEA PALAPALA.
No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua hoʻowahāwahā ʻia nā ʻāpana mea kanu i kapa ʻia e nā mea hānai. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā mea Ballast, ʻo ka mea mua, ma ke ʻano he indigestible o nā pā o nā mea kanu e like me nā waihā (cellulose, pectins, hemicellulose, lignin), e hana ana i nā hana nui, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa loa i ke kaʻina digestive, e hoʻohuli nei i ka metabolism. He kuleana nui lākou i ka ʻai olakino. Ua hōʻoia ʻia i kēia mau mea he substrate nutrient no ka microbiota o ka ʻōpū nui o ke kanaka. ʻO kēia he "ʻōpū ʻelua" ʻoiaʻiʻo; ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā acidic acid ma ke ʻano he hopena o nā kaʻina hana microbiological i ka hopena o ke kanaka.
Lawe ʻia nā olonā kanu ʻole i kanu ʻia ma ke ʻano he adsorbent no ka wai, nā kinoea a me nā mea pono ʻole ʻē aʻe, e kōkua ana e hemo iā lākou mai ke kino. ʻOiai haʻahaʻa ka mahele o kēia mau mea i nā tubers (2,5%), kahi ʻāpana o 200 g uala e māʻona ai ma kahi o ka hapahā o ka koi o kēlā me kēia lā no kēia mau mea e pono ai ke kanaka.
MINELAL.
Loaʻa i nā tubers kaʻuala kahi nui nui o nā macro- a me nā microelement, kahi mea nui i ka metabolism. Me ka ʻai o 200 g o kaʻuala i kēlā me kēia lā, māʻona ka pono o kēlā me kēia lā: i ka potassium - e 30%, magnesium - 15-20%, phosphorus - 17%, keleawe - 15%, hao - 14%, manganese - 13%, iodine - 6% a i ka fluorine - na 3%.
VITAMINAKA... Aia i kaʻuala kahi laulā holoʻokoʻa o nā wikamina e pono ai no nā kānaka, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, akā ʻo kā lākou nui i nā tubers e pili ana i nā fluctuations nui. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi nui ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe o nā huaora C (10-20 mg / 100 g fr wt), ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ʻāpala (10 mg / 100 g fr wt). Ma ke kuke ʻana, ua nalowale ka 10-20% o kēia wikamina.
I ka 1902, ua hoʻokumu ke kauka lāʻau Kelemania a me ka hygienist M. Rubner i ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka protein potato, me ka ʻike o nā amino acid pono. Ma hope iho, ua hōʻoia mau ʻia kēia mau hopena. ʻO nā hōʻike i hoʻohiwahiwa loa ʻia i kā lākou makemake i hāʻawi ʻia i ka makahiki 1965 e nā kālaihonua Kelemania ʻo E. Kofrani a me F. Dzhekat, ka mea i ʻike he like ka ʻuala a me ka hua moa i ka maikaʻi o ka protein, a ua hōʻoia ʻia kā lākou mau hoʻokolohua kaulike i ka nui o ke koina o ka protein i loko o ka papaʻai kahi hui ʻana o kaʻuala a me ka nui o ka hua manu (lākiō 65:35, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi hui o 500 g o kaʻuala me hoʻokahi hua manu). Ua haʻi ka mea noiʻi Pelekane ʻo A. Jones i ka nui o ka protein i loko o nā ipu uala ma muli o ke ʻano o kā lākou hoʻomākaukau: i kaʻuala i hoʻolapalapa ʻia - 1,5%, i palai - 2,8%, i palai - 3,8%, a i palai uala palai - a hiki i 6%.
Me ka ʻai o 300 g o kaʻuala i kēlā me kēia lā, hiki iā ʻoe ke māʻona i nā koi o kēlā me kēia lā: no ka wikamina C e 70%, B6 - e 36%, B1 - e 20%, pantothenic acid - e 16%, i B2 - e 8%.
ANTHOCYANS AND CAROTENOID.
I ka mālamalama o nā manaʻo hou e pili ana i ka hana o ka papaʻai meaʻai i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ola o nā kānaka, manaʻo ʻia ʻo kaʻuala ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kanu nui me ka hiki ke loaʻa i ka maʻi o nā antioxidants, nā anthocyanins a me nā carotenoids, ka mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka ʻōnaehana pale pale kanaka.
I ka uala, kuleana kēia mau flavonoids i ka polū, poni, ʻulaʻula, ʻalani, a me ke kala melemele ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka ʻili a me ka ʻiʻo o nā paipu. ʻO kēia mau pigment i waiwai nui ma ke ʻano he kumuwaiwai o nā antioxidant ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā radical oxygen i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka. Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻia i kēia manawa nā papaʻai waiwai i nā antioxidant e kōkua ai i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka atherosclerosis, kekahi ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai, nā loli pili i ka makahiki i ka pigmentation o ka ʻili, cataract, etc.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā loiloi hoʻohālikelike e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻano me ka melemele melemele, ʻalani, ʻulaʻula a me ka pulp poni i nā ʻano me nā pulp keʻokeʻo o nā tubers e pili ana i ka ʻike o anthocyanins a me carotenoids (Papa 3).
ʻO ka pae o ka fluctuations i loko o nā kiko o nā anthocyanins i loko o nā pua pigment he ma ka pae o 9,5-37,8 mg ma 100 g o ka nui o ka paona o ka puna. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo no ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona ma kēia kuhikuhi e hiki ai ke waiho i nā ʻuala me ka pulpula i waiho ʻia ma ka pā me ka nui o nā mea kanu hua like me ka broccoli, ke kīwī ʻulaʻula a me ka spinach, i ʻike ʻia no kā lākou waiwai antioxidant. ʻO nā kulu me ka ʻiole melemele ua lilo nui ia i kaulana ma nā ʻāina he nui o ka honua ma muli o ka ʻike nui o nā carotenoids.
Hoʻoikaika nā haʻawina hou i ka hiki ke hoʻonui hou i kēia mau ʻōuli e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano me ka hua melemele, ʻulaʻula a me nā puliki ʻulaʻula, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā carotenoids (500-800 mg no 100 g o ka paona wai). ʻOiai ka pōpilikia kūwaho loa o ke koho ʻana i kēia kuhikuhi hiki i ke koʻikoʻi nui i ka meaʻaiʻai a nā kānaka a hāʻawi i kahi impetus hou i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hoʻomohala huaʻai ma ke ʻano he mea nui o ka honua nui.
I ka manawa pōkole, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i kēlā e loaʻa i nā ʻano me ka ʻalani melemele, ʻalani, ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻulaʻula i ka kaulana, a e hoʻonui ʻia kā lākou hāʻawi i ka papaʻai kanaka.
No laila, ke loiloi nei i ka hana o kaʻuala i ka meaʻai o nā kānaka o kēia au, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia me ka ʻole o ka nui ʻana o ka ʻuala kaʻuala ʻaʻole wale ka meaʻai, akā ʻo ka lāʻau hoʻi. Mālama maikaʻi ʻia a lawe ʻia lākou, hiki ʻole lākou i nā mea āpau, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā papa protein ponoʻī, i nā papaʻai kahi e pono ai e hōʻemi i ka waikawa, etc.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole poina mākou e lilo i ka ʻohana i ka ʻohana nighthade, i hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻike o kekahi mau alkaloid e pili kino i ka olakino o ke kanaka. ʻO ka potitis kekahi ka nitrates, nā metala kaumaha a me ka acrylamide. Pono kēia mau mea āpau e noʻonoʻo i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka ʻuala ʻohi no ka meaʻai.
ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau o kaʻuala i kaulana loa. Hope loa ma hope ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kaʻuala i ʻEulopa i nalo i nā maʻi wīwī o ka scurvy. Hoʻohana ʻia ka wai uala maka e mālama i ka maʻi kōpū a me ka ulia duodenal. ʻO kaʻuala i waena o nā huahana papaʻai no nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi puʻuwai a me ka maʻi puʻuwai. Ua loaʻa kahi agena hoʻoikaika kino i nā pua a me nā kūpe o kaʻuala.
ʻO ke kōmato glycoalkaloid i loko o kaʻuala kahi hana antibiotic e kūʻē i kekahi fungi pathogenic a me nā koʻohune, a hana antihistamine, ka mea nui i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi āpau.
I ka lāʻau lāhui, hoʻopili ʻia kaʻuala uala i nā wahi i loli ʻia no ke ahi, eczema a me nā maʻi ʻili ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ka inhalation o ka uala e mālama ai i ka catarrh respiratory respiratory tract.
NITRATE... E like me kou ʻike, loaʻa i nā tubers kaʻuala kahi liʻiliʻi o nā nitrates. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻiliʻili ka ʻepekema i ka nui o ka ʻikepili e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻana o ka nitrate dietary i mea maikaʻi i ke olakino kanaka. I loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, haki nā nitrates i nā nitrites, a ʻo ka mea hope loa e hoʻopau i ka lua o ka waha a me nā ʻōpū o ka gastrointestinal.
Eia nō naʻe, hana kēia me kahi ʻike nitrate kaulike. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā nitrates i kaʻuala. Aia ia i nā kumu he nui: nā ʻano like ʻole, ke anilā a me nā kūlana lepo o ka mahi ʻana, nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻomomona, nā ʻano mālama, a pēlā aku. Hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻike o nā nitrates i kaʻuala i ka wā o ka paila ʻana, ka ʻili ʻana, a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻoihana (palai, hoʻomaloʻo, ʻāpana).
SOLANIN... I nā ʻāpana āpau o ka mea kanu ʻuala, incl. Aia i loko o ka tubers ka lāʻau make steroid glycoalkaloid solanine, ʻo ia hoʻi ka a-solanine a me ka-hacoin. Akā haʻahaʻa ka manaʻo o kēia alkaloid: 2-60 mg / kg o ka nui o kaʻuala. ʻO ka noʻonoʻo Solanine ma ka pae o 300-500 mg no 1 kg i manaʻo ʻia he weliweli no ke olakino kanaka. ʻOiai he mea nui ka solanine no ka mea kanu ponoʻī ma ke ʻano pale ʻana mai nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, pili nui ia i ka ihi. ʻOkoʻa ka pae pae i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. I ka mālama ʻana a me ka hōʻino ʻana i nā tubers, hoʻonui iki ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka solanine. Akā pono e makaʻala kekahi i nā tubers i ʻōmaʻomaʻo a kupu i ka pouli. ʻO ka paʻa o ka solanine i loko o lākou e lilo i mea weliweli i ke olakino kanaka. E noʻonoʻo pono ʻaʻole e luku ʻia ka solanine i ka wā kuke.
ENZYME (enzyme) INHIBITORS - E like me ka solanine, mālama lākou i ka palekana no ka wai o ka pālo. No nā kāne, ʻaʻole lākou pōʻino, no ka mea ua maʻalahi e luku ʻia e ka ʻike ʻana i ke kauwela.
MEA MEA WAIWAI... ʻO nā mea olakino olakino mai cadmium a me kēpau. Eia naʻe, ʻo kā lākou ʻike i loko o kaʻuala he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ia ma mua o nā paepae no nā ʻae i ʻae ʻia. I ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻemi ʻia ke alakaʻi o kaʻuala e 80-90%, cadmium - na 20%. I ka wā kuke ʻana, hoʻemi ʻia ka pae cadmium e 25-30% hou aʻe; ʻaʻole i loli ka ʻikepili kēpau i ka wā kuke ʻana.
ACRYLAMIDE i nā huahana ʻuala i hana ʻia mai nā amino acid manuahi a mai nā sugars maʻalahi (glucose, fructose) i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela (ma luna + 1200С) me kahi haʻahaʻa wai haʻahaʻa. Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka mahana i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i nā kūmaka uala, piʻi ka nui o ka acrylamide.
Hoʻomaopopo nā mea hoʻonohonoho i kēia, a no laila e hoʻokō i nā blanching hou a hoʻopili i nā ʻano ʻenehana ʻē aʻe e hōʻemi i ka ʻike acrylamide i ka huahana ʻuala hope loa (chips, french fries).
Ma waena o nā ʻano papa ʻaina koʻikoʻi e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻano culinary o nā ʻano ʻuala, ke kēkelē o ka digestibility, pulp density, mealy and wateriness of tubers ka mea nui. Wahi a kēia mau palena, mahele ʻia nā ʻano ʻuala 4 ʻano kuke kuke: mai ka saladi kuke ʻole (ʻano kuke A) i nā kuke a me nā ʻano crumbly hou (B, C, D), i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kīʻaha potato kikoʻī.
ʻAno A - nāʻuala saladi, ʻaʻole i hoʻolapalapa ʻia, paila mau nā kūmū i ka wā kuke ʻana, ua mānoanoa ka pulp, ʻaʻole mealy, ʻaʻole wai.
ʻAno B - hoʻolapalapa ʻia me ka palupalu, kūpona ka pulp, mealy liʻiliʻi, wai iki. Piha holoʻokoʻa nā paipu, ʻoluʻolu i ka ʻono. He maʻalahi ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meaʻai homemade no ka hana ʻana i nā kopa a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao (i hoʻolapalapa ʻia i ka wai a i hoʻomohu ʻia paha, i hoʻolapalapa ʻia a hoʻomoʻa ʻia i kahi peel, puree homemade a i ʻole nā french fries, a pēlā aku.).
ʻAno C - hoʻolapalapa maikaʻi, ʻo ka pulp he mealy maʻalahi, palupalu (palupalu), maloʻo, haki ka tuber, akā ʻaʻole i wāwahi ʻia i ka wā o ka kuke ʻana. Hoʻohana mua ʻia i ka ʻoihana meaʻai.
ʻAno D - paila paʻakikī loa kaʻuala, mealy loa, ʻaʻole wai a hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana i kaʻuala i kāwili ʻia a me ka hana ʻana i starch.
ʻO kekahi helu nui o nā ʻano hua kanu e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano waena ma waena o nā ʻano kulina ʻelua (AB a me BC). Ma kēia hihia, hōʻike ka leka mua i ke ʻano o ka papa ʻaina.