ʻO ka hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā iniseti e hoʻopau i nā mea ʻino ma nā māla mahiʻai i nā makahiki he mau makahiki ma ko mākou ʻāina. I nā kūlana i ka emi ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā huahana mālama lāʻau kemika a ke ulu nei ka noi no nā huahana pili i ke kaiapuni, loaʻa ka kaulana o nā huahana pale mea kanu.
He makana mai ke ʻano
Hiki ke unuhi ʻia ka inoa "entomophages" ma ke ʻano he mea ʻai pepeke. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ko lākou ola ʻana e hoʻomanaʻo mai iā mākou ua mālama ke ʻano i ke kaulike i loko o ke kaiaola, me ka mālama ʻana i nā helu o kekahi mau mea ola e kekahi. A hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻohana pono i nā manawa kūpono
"Ke piʻi nui nei nā huahana mālama lāʻau olaola i kēlā me kēia makahiki," wahi a ka entophytopathologist nui o ka lālā Kabardino-Balkarian o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" Tatiana Kisheva.– No ka lehulehu, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana mahiʻai a hōʻino i ke kaiapuni.
"Hoʻopau ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā entomophages i ka mālama ʻana i nā pesticide a i ʻole e hōʻemi i ko lākou alapine," wahi a ke poʻo o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua o ka mālama lāʻau olaola o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) Natalia Belyakova. "Eia kekahi, hiki i kēia biomethod ke hiki i ka poʻe mahiʻai ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ke kū'ē ʻana, i ka wā e pale ʻia ai nā ʻano mea ʻino i nā huahana pale mea kanu kemika.
Ma Rūsia, ʻo nā mea hana nui o nā entomophages nā lālā o ka Russian Agricultural Center ma ka Teritori Stavropol, nā Belgorod a me Rostov māhele, nā repubalika o Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia a me North Ossetia-Alania.
"I loko o kā mākou hale hana, kekahi o nā mea nui loa ma ka ʻāina, ua hana ʻia nā entomophages no 39 mau makahiki," wahi a ke poʻo o ka hale hoʻāʻo ʻo Shpakovskaya o ka lālā o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" ma ka Teritori Stavropol. ʻO Vladimir Sugak. - ʻO ka Trichogramma eʻai hua manu a me ka ʻano anuhe Gabrobracon nā ʻano nui o nā ecoparasites i hoʻolako ʻia no nā pono mahiʻai.
"Ke hoʻomohala nei mākou i ʻelima ʻano o nā iniseti e hoʻopau i nā meaʻai mahiʻai," wahi a ke poʻo o ka lālā o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" ma ka Repubalika o Tatarstan. Vitaly Novickov. - ʻO kēia mau mea ka polyphagous predator o ka lacewing, ka podisus bug, ka mea hoʻohiwahiwa o ka Colorado potato beetle, a me ka macrolophus bug, kahi mea ʻaihue o nā nalo keʻokeʻo.
Loaʻa ka hapa nui o kēia huahana i kā mākou mākeke mai nā ʻāina ʻē, kahi i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai nā huahana pale mea kanu olaola, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
"Hoʻopuka mākou i nā entomophages mai Italia, Netherlands, Uzbekistan a me Kazakhstan," wahi a ka luna nui o Fly and See Agro LLC. ʻO Vasily Ptitsyn. - Ua hoʻohana maikaʻi nā mea kūʻai aku o kā mākou hui iā lākou no ka hakakā ʻana i nā pests lepidopteran, me nā ʻokiʻoki, nā moths, nā moths, nā moths a me nā kakini ʻē aʻe.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka "hunt"
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka entomophage i loko o ke kula ma ke ʻano o ka hua manu, ka pupa a i ʻole nā iniseti makua. Hoʻonoho hou ʻia nā predators a me ecoparasites me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻenehana kūikawā, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano loea a i ʻole ma ka hoʻokuʻu lima.
"Loaʻa i ka wahine habrobracon ka anuhe o ka pest insect a hoʻopau iā ia ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi mea make, a laila waiho i nā hua he 45 ma luna o kona kino," wahi a ka loea nui o ka lālā Belgorod o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" ʻO Valentina Bychkova.– ʻO ka larvae o ka parasite, i ka wā e ulu ana, e hānai i ka hemolymph o ka anuhe, a ma hope o 9-14 mau lā e koe wale nō ka integument o waho.
He hana maʻamau ia no nā ipu me nā enuhe millery moth i hoʻopili ʻia e habrobracon e kau ʻia ma luna o nā mea kanu i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka pest. I ka paʻa ʻana o ka entomophage, pālahalaha koke ia, e ʻimi ikaika ana i kahi mea hoʻokipa, a hoʻololi i nā kūlana a puni.
ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi loa, a hiki i ka 92 pakeneka, hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana o habrobracon a me trichogramma. ʻO ka maʻamau he 300-500 mau kānaka entomophagous i kēlā me kēia ʻeka o ka ʻāina ua lawa.
"Hoʻoulu ʻia nā larvae Trichogramma ma ka hānai ʻana i nā mea i loko o ka hua manu pest," hoʻomau ka loea. - Hoʻomoe ka wahine entomophage ma kahi o ʻehā mau hua i kēlā me kēia manawa, a i ka manawa hiki i ko lākou helu ke hiki i 50. ʻO kēia ke alakaʻi i ka make o ka pest egg i ka wā mua o ka ulu ʻana, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka manawa e hōʻino ai i ka mea kanu. .
Hoʻopuehu ʻia ʻo Trichogramma ma luna o nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻomau ʻia paha, e pili ana i ke komo ʻana o nā mokulele a me nā kaʻa lewa ʻole.
"Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā entomophages i kā mākou ʻāina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi drone me kahi dispenser i hoʻolālā ʻia e nā loea o ka lālā," wehewehe ʻo ia. Vitaly Novickov. - Hoʻoponopono ka dispenser i ke kahe, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomalu i ka wikiwiki, kūlike a me ka nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka biomaterial, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka pololei o ka hana.
"Hoʻokumu pū mākou i nā mea hana kūikawā i kau ʻia ma luna o nā drones a ʻae i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā entomophages o nā ʻano i makemake ʻia i nā dosages i koi ʻia," wahi a. ʻO Vasily Ptitsyn. - ʻO kahi drone i hoʻolako ʻia i kēia ala e hana ai a hiki i 15 mau ʻeka o nā mahina ʻai i 20 mau minuke o ka lele, a i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana a hiki i ka 500-700 mau ʻeka.
ʻO ka ʻuala i ka wā e hiki mai ana
I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole laina nā mea kanu ʻuala Lūkini no nā entomophages. Akā ke hoʻomaka nei nā mahiʻai kiʻekiʻe loa e hoʻohana iā lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa i nā huahana pale mea kanu kemika.
"Loaʻa iā mākou kahi ʻike kūʻokoʻa e hana ana me nā hua ʻuala ʻaʻohe virus i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka biomethod e kūʻē i nā aphids," i ʻōlelo ai. Natalia Belyakova. - Ua kau ʻia nā koi kiʻekiʻe loa i ka pale ʻana i kahi hua meristem, no ka mea, lawa ka ʻai ʻana o ka aphid e hoʻopili i ka mea kanu me kahi maʻi. ʻO nā Entomophages, kahi hana hulina kiʻekiʻe a hiki iā ia ke ʻimi i nā mea hoʻohālikelike hoʻokahi, hoʻokō pono i kā lākou hana.
"ʻO ka ʻuala kahi hua hoʻohiki no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā entomophages," wahi a ʻO Vasily Ptitsyn. – ʻO ka moth potato a me Colorado potato beetle ka pilikia nui loa no nā mea hana, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā entomophage i nā mea ʻino ʻelua. Ke hana nei kā mākou hui i kahi papahana e pale i nā mea kanu mai ka pīkī potato Colorado. Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua kūleʻa ma ka hema o Rūsia i ke kauwela i hala. Eia naʻe, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ka poʻe mahiʻai ʻaʻole e hōʻoiaʻiʻo kēia ʻano hana i hoʻokahi haneli pakeneka hopena. He mea ʻai ka pest no ka entomophage, a inā e luku loa ʻia, e make ka insect pono i ka pōloli. ʻO kahi hapa o ka ʻohi e pono e mōhai ʻia no ka pono o ka pipi hoʻokahi, akā hiki ke kūʻai ʻia nā huahana kūlohelohe i ka mākeke i nā manawa he nui ke kumu kūʻai.
ʻAʻohe mea e kāhea ana i ka poʻe mahiʻai e haʻalele koke i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana pale mea kanu maʻamau. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolauna i ka biomethod e hōʻoia pono i kona pono.
"Hoʻopili maikaʻi nā Entomophages me nā fungicides olaola a me nā herbicides," i ʻōlelo ai Vitaly Novickov.–He 1-2 mau lā ka wā ma waena o ka mālama ʻana me nā huahana olaola a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā iniseti. A hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana pale mea kanu kemika, e pili ana i ka mea ikaika, i kekahi mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā entomophages a i ʻole he pule ma hope o kēlā.
"Hiki ke hoʻohana like me nā insecticides," i hōʻoia ai Natalia Belyakova. "Akā, pono e koho i nā entomophages i ke ʻano e ola ai lākou i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana. Hoʻoulu maʻalahi nā ʻōpala i nā lāʻau pesticides, a ma hope o nā hanauna he ʻumi e loaʻa iā mākou kahi laina o nā entomophages e kūpono me ka "chemistry".
ʻO nā pepeke paʻakikī
I ka nānā muaʻana,ʻaʻohe mea paʻakikī i ka hanaʻana me nā'ōpala liʻiliʻi e hakakā i nā meaʻeha ma ke kula. Akā, he hoʻopunipuni kēia manaʻo.
"Hoʻoulu ʻia nā entomophages i nā hale hana kūikawā wale nō, e hana ana i nā kūlana no lākou e pili kokoke ana i ke kūlohelohe," i ʻōlelo ai. ʻO Vladimir Sugak. - He pipiʻi kēia, paʻakikī, ka hapa nui o ka hana lima, e koi ana i ka ʻike kūikawā a me nā mākau.
"No ka loaʻa ʻana o nā entomophages, pono ka mea mahiʻai e mālama i ke kūʻai ʻana iā lākou ma mua," wahi a ka mea mahiʻai ʻO Valentina Bychkova.- No laila, hoʻounaʻia nā noi i nā lālā o ka Russian Agricultural Center no ka hanaʻana i nā'ōpala i mau mahina ma mua o ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka wā mahiʻai.
"No ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā entomophages," wahi a Vitaly Novickov, - pono nā noiʻi o nā mea kanu i mea e ʻike ai i ka pest - ka pūʻali o kahi entomophage, e hoʻoholo i nā pae o kona ulu ʻana a me ka nui. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, nānā nā agronomists o ka lālā i ka ʻāina mahiʻai a hana i nā phytomaps no nā mea ʻino. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻike i loko o ka papahana AgroExpert, hoʻomohala a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e mākou, ʻo ka ʻikepili e hiki ai i nā mea hana ke hana i nā hana pale i ka manawa kūpono.
"ʻO ke ʻano olaola o ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu he hanana ʻike nui loa e pono ai ka hoʻomākaukau kūikawā," ua maopopo iaʻu Natalia Belyakova. - I kēia lā, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā loea maikaʻi ma ke Keʻena ʻo Plant Protection o St. Petersburg Agrarian University. Loaʻa kāna mau haumāna i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūpono ma kā mākou institute, mahalo i kā lākou puka ʻana mai ke kulanui ma ke ʻano he agronomists ʻike.
"Pono kēia hana i nā mākau kūikawā, ka pololei kūikawā a ʻaʻole e ʻae i ka mālama ʻole," ʻae ʻO Vasily Ptitsyn. - Pono ʻoe e hoʻoholo i ka manawa o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā entomophages, kā lākou dosage, a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana me nā ala ʻē aʻe o ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mahiʻai kahi loea me nā koina i koi ʻia. No laila, hāʻawi kā mākou hui i ka poʻe mahiʻai i kahi lawelawe piha: mai ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu a kūʻai aku i nā entomophages i kā lākou noi a me ka nānā ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe.
В ipu pīkī
ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka hanauna kahiko, ka poʻe i komo i ka mahiʻai no nā makahiki he nui, ʻike mua lākou e pili ana i nā ala e huki maoli ai i nā iniseti pono i nā kula.
"Ma ka lūlū ʻana i nā mea kanu nectar e hoʻohua nui i ka pollen a me ka nectar, e hoʻāla maoli ʻoe i ka hoihoi o nā entomophages maoli," ʻōlelo aʻo. Natalia Belyakova. - Hoʻohui pū me nā parasitoids hymenopteran, e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā aphids.
- Hoʻokomo lima ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā ʻāina he nui i nā entomophages kūlohelohe, hoʻohui ʻO Vasily Ptitsyn. - ʻOiaʻiʻo, he hana koʻikoʻi kēia, ʻae ʻia ma nā mahiʻai e mahi ana i nā wahi liʻiliʻi. Inā he mau haneli heka o kahi ʻoihana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i ka biomethod me ka ʻole o ka ʻenehana.
No ka mālama ʻana i ka heluna o nā pepeke, pono ke ʻano kūikawā o nā māla - elongated, i ʻole e make koke lākou ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hiki i ka namu honua makua i nalowale kona hiki ke lele i ka lihi o ke kula ākea. Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā mea kanu me nā kapa beetle i kapa ʻia - nā ʻāpana ʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia kahi e kali ai nā entomophage i ka manawa o ka pōloli. Pono ia mau ʻano hana i hiki ai iā lākou ke noho i ka agrocenosis i ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i nā pests a hiki ke palekana i ka hoʻoilo.
"No ka huki ʻana i nā mea ʻaihue maoli a me nā ecoparasites, ʻaʻole lawa ka hana ʻana i loko o hoʻokahi kahua a mahiʻai paha," wehewehe ke poʻo o ke keʻena hana o ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu ola o ka All-Russian Institute of Natural Resources. - Nui ka hilinaʻi i ka ʻāina mahiʻai e hoʻopuni ana i nā mea kanu. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā kūlana kūpono i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā iniseti entomophagous e pono ai ka hoʻoikaika ʻana mai nā hui he nui a me nā luna kūloko.
Mālama a palekana
Ke hoʻolaha nei ka hana o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā entomophages i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai Lūkini, ʻoiai ma ka wikiwiki.
"I ka makahiki i hala ua hana mākou ma nā ʻāpana he 10 o ka ʻāina," wahi a ka luna nui o Fly and See Agro LLC. - No ka hapa nui o kā mākou mea kūʻai aku, ʻo ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana mai ka 95 a 100 pakeneka. I ka manawa like, ua loaʻa iā lākou nā huahana mahiʻai o ka maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi, ka pale ʻana i ka haumia o ke kaiapuni me nā kemika, mālama i ke ola o nā pi a me nā ʻōpala pollinating. A inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i kā mākou lawelawe me ke kumukūʻai o nā insecticides top-end, hiki i ka mālama kālā no ka ʻoihana ke hiki i ka 30-40 pakeneka.
"ʻO ka biomethod, e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā entomophages no ka mālama ʻana i nā pest, he mau manaʻo maikaʻi loa," manaʻoʻiʻo. Tatiana Kisheva. - I ka makahiki 2022, ua kūʻai aku kā mākou lālā i 1,35 billion Trichogramma specimens a me 2,1 billion Gabrobracona specimens. No ka laʻana, ma ka moku Prokhladnensky o ka Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, hiki ke hoʻopau i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kūʻē i ka pulupulu pulupulu ma kahi o hoʻokahi tausani heka. ʻO Trichogramma, i hoʻokuʻu mua ʻia ma ka oviposition o ka pest, ua hōʻike i ka hopena o kahi 70 pakeneka.
"I ka makahiki i hala," haʻi ʻo ia i kāna ʻike Vitaly Novickov, - ua noi nā loea mai ka lālā ʻo Tatarstan iā Trichogramma e kūʻē i nā pests ʻai lau ma kahi ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kaukani ʻeka a me ka lacewing e kūʻē i nā aphids pea ma kahi o 200 mau ʻeka i nā mea kanu o ka sinapi, chickpeas, peas a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa puna. . E hoʻomau ka hana ma kēia kuhikuhi i ke kau hou.
"Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole no ke kaiaolaola i nā hihia i nui loa nā pepeke maikaʻi, a laila hiki ke hiki," i ʻōlelo ai. Natalia Belyakova. -Akā, ʻike mau ʻia nā pest hou. No ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻōki i kā lākou hoʻouka ʻana, ʻaʻole pono mākou e kaupalena iā mākou iho i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā entomophages, ʻoiai inā hoʻololi lākou i ke ʻano o nā heluna kanaka maoli.
Irina Berg