E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻohe manawa maʻalahi ka poʻe mahiʻai, akā lawe mai kēlā me kēia makahiki i kona mau pilikia a me nā pilikia. Pehea e hoʻomanaʻo ai nā mea kanu ʻuala Lūkini i ka hopena o 2020?
Wahi a ka makasina, ua hiki mai ka rhizoctoniasis i ke poʻo ma ke ʻano o ka paʻakikī o nā maʻi "uala" i ʻike ʻia i kēia makahiki. ʻOiai ʻaʻole pili ka pilikia i nā wahi āpau o Rūsia.
E pili ana i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi i nā helu
Wahi a ka Russian Agricultural Center o ka Russian Federation, ma ka laulā, i ka Russian Federation i 2020, ua mau ka hōʻike o ka rhizoctoniasis ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 2019 a ua ʻike ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi. E hoʻomanaʻo mākou iā ʻoe i ke kauwela o 2019, ua ʻike ʻia ka maʻi ma kahi o 23,30 tausani heka. I ka manawa like o 2020, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pōʻino i nā mea kanu ʻuala ma kahi o 21,47 tausani heka.
I ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kūlana ma kekahi mau wahi.
No laila, ma ka Central Federal District ma 2020, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi ma kahi o 5,59 tausani heka (ma 2019 - 4,90 tausani heka). ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāina i mālama ʻia e kūʻē i ka rhizoctonia he 1,50 tausani heka (ma 2019 - 0,03 tausani heka). Ma ka Northwestern Federal District, ua ʻike ʻia ka laha ʻana o ka pathogen i nā mea kanu ʻuala ma kahi o 7,56 tausani ʻeka (2019 tausani ʻeka ma 5,01). ʻO ka wahi i mālama ʻia e kūʻē i ka maʻi he 1,79 tausani ʻeka (ma 2019 - 1,30 tausani ʻeka). Ma ka moku ʻo Volga Federal, ʻo ka wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka pathogen i nā mea kanu ʻuala he 3,19 tausani ʻeka (ma 2019 - 2,64 tausani ʻeka). ʻAʻole i hana ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi (ma 2019 - 1,4 tausani heka).
Akā aia kekahi mau wahi i emi ai ka nui o ka rhizoctoniasis.
No ka laʻana, ma ka Southern Federal District, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hōʻike o ka maʻi ma nā kanu ʻuala ma kahi o 0,31 tausani heka (i ka makahiki 2019 - 1,20 tausani ʻeka). ʻO ka wahi o ka mālama ʻana i ka pathogen he 0,01 tausani ʻeka (ma 2019 - 1,08 tausani ʻeka). Ma ka North Caucasus Federal District, ʻaʻohe pōʻino i ʻike ʻia ma nā kanu ʻuala (2019 tausani heka i ka makahiki 0,30). ʻAʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau i hana ʻia e kūʻē i ka pathogen.
Ma ka Ural Federal District, ua hōʻike ʻia ka maʻi iā ia iho i nā mea kanu ʻuala ma kahi o 2,10 tausani heka (ma 2019 - 3,69 tausani ʻeka). ʻO ka wahi o ka mālama ʻana i ka pathogen he 2,36 tausani ʻeka (ma 2019 - 1,63 tausani ʻeka). Ma ka Siberian Federal District, ua ʻike ʻia ka laha ʻana o ka pathogen i nā mea kanu ʻuala ma kahi o 2,21 tausani mau ʻeka (i ka makahiki 2019 - 4,16 tausani ʻeka). ʻAʻole i mālama ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ma 2019 a me 2020. Ma ka Far Eastern Federal District, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka rhizoctonia ma kahi o 0,50 tausani heka (ma 2019 - 1,40 tausani heka). ʻAʻole i hana ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka pathogen (ma 2019 - 0,06 tausani ʻeka).
Manaʻo nā loea o ka Russian Agricultural Center o ka Russian Federation i ka emi ʻana o nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā kanu ʻuala ma ka Hema, North Caucasus, Ural, Siberian a me Far Eastern federal districts me nā kūlana o ka wā i ka wā ulu o nā mea kanu. Eia kekahi, e like me ka poʻe akamai, ua wehewehe ʻia ka kūleʻa o nā mahiʻai he nui i ka hakakā ʻana i ka maʻi e ka hana ʻōnaehana ma ka mālama ʻana i nā māla me nā huahana pale mea kanu.
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka māhele o ka rhizoctonia ma nā mea kanu ʻuala ma Central, Northwestern a me Volga Federal District i kumu ʻia e ka lōʻihi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā mea kanu i ka makahiki i hala.
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka helu kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi maʻi (ʻoi aku ma mua o 100) i ke kauwela o 2020 i ʻike ʻia ma ka Teritori Perm (ma 2019 - 29,28). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi ma ka Repubalika o Karelia - 1,58 (ma 2019 - ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia), Vologda - 6,30 (ma 2019 - 4,90), Kaluga - 0,24 (ma 2019 - ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia), ʻo Kostroma wahi - 1,58 ( ma 2019 - 1,29), ʻāina ʻo Tver - 0,04 (ma 2019 - ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia), ʻāina ʻo Yaroslavl - 0,03 (ma 2019 - ʻaʻole i hui ʻia) , Komi Republic - 0,84 (ma 2019 - ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia), Mari El Republic - 0,11 (ma 2019). - ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia), Sverdlovsk - 0,78 (ma 2019 - 0,69) a me nā ʻāina ʻo Chelyabinsk - 0,81 (ma 2019 - 0,36).
ʻO ka piʻi wikiwiki loa o ka nui o nā maʻi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e rhizoctonia i ʻike ʻia i Iulai a me ʻAukake. ʻO ka hoʻololi pinepine ʻana i ka mahana o ka ea a me ka ua nui i kōkua i ka ulu ʻana o ka pathogen.
Makemake nā mea hoʻoponopono e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lawelawe paʻi o ka Russian Agricultural Center no nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia.
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Mai ka ʻike ʻepekema
ʻO Maria Kuznetsova, ke poʻo o ke Keʻena ʻO ka ʻuala a me nā mea kanu mea kanu ʻai, VNIIF, moho o nā ʻepekema olaola.
Wahi a ka nānā ʻana o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology (VNIIF), nā hōʻike nui loa o ka rhizoctoniosis i kēia makahiki he ʻano o Vladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Novgorod, Leningrad, Kostroma, Moscow, Smolensk, Pskov a me kekahi nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina.
Nā kumu o ka maʻi
ʻO kekahi o nā kumu o ka ulu ikaika ʻana o ka rhizoctonia i kēia manawa ʻo ke ʻano o ka wā kūpono no ka pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. No ka laʻana, ma ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow, i ka lua a me ke kolu o nā makahiki o Mei, ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka ea ma lalo o ka awelika o nā mahana lōʻihi. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻoluʻu ke hoʻopili i nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia: nā mea kanu ʻuala i kēia manawa ua lohi ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka awelika, e 1-2 mau pule, a ua nāwaliwali. Eia kekahi, e hoʻomaka ana mai ke kolu o nā lā he ʻumi o Mei, a me Iune a me Iulai o kēia makahiki, ua hāʻule ka nui o ka ua ma ka ʻāina (e kūʻē i ke kua o nā hōʻailona awelika lōʻihi). ʻO kēia mau mea āpau i kōkua i ka hoʻomohala mua a me ka hoʻomohala ikaika o ka rhizoctoniosis.
I ka manawa like, pili ka pilikia o ka rhizoctoniasis ʻaʻole wale me nā kūlana o ka wā, akā me nā kumu like ʻole. Ma waena o lākou: haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā mea kanu; ka uhaki ʻana i nā lā palena o ke kanu ʻana (ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā hihia i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai nā mea kanu ʻuala e kanu i nā hua kanu non-vernalized i ka lepo anuanu), ka hoʻokō ʻole ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu, lohi i ka ʻohi ʻana, etc.
Hōʻike kūwaho
Ua ʻike ʻia he hiki i ka haʻuki Rhizoctonia solani ke hoʻopili i ka ʻuala ma nā pae āpau o ka ontogenesis mai ka ulu ʻana a hiki i ka ʻohi ʻana. Hiki i ka maʻi ke hōʻike iā ia iho ma ke ʻano o ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, reticulated necrosis a me ka ʻike hohonu ma luna o nā ʻōpala, ka pala o nā ʻōpuʻu, ka make o nā stolons a me nā aʻa. Eia kekahi, ma waena o nā hōʻailona aia kahi pala maloʻo o ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ke kumu - ma ke ʻano o nā maʻi ʻulaʻula ("lāʻau popopo") a i ʻole kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo "felt" ("wāwae keʻokeʻo").
ʻO ka haʻiki ke kumu i ka pōʻino nui i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. I ka wā pulu a me ke anuanu, me ka mahana o ka lepo ma lalo o 8° C, ma luna o nā ʻōpala kanu, ʻo ka sclerotia (ke kahua dormant o ka haʻiki) e ulu me ka mycelium, kahi e komo ai i nā ʻōpuʻu a alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā wahi pōʻeleʻele ma luna o lākou. Make nā ʻōpuʻu maʻi i kekahi manawa ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i ka ʻili. I ka wā mahana, hiki i nā mea kanu ke ulu i mea kanu me kahi lei kāʻei ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ke kumu a ʻo nā lau o luna i ʻōwili ʻia ma ka vein.
Nā hopena
ʻO ka rhizoctonia ʻuala ke kumu o ka nui o nā poho o ka hua a me ka emi ʻana o ka mākeke o nā ʻuala. Ke emi nei nā hōʻailona hua ʻuala ma muli o ka nalowale ʻana o nā mea kanu, ka pōʻino i nā kumu, nā stolons a me nā aʻa, a laila e hoʻopilikia i ka nui, ka nui a me ka mākeke o nā ʻuala.
Ma Rūsia, hiki i ka 25% ka lilo o ka hua mai rhizoctonia, a ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka mākeke o nā ʻuala a hiki i 30%.
Nā hana pale a hoʻomalu
No ka hakakā maikaʻi ʻana i ka maʻi, pono e hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana holoʻokoʻa:
- E hoʻohana i nā mea kanu olakino, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i hōʻoia ʻia no ke kanu ʻana.
- ʻO ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o nā ʻano ʻuala mua a me ka waena waena me ka wā ulu o 60-80 mau lā, a me nā ʻano ʻano kūʻokoʻa a nāwaliwali hoʻi i kēia maʻi.
- Hoʻokō me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu.
He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo e hiki ke ola lōʻihi ka haʻiki Rhizoctonia solani i ka lepo (3-4 mau makahiki), ma nā ʻuala ʻuala, carrion, a me nā mea kanu. Noho maikaʻi ka haʻuki i ka hoʻoilo ma ke ʻano o ka sclerotia ma nā ʻōpala a me ka lepo, a me ke ʻano o ka mycelium.
Eia kekahi, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻuala, hiki iā R. solani ke hoʻopōʻino i ka nui o nā mea kanu mea kanu (e like me nā ʻōmato, beets a me nā paukena), a me nā nāhelehele hihiu (e like me ka quinoa, lūlū i ka puakala. a me ka huelo lio).
ʻO nā precursors maikaʻi loa e hōʻemi ana i ka waihona infectious o rhizoctonia i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia nā hua palaoa (oats, ka palaoa hoʻoilo a me ka rai, ka bale, kānana), lupine, alfalfa a me nā mauʻu cereal perennial.
- Ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻuala i ka lepo wela e like me nā koi no ka hohonu a me ka nui.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hohonu o ke kanu ʻana me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke ʻano mechanical a me ka wai o ka lepo (ma nā lepo kaumaha - kanu pāpaʻu, ma kahi one one - hohonu). Ke hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻōpala ma nā ʻāina lana nui, ʻo kahi hana e pono ai ka hana ʻana i ka mahina ʻehā a ʻelima mau lā ma hope o ke kanu ʻana a ma hope o nā mea kanu, no ka mea inā ʻaʻole e piʻi ka maʻi o ka mea kanu.
ʻO ka mea kanu kanu maikaʻi loa mai kahi ʻano phytosanitary o ka nānā ʻana he 50 tausani mau ʻuala no ka ʻeka. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka 60-80 tausani e hoʻonui nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka rhizoctonia ma nā mea kanu āpau.
- Hoʻohui i ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā mea kanu organik i ka lepo a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
He mea paʻakikī iā R. solani ke hoʻokūkū me nā microorganisms lepo, no laila hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu organik ke hoʻemi i ka pae o ka maʻi lepo.
He paʻakikī hoʻi ka hana o ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka overestimate. I nā mahiʻai he nui, nā mea kanu mai ka ʻohana cruciferous - Brassica juncea (Sarepta mustard), Raphanus sativus (radish maʻamau), Sinapis alba (keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo), Eruca sativus - ua hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā biofumigants e kūʻē i kekahi mau fungal pathogens e noho ana i ka lepo (Rhizoctonia). solani, Colletotrichum coccodes , Helminthosporium solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea) a me nā nematodes ʻuala. I ka manawa o ka pua (ʻoi aku ma mua o 50% o ka nui o ka pua), ʻoki ʻia nā mea kanu, ʻoki ʻia a ʻōʻō. I loko o ka lepo, ua wāwahi ʻia nā metabolites lua (glucosinolates) i loko o nā mea hoʻohuihui (e laʻa, isothiocyanates), he hopena fumigating i nā pathogens a me nā nematodes.
- ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe manawa a me ka maikaʻi.
ʻAʻole pono e hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ka ʻohi ʻana ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana i nā piko ma mua o ʻelua pule; ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka waiho ʻana i nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi a pōʻino ma ke kula).
- Ke hoʻohana nei i nā fungicides e mālama i nā ʻuala hua a i ʻole ke kau ʻana iā lākou i ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala.
ʻO ka hana nui o nā huahana mālama lāʻau kemika i kēia wā ʻo ia ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pōʻino o ka rhizoctonia a me nā pathogens lepo ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā hopena o nā makahiki he nui o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma VNIIF ma kahi ʻano infectious me Rhizoctonia solani e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, penflufen, fluxapyroxad a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe i ka pale ʻana i ka rhizoctoniasis.
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