ʻO B.V. Anisimov, S.N. ʻO Zebrin, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Pūnaewele ʻIpekema ʻepekema Lūkini āpau o ka mahi ʻana i kaʻuala ma hope o A.G. Lorkha "
ʻO ka hana kūwaho i ka ʻōnaehana o ka hana ʻana, ka maikaʻi o ka kaohi a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o kaʻuala uala e kia ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana o ke kiʻina hoʻokele e pili ana i ka ʻike o ka honua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i kēia wahi.
ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana o nā rula e pili ana a me nā hōʻailona normative o ka maikaʻi kalepa o nā hua uala i hiki ke kūpono a hōʻike koke ʻia i loko o lākou nā loli kūpono e pili ana i ka hana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i kaʻuala hua, ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā ʻano hōʻoia hou, a keu hoʻi me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ʻino a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūlana phytosanitary e pili ana i ka kūloko kūloko a me nā kaʻina hana o ka honua i ka loli. Ma ke kumu o ka ʻike maʻamau o kēia au, he mea nui ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano olaola o kekahi mau meaola a me nā mea ʻino weliweli no ka ʻuala, ʻo ia hoʻi:
• ʻike ʻia nā mea hou o nā mea ʻino, ke kumu o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā kūmū. I waena o lākou, lilo ʻo PVY (ntn) i mea hōʻino loa, e hoʻomālamalama ana i nā apo uala (Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot (PTNR);
• ke hoʻonui nei nā pilikia me ka bacteriosis i ka pili me ka puka ʻana o nā ʻano hou o nā blackhog pathogens (Pectobacterium / dickeya spp.) A ʻo ka pālahalaha ikaika ʻana o ke apo popo (Clavibacter michiganensis) a me ka pala bacteria bacteria (Ralstonia Solancearum);
• nā lā ma mua o ka hopena o ke ahi i nā mea kanu a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi heluna paʻakikī a ʻoi aku ka pōʻino o ka lāhui o kēia pathogen i kaulana;
• ke hoʻonui nei ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Alternaria, keu hoʻi i nā ʻano me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka maʻalahi i kēia maʻi;
• ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea neʻe o nā aphid véktor o ka maʻi viral ma kaʻuala;
• ʻike ʻia nā wireworms hou, nā scoops a me nā meaola ʻino ʻē aʻe, e hōʻeha ana i ka maikaʻi o ka uala ma nā ʻoihana;
• ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pōʻai hānau nematode;
• neʻe ka nalo potato potato i nā panalāʻau ʻākau aʻe.
ʻO nā loli i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano olaola o nā pathogens a me nā mea ʻānai e pono ai ka optimization o nā hōʻailona normative e pili ana a me nā palena palena o ka palena o nā phytopathogens weliweli a me nā mea ʻānai no kaʻuala.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o nā makahiki i hala aku nei ka hopena i ʻike ʻia ma kaʻuala o nā mahana kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e ulu ana, nā maloʻo wā pōkole a lōʻihi hoʻi i ke kauwela, a me ka hoʻonui ʻia o CO2 i ka lewa. ʻO nā hopena i ʻike ʻia mai ka hopena o kēia mau mea hiki ke hōʻemi nui i nā hōʻailona o ka hōʻike kūwaho o nā tubers a me nā ʻano ʻoihana ʻē aʻe o ka uala ʻanoʻano, ʻo ia hoʻi:
• ke piʻi nei ka nui o ka tuber awelika a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā kūmole paʻakikī i kū ʻole i nā koina nui no nā ʻuala hua;
• ka likelika o ka hoʻolohi a me ka hoʻōki ʻana i nā kaʻina ulu i ka wā ulu a me ke ʻano o nā hemahema o ka mea i kapa ʻia "ulu lua" i ke ʻano o nā māwae ulu ma nā tubers, hoʻonui ʻia ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā hakahaka i loko o ke kumu tuber a me nā hemahema ʻē aʻe;
• hoʻonui ka ulu ʻana o ka pala tuber i ka manawa e waiho ai ma muli o ka maʻū i ka hoʻoilo.
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūwaho o kēia ao, ʻo ka mea hana nui i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka maikaʻi kalepa o nā hua uala ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana o ke kiʻina hoʻokele e pili ana i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā kūlana ʻepekema, e noʻonoʻo ana, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana kūlohelohe a me nā kūlana.
I ka Russian Federation, mai Ianuali 1, 2018, kahi pae waena waena hou GOST 33996-2016 "ʻUala hua. Nā kūlana loea a me nā hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi. Ua hele aku kona hoʻomohala e nā limahana a me nā loea o FGBNU VNIIKH, ka Union of Potato and Vegetable Market komo (Potato Union) a me FGBU "Rosselkhoztsentr".
ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻolauna ʻana o ke kūlana hou e hoʻonui i nā hōʻailona normative o ke ʻano kalepa o nā ʻano ʻāpana o nā ʻanoʻano uala ma ke ʻano o ko lākou hui pū ʻana me nā loina o ka honua i ʻae ʻia, a me ko lākou hoʻohui pū ʻia me nā mea nui a me nā lula i ka ikaika i ka pā o nā kālepa kūwaho i nā hua uala i hōʻoia ʻia. I kēia hopena, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūlana hou, nā mea nui āpau āpau a me nā koi hoʻokele o ka UNECE pae kūwaho e pili ana i ka kūʻai aku ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi kalepa o nā ʻuala hua.
Kūlike ke ʻano o ka hae me nā mea nui o ka ʻōnaehana standard interstate i lawe ʻia ma Rūsia a me nā ʻāpana nui aʻe:
- kahi noi noi;
- Nānā maʻamau;
- nā huaʻōlelo o ka wehewehe ʻana a me ka pōkole;
- hoʻokaʻawale;
- nā koina loea;
- nā lula o kaʻae a me ka laʻana;
- nā hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi;
- ʻōpala;
- kaha inoa;
- ka halihali a me ka mālama ʻana;
- nā koi palekana.
nā maʻi ma nā mea kanu a me nā tubers *
Aia nā Rula i loko o ka maʻamau e ʻaneʻane i nā ʻaoʻao nui āpau o ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i kaʻuala uala:
• kaʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka maʻemaʻe o nā ʻano like ʻole;
• traceability o ke kumu o ka hailona hua;
• ka pae kūlana no nā mahele like ʻole o ka ʻanoʻano e pili ana i nā maʻi, nā mea ʻino, nā kīnā ʻole;
• nā ahonui e pili ana i ka nui a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā tubers;
• nā lula o ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka sila ʻana a me ka lepili ʻana.
Hoʻokumu ka hae hou i nā hōʻailona normative ʻokoʻa o ka maikaʻi kalepa no nā mahele ʻekolu o ka ʻuala hua - kumu (OC), ʻelite (ES) a me ka reproductive (PC), kahi e noʻonoʻo ai i ke ʻano kūpono o ka hōʻole i kekahi mau hōʻailona maikaʻi me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā hanauna i ke kaʻina hana o ka hua uʻi. ʻO ka palena ʻana i nā ahonui no nā mea hōʻailona ʻoi aku ka nui e like me ka hiki ke koi ʻia i ka ʻae ma waena o nā pae waena o ka UNECE pae honua (Papa 1).
No nā mea o nā ʻuala hua i manaʻo ʻia no ke kanu ʻana a komo i ka holo kalepa ʻana, hāʻawi ʻia hoʻi ka maʻamau no nā kapu ʻoi loa i ka loaʻa o nā tubers:
• hālāwai ʻole i nā koina nui - 3%;
• hoʻopili ʻia e ka nematode koʻokoʻo - 0,5% (no ka mahele RS wale nō);
• me ka wahi glandular a me ka pouli ʻana o ka pulp (inā ʻoi aku ma mua o 1/4 o ka ʻāpana longitudinal o ka tuber) - 5%;
• me nā kīnā o waho a me nā pohō ma ke ʻano o nā māwae, ʻokiʻoki, waimaka, nā kuʻina o nā kūmole tubers me kahi hohonu o 5 mm a me ka lōʻihi o 10 mm - 5%;
• me ka poino e nā mea kanu ahupuaʻa (wireworm - ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau pass, rodents, beetles and scoops), akā me ka poino ʻole o nā maka - 2%.
I nā hua uala, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ke kū mai o nā pathogens o nā maʻi infectious a me nā mea ʻino o ka quarantine significance (potato cancer, brown bacterial rot, golden cyst-making potato nematode, potato moth).
Hoʻonohonoho ka mea maʻamau i nā ʻano mea ʻokoʻa no ka kaohi ʻana o nā virus fitopathogenic e pili ana i ka hoʻowalewale ʻana i nā lau a me nā ʻōpala tuber, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka papa hoʻolaha o nā mea kanu kumu, e like me nā in vitro Initial material, minitubers, ka hanauna kahua mua mai nā minitubers a me nā super-super-elite.
No nā papa (hanauna) e pili ana i ka mahele o nā mea kanu kumu, ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele koʻikoʻi no nā mea ʻino e hōʻeha i nā ʻano mosaic mimiki a me nā banded (YBK), ka wili lau ʻuala (VLR) a me ka viroid tuber (TBV). ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ke kū ʻana o YBK a me VLRK i ka mea kumu in vitro a me nā minitubers.
I ka hanauna kahua mua o nā minitubers, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka palena i ʻae ʻia ma mua o 0,5%, i ka super-super-elite - 1%. No VVKK, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka zero tolerance no nā hanauna āpau.
No ka nui o nā super-elite, elite a me reproductive seed potato e komo nei i ke kaapuni, ʻo nā mea i ʻae ʻia no ka palena ʻana i ka maʻi viral a me / a i ʻole ka maʻi bacteria e pili ana i nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ʻana o nā hāpana tuber i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻaelike (ʻaelike) no ka hoʻolako ʻana i kaʻuala hua. Eia nō naʻe, no nā ʻaoʻao superelite a me elite, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pāpale YBK ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma mua o 10%. Ma loko o ke kumumanaʻo o ka hae hou, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā loina no ka laʻana ʻana no ka hoʻowalewale hoʻokolohua ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana o ka diagnostics PCR, assimite immoschorbent assay (ELISA) a me immunochromatographic analysis (ICA) (Papa 2).
Hoʻohana ʻia nā diagnostics PCR e hoʻoholo ai i ka potato tuber spindle tuber viroid (VVKK), YBK a me PLRV virus, a me nā pathogens bacteria (ka wāwae ʻeleʻele a me ke apo popo) i nā mea kumu ma mua o ka hana hou ʻia ʻana a ma nā pae hope o ka hana hou. ʻO ka kikoʻī o ke kālailai ʻoi aku ma mua o 99%, ka palena o ka ʻike (ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻike palena iki ʻia he 10 mau pathogen unit / cm3.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) e hoʻoholo i ka maʻi o nā mea kanu a me nā tubers me viral (PVK, SBK, MBK, YBK, VSLK) a me ka maʻi koʻohune (ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele) ma o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka hale hana o nā laikini tuber hope i ʻohi ʻia i lawe ʻia mai nā pūʻulu o ka hanauna kahua mua, super-super-elite, superelite a me nā mea kiʻekiʻe. ... ʻO ka palena o ka ʻike (ka ʻike palena iki ʻike ʻia) no nā mea maʻi he 10 ng / cm3, no nā koʻohune - 104 mau huna / cm3.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā tubers no ke kū ʻana o ka maʻi viral i loko o ka wā hoʻoilo-hoʻoilo ma nā mea kanu i ulu aʻe mai nā indices (ka maka tuber me nā mea pili). Lawe ʻia ka uala no ka bacteria i nā ʻāpana i ʻoki ʻia mai ka piko o ka umbilical cord ʻāpana o ka tuber.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka Immunochromatographic analysis (ICA) no ka ʻike wikiwiki o nā phytopathogens ma nā mea kanu potato e hoʻohana ana i nā kaha hoʻāʻo i kahi kūwaho ma waho o ka hale hana.
ʻO nā ʻano hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me nā lula no ka ʻae ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā ʻāpana o kaʻuala i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻamau me ka ʻae ʻana i ka māla o nā mea kanu, ka hōʻiliʻili tuber o nā hui hua, ka hoʻowalewale hoʻokolohua ʻana o nā laikini tuber post -ʻohi a me ka kaohi lepo o nā ʻano no nā waeʻano o nā mea kanu kumu e komo ana i ke kālepa.
Hoʻonohonoho ka maʻamau i nā koi no ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka lepili ʻana, ka halihali ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i kaʻuala uala, a hāʻawi ʻia hoʻi i nā annexes maʻamau o nā hana a me nā palapala kūhelu no ke kiʻi ʻana i nā hopena o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu a me ke ʻano kalepa o nā hua uala hua, kahi wehewehe o nā maʻi infectious weliweli loa a me nā hemahema i kāohi ʻia. nā hoʻomanawanui maʻamau.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia, ʻo nā mea nui o ka hae e pili ana i ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ka hoʻokele a me nā ʻano hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā mahele o nā uala hua kumu a me nā elite kokoke i ka pae i lawe ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻo EU. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ka rula o ke kūlana RF hou no ka pala tuber e like ia me nā koina o nā kūlana aupuni o nā ʻāina EU a me ka UNECE pae honua (Papa 3).
I ka manawa like, noho mau nā ʻokoʻa nui me ka UNECE pae honua maʻamau ma nā ʻano o nā ʻōuli palena liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā hopena o ka mālama ʻana o ka hale hana o ka maʻi viral o nā mea kanu a me nā paipu, keu hoʻi e pili ana i nā waeʻano o nā ʻoka elite a me nā reproductive (hōʻoia). ʻO ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā hoʻomanawanui ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī i ka wā e hiki mai ana inā hiki ke lawe ʻia nā mea hou e hana i nā ʻāina kūikawā (zones) no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuala hua me nā kūlana maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe, e hōʻoia ana i ka mahi ʻana o ke olakino (manuahi mai nā phytopathogens) ʻuala a me nā hua elite me ka palena palena palena o ka hope o ka ukana infectious a hoʻoliʻiliʻi i nā pilikia o nā maʻi hou ma muli o ka hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻana o ka nohona kūlohelohe a me nā mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kaiapuni a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ākea mai nā kumuwaiwai hiki ʻole.
Ma muli o nā manaʻo o kēia au o nā kiʻina a me nā ʻano o ka lawe a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā virus virus, a me ka neʻe ʻana o kā lākou mau mea lawe ma luna o ka ʻuala, koi ʻia e hōʻoia i ka mamao o ke ākea mai nā kumuwaiwai kūpono no nā mea kanu o nā pae mua o ka hana hou - 500 m, no nā hanauna ma hope - 100 m (Papa 4 ).
Mai kahi manaʻo kūpono, e hana i kahi nohona maikaʻi, keu hoʻi i ka ulu ʻana o nā hanauna mua, ʻo ke ʻano maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi ka "micro-isolation" o nā hanauna mua e hoʻohana ana i nā mea kanu pale o nā mea kanu palaoa a i ʻole nā mauʻu a puni ka palena o ke kahua.
No nā ʻoihana e loea ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala, mea nui ia i nā wahi o nā kahu hānai potato kumu a me ka elite e hōʻoia i ka mālama mau ʻana i nā mea kanu ma nā ʻāina pili pili e pili ana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (nā kamaʻāina a me nā hui), i loko o nā palena o ka hoʻokaʻawale ākea. Ma ke ʻano he ana kūpono, koi ʻia e hoʻokō i kahi pani hou ʻana o ka hana hou ʻana o ka wā lōʻihi ma luna o kēia mau wahi ʻāina ma o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mea nona kēia mau pālaha me nā ʻanoʻano o nā ʻuala hua a me nā elite i hana ʻia i nā wahi ulu hua kūikawā (zones).
I ka hopena, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hoʻomaopopo like ʻana a me ka noi ʻana o nā koi kaulike a me nā mea e pono ai ka hana o ka hana ʻana a me ka holo ʻana o ka ʻuala hua ma ka mākeke kūloko a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku a lawe mai i loko o ka mākeke maʻamau o nā lālā lālā o ka Eurasian Economic Union e kōkua ʻole i ka hana ʻana i kahi hoʻokūkū hou ma waena o nā mea hoʻolako. nā hua ʻuala a me nā mea hana i nā huahana mākeke. He hopena maikaʻi ka hopena no nā mea kanu i hiki ke hāʻawi i nā kālī hua maikaʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e kū i nā koina hoʻokele ʻae aelike kūwaho. ʻO kēia, ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻoikaika no ka hoʻolauna hana ʻana o nā ʻenehana hōʻano hou, hoʻokomo i ka modernization o ka hana, hoʻolaha wikiwiki ʻana i nā ʻano i koi nui ʻia ma nā mākeke kūloko a me nā kūwaho, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pono diagnostical pono hana no nā phytopathogens, hoʻomaʻamaʻa limahana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻoihana loea iecaianoaaiiuo anoano, ka pono e hooponopono a me ka palapala hoʻomaikaʻi.