ʻO ka pilikia o ka helehelena o kaʻuala i nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe a me ka pono e kāohi iā lākou ma ke ʻano he wea nā mea maʻamau no nā wahi me nā hoʻoilo anu, e like me ʻEnelani a me Holland paha. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke aniau i hoʻomaka ʻia, ua hoʻomaka nā tubers ʻuala i nā makahiki i hala iho nei i ka hoʻoilo i nā māla o Rūsia.
ʻO Sergey Banadysev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiai, Doka - Genetic Technologies LLC,
SGC "Doka - Nā ʻenehana Genetic"
Me he mea lā he mau lā hau me ka uhi ʻole o ka hau e lawa e luku i nā tubers e waiho ana i ka ʻili, i ka lepo e hau nā ʻūmū i nā mahana ma lalo -2оC. paʻakikī e noʻonoʻo i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo Lūkini lōʻihi a paʻakikī ʻaʻole hiki i ka hau o ka lepo i kahi mahana. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻoia nā mea i ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā tubers i kupu i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana a lilo i mauʻu na nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia ma hope o kaʻuala (kiʻi 1).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi i mālama ʻia i ka hala ʻana o 70 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kaʻuala, a hiki i ka 450 tausani mau tubers / ha i koe i ke kula, a 10-20% hiki ke kupu aʻe ma hope o ka hoʻoilo, a ʻoi aku kēia ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i kaʻuala. ʻO nā hua uala (Solanum tuberosum) mea ʻino loa e like me ka nāhelehele a hoʻemi i ka hua o ka nui o nā mea kanu e 20-60%. I Kelemania, ua ʻike ʻia me nā mea kanu ʻuala ʻelima no 1 m2 hoʻemi ʻia ka hua o ka beet kō e 16 t / ha.
Aia kahi koi nui e noi i kahi o nā ana e kaohi, mālama (i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, mālama) i ka pilikia o ka hoʻowahāwahā uala o nā mea kanu mahiʻai. Ke ulu wale nei kaʻuala, ʻo ka wean Solanum tuberosum, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i kekahi ʻano o ka ʻepekema home. ʻAʻohe manawa kūpono, ke ʻano o ke kumumanaʻo - "scum" - kūlike ʻole i ke ʻano o ka hanana e nānā ʻia nei, ʻokoʻa ka ʻōlelo Pelekane ʻO Volunteer Potato a i ʻole Kelemania Kartoffeldurchwuchst, Starkekartoffel. ʻAʻole hōʻemi wale ka uala mauʻu i ka hua o nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, akā hiki i nā mea kanu e like me nā kāloti, nā ʻaka a me nā beets kō ke hoʻopau loa. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ia i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā mea kanu no ka mahi ʻana i kaʻuala, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻomau no kekahi mau makahiki a lilo i mea nui i nā wā pōpilikia e ulu aʻe ana i kahi kahua, no ka mea:
- He kumu ia a hōʻiliʻili o nā maʻi a me nā mea make. I ka uala mauʻu, nui nā pathogens, i kikoʻī, scab kālā, maʻi rhizoctonia, verticillosis, pulu pulu, nematodes a me nā wireworms e hoʻonui pinepine a hoʻonui i ka ʻike infectious i ke kula ma mua o ka mahi ʻuala aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea kanu manawaleʻa nā mea hōʻiliʻili kūpono o ka hopena o ka hopena o ke ahi a me nā maʻi viral. ʻO ka mea nui, he nui nā fungicides i nā mea kanu aʻe i loaʻa iki a ʻaʻohe kaomi ʻana i nā maʻi lau ʻuala.
- Alakaʻi i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā ʻano i ka manawa aʻe e hoʻoulu ʻia kaʻuala. ʻAʻole maikaʻi kēia no nā wahi āpau o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu, ʻoiai inā like ke ʻano o ka nui, nā nui o nā tubers a me ke kala o ka peel, a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke kaʻawale ka lima a optoelectronic o ka ʻōpala ʻōpala. I ka hana ʻana i kaʻuala hua, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hopena a hiki i ka hōʻole ʻana i ka nui inā ʻaʻole pau nā mea kanu ʻē (Kiʻi 2).
No ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i ka ʻōpala ʻōpala, he mea nui ia e ʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona nui o kona biology. ʻO ka maʻa mau, make nā ʻume uala ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana iā lākou he 50 mau hola hau i ka hola ma lalo a -2 ° C. I kēia mahana, make ka make i 25 mau hola, ma -10оMai ma hope o 5 mau hola. Hōʻike ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa aia kekahi mau ʻano ʻuala ke kū kiʻekiʻe i nā mahana haʻahaʻa a make wale ma -3-4оC, akā ʻaʻole hoʻolaha ʻia kēia ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻano. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā mea kanu ʻuala, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka hohonu o ke kau ʻana o nā tubers a me ka mahana o ka lepo. Kupu ʻo Tubers mai kahi hohonu o 20 knm 10 mau lā ma hope ma mua o ka hohonu o 10 cm. Holo ka uala i ka papa honua mai kahi hohonu o 30 cm, no laila, hiki ke nānā piha i ke kūlana ma hope o 2-3 mau mahina (kiʻi 3).
Ma nā mea kanu me ka ulu nui ʻana o ka lau lau, ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu o kaʻuala uala ma hope ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka mahana o ka lepo i ka uhi ʻana. I nā mea hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū - e like me nā cereal, nā keʻa kea - kēlā me kēia mea kanu ʻuala a i ʻekolu mau tubers kaikamahine, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 1 a 3 cm i ke anawaena. I nā mea hoʻokūkū liʻiliʻi e like me ke kāpeti a me nā ʻaka, ulu nui nā ʻōpuʻu a me kahi caliber nui aku.
Hana ʻia nā paipu kaikamahine ma ka hohonu like me nā tubers makuahine. Hiki i nā hua uala botani ke lilo i kumu mua o ka hoʻohaumia.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kekahi mau ʻano, ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻo Gala, e ka hoʻokumu berry ikaika a waiho i mau miliona mau hua i kēlā me kēia hectare (kiʻi 4,5).
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole kēia mau ʻanoʻano o nā ʻano like, e like me ka mea i manaʻo pinepine ʻia i ke ʻano amateurish, akā ʻo ka hopena o ka pollination keʻa a me ka hoʻohui hou ʻana o ka ʻāpana. ʻO kēlā me kēia hua he genotype hou a kū hoʻokahi hoʻi; ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hua e ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana o ka nohona hihiu. Noho mau nā hua uala Botanical no 3-9 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā mea kanu mai nā ʻanoʻano palupalu a make i ka 99%. Akā me ka lako o ka waiū paʻa a me ke kū ʻana o ka mālam, hiki iā lākou ke hana i hoʻokahi tuber liʻiliʻi, a he ʻano maʻamau nā keiki (kiʻi 6,7,8).
A hoʻokahi hiʻohiʻona hou - kahi lako nui o nā haʻuki i loko o ka tuber makuahine e ʻae i nā mea kanu e hoʻoulu hou a hāʻawi i nā keiki ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana, ka hau, ka pohō a me ka huahekili, ka ʻiʻo potato ʻo Colorado, ka hopena o ke ahi, nā lāʻau make,
ʻO ka mālama pono ʻana i ka pilikia ʻōpala ʻōpala e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano climatic, preventive, biological, agronomic a me nā ʻano kemika. I ka Netherlands, hoʻohana ʻia kahi kumuwaiwai hoʻomalu: ka hoʻokau ʻia ʻana o nā uku i nā mahiʻai inā ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 unit / mXNUMX2 ʻo kaʻuala i nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe ma hope o Iulai 1.
Ka hana Climatic ʻo ka hakakā i ka mea kau ʻole. Wahi a nā helu helu wā lōʻihi, ke aniau o ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa e hōʻoia i ka luku ʻia o nā tubers i koe i ke kula no ka hoʻoilo, ʻo ka hohonu o ka hau a me ka awelika o nā mahana i kēlā me kēia lā o nā mahina hoʻoilo i ʻoi aku ka nui no ka luku ʻana i nā pūnaewele tuber. ʻO nā mea i mālama ʻia i loko o nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua wehewehe ʻia e ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hau ma ka lepo paʻa ʻole, ma muli o kēia, nā tubers i koe i ka hohonu i kūleʻa i ke kau hoʻoilo, ma waena o nā ʻōpala a me nā pōhaku, i ka lepo maloʻo. ʻO ka biomass a me nā koena o nā mea kanu, uhi uhi paʻa a me ka nui e hāʻawi i ka hoʻopili kūpono a hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i ka hohonu o ka hau. Hoʻoikaika ka wai o ka lepo kiʻekiʻe i ka make o nā tubers, ʻoiai wehe ʻia nā lenticels o nā tubers, ʻoiai ʻo ka hana o nā agena putrefactive he nui ʻaʻole e hōʻino me ka haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen. ʻO ka hōʻino mechanical i nā tubers kaʻuala i koe ma ka māla ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana e hoʻonui pū i ka hōʻino i nā tubers e nā mahana haʻahaʻa a me nā pathogens.
Nā hana palekana ke kuhi ʻia e hōʻemi i nā nalo o kaʻuala ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana.
ʻO ka hana mua e koho i nā wahi ulu ʻuala kūpono e hōʻoia i ka ulu pono ʻana o nā mea kanu. ʻO ka mahi ʻana i ka lepo pala e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka nui o nā puʻupuʻu, ka pono e hoʻokaʻawale e alakaʻi i ka hoʻohana o nā mea hoʻoili me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā clearances ma nā mea ʻohiʻohi a, no laila, ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā nalo o kaʻuala. He ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e hoʻohana i nā mea kanu calibrated i mea e ulu pono ai nā mea kanu āpau. I ka manawa like, hoʻemi ka mahele o kaʻuala liʻiliʻi a me ko lākou mau poho. Inā kanu ʻia nā mea uncalibrated, ʻike hope ʻia kekahi o nā mea kanu ma hope o ka ulu ʻana a hana i nā tubers liʻiliʻi, kahi e ʻike ʻole ʻia e waiho i ke kula. He mea nui e hoʻokō i ka pani ʻana o nā piko i nā alaloa i ka wā hiki wawe, ka uhi pale o ia mea, keu hoʻi i nā wā maloʻo, hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka evaporation unproductive a counteract overheating o nā kualono a me nā kūpuna i nā wā wela. Nā lā he nui me ka mahana o ka lepo ma luna o 27 ° C ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka tuber ʻelua a i ʻole ke ʻōpala sprouting ʻAʻole hiki i nā tubers i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka nui e hiki ke kūʻai ʻia ma muli o ke kau ulu pōkole loa a hana i kahi hapa o nā pohō i ka wā e ʻohiʻohi ana.
Hana ʻia ka hana o ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka ulu like ʻana o nā tubers e ka pale o nā mea kanu. ʻO ka maʻi mua me ka hopena o ka blight ʻaʻole wale ia e alakaʻi i nā pohō nui o ka hua, akā pale pū kekahi i nā tubers mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaupaona, a lilo pinepine nā tubers liʻiliʻi i ka ʻohiʻohi ʻana. ʻO ka hana pono ʻana i nā mea kanu ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi rhizoctonia, kekahi o nā hopena o ia mea ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahele o nā tubers liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka maʻamau, i mea e hoʻomaloʻo ai i ka ʻāpana lewa o nā mea kanu uala a me ka wikiwiki i ke kō ʻana o nā kōpu, ua lawa ia e hemo ai, ʻoi aku ʻelua mau manawa. No nā ʻano me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a paʻa paʻa o nā tubers i nā stolons, pono e hoʻohui i ka desiccation a me ka wili ʻana o ka mīkini o ka nui o luna. Inā ʻaʻole e hana ʻia kēia, a laila ka nui o nā koʻokoʻo e hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka lepo a me nā paipu, ʻo kekahi o nā paipu nui, me nā piko, e noho ma ke kula.
Akā ʻo ka "kumuwaiwai" nui o ka puka ʻana o nā nalo o nā tubers (a, ma hope, ke ʻano o kaʻuala uala) e ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻohi potato. ʻO ka maikaʻi o kāna hana e pili ana i kēia pili, pili i nā kūlana o ka hoʻohana, i hoʻohuli ʻia e ka moʻomeheu o ka mahiʻai a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia - mai ka mahi ʻana i ka lepo a hiki i ka pae o ka weediness ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o ka desiccation. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi kūpono a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka mīkini i nā ʻohiʻohi e loaʻa ana i kekahi kahua he mea nui. ʻO nā mea e hōʻemi ai i ka nalo ʻana o nā tubers he mea nui kekahi:
- pono ka hohonu o ka coulters ma lalo o ka tubers hohonu loa;
- pono ka laulā o ke kahawai loaʻa i ka laulā o ka lālani e hoʻokaʻawale ana;
- nalowale o nā paipu i ka wā o ka hoʻolilo o ka lepo mai nā coulters i ka conveyor sieving mua pono e kāpae ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi ma waena o nā pahu kope a me nā ʻokiʻoki ʻana;
- ke koho ʻia o ke āpau ma waena o nā slats o nā conveyor sieving e pono e hoʻokō ʻia me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka nui o nā tubers a me nā puʻupuʻu;
- pono e hoʻoponopono i nā hāmeʻa no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā haumia nāhelehele a me nā haulm;
- ʻo ke āpau ma waena o nā ʻōwili baffle a me nā kāʻei conveyor e pono e mālama ʻia ma ka pae o ka tuber liʻiliʻi.
Kūlike ʻole kēia mau ana me nā pahuhopu ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohiʻohi kūleʻa, e like me ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hōʻeha tuber haʻahaʻa. ʻO kahi laʻana, kahi hohonu hohonu e ʻeli ana ma nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā lepo kaumaha e hoʻonui pono ʻole i ka mahele o nā impurities, a no laila ka ukana ma nā hāmeʻa hoʻokaʻawale, a hoʻonui i ka makaʻu o nā tubers. Koi ʻia ke kaulike kūpono i ke koho ʻana i nā clearances ma nā sieve conveyors, ʻoiai ke kau liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā kī i nā kūlana haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe e alakaʻi ai i nā helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hōʻemi nui o ka hana. Ma ke ʻano laulā, hoʻemi ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o nā ana pale āpau i helu ʻia i kekahi manawa inā hana ka ʻoihana, no nā kumu he nui, ka hoʻoholo e haʻalele i ke kahua, no ka laʻana, ka hua holoʻokoʻa o ka hapa 50-.
Nā hana biological o ke kaua ka mea nui lua i ka hoʻokele o ka Solanum tuberosum weed problem.
ʻO ka lūlū ʻana i nā mea kanu ka mea ʻoi loa ka ikaika, akā i ka ulu ʻana i ka palaoa, oʻo nō hoʻi ka uala mauʻu (kiʻi 9).
ʻO nā mea kanu multi-cut forage a ʻo nā wahi hānai paha kahi koho suppression radical, akā ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ia mau mea kanu i nā hoʻohuli ʻana o kaʻuala. ʻO nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia a me nā mea kanu mea kanu i ka honua ākea ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i ka ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kaʻuala. Hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi hua hou a hiki i nā mea kanu manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikaika o nā mea kanu kolose (kiʻi 10). No laila, ʻo ke koho ʻana i nā mea kanu i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia o nā ʻōpala ʻōpala he mea nui wale ia me ka hoʻohana pū ʻana i nā lāʻau herbicides maikaʻi.
ʻO nā manaʻolana ʻo ka ʻuala, waiho ʻia iā lākou iho a hoʻonele ʻia i kahi ʻōnaehana o ka pale, ʻaʻole kūpono, e lilo ia i mea ola maʻalahi no nā meaola pathogenic - nā mea ʻino a me nā maʻi. ʻO ke kaʻina germination lōʻihi a me ke kū hoʻokahi e kōkua iā ia e ola. Ma ke ʻano he paradox, pono e nānā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe mea hōʻino i nā mea kanu ʻuala i ka hopena o ka hopena a me ka nalo potato ʻo Colorado i ka makahiki 2019 i nā hoʻoulu palaoa i ka mua o ʻAukake, ma hope o ʻekolu pule o ka ua ua (kiʻi 11).
Nā hana Agrotechnical ʻano like like me nā mea pale e pili ana i ka māka ʻana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka heluna o kaʻuala. ʻO ka mea nui ka mahi ʻana o ka papa ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kaʻuala. I ke kumu o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pōʻino o ka nāhelehele, ua hoʻokumu koke ʻia ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pono e haʻalele i ka palau ʻana e waiho i nā kōpena āpau i ka papa lepo o luna, kahi i luku ʻia e ka hau. I loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka pilikia, ʻo ka mea ʻoi loa ka kōpae lālani pālua a me nā mea mahi niho. ʻO ka tubers i waiho ʻia ma ka ʻili a ʻino hapa ʻia e maʻalahi i ka maʻi a me ka palaho, keu hoʻi i nā wahi mehana. Paipai ka hoʻonohonoho papau i ka germination mua a hoʻolilo iā ia i mea maikaʻi e hoʻopili i nā mea kanu a hoʻomau i nā mea mahiʻai ma mua o ka lulu ʻana i nā mea kanu aʻe.
Noho ka huki manuahi i kekahi o nā ala palekana a maikaʻi hoʻi e kāohi ai i ka pilikia o ka ʻōpala ʻōpala, akā hiki wale ke paipai ʻia no nā wahi liʻiliʻi no ka nui o ka hana o ke kaʻina hana.
Ke ulu nei i nā mea kanu lālani, hiki ke kaohi ʻia ka ʻōpala ʻōpala e ka mahi pinepine ʻana (inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i nā mea kanu i nā lālani o nā mea kanu). ʻAʻole paʻakikī e hoʻopau loa i ka uala mauʻu me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea kanu i kahi māla fallow. ʻEhā mau mahiʻai i ke kiʻekiʻe o 10-15 cm (ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 6-8 lau) i lawa e hoʻopau loa i ka mea kanu a pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā tubers hou. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kahi māla fallow ma hope o ka uala kahi koho ʻāina hoʻohana neoneo, paipai ʻia ia wale nō i nā hihia paʻakikī loa, no ka laʻana, ma hope o ka hoʻoilo me ka hoʻoiho hua liʻiliʻi i ka hana hua.
Kaohi kemika pili i ka ʻōpala ʻōpala i ka hoʻohana ākea o nā mea kālai lāʻau germination, nā fumigants lepo, nā mea make mau, nā lepo a me nā hoʻomākaukau koho lau. Nā mea kāohi ulu mea kanu me d.v. ʻO Maleic hydrazide (Fazor), ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ma kahi o ʻelua a ʻekolu mau pule paha ma hope o ka pua ʻana piha, lawe ʻia e nā lau a lawe ʻia i loko o nā paipū, e pale ana i kā lākou germination e 70-80%. Loaʻa nā pahuhopu lepo i ka pahuhopu like me ka maikaʻi ʻole (akā ʻaʻohe mākaukau i ʻae ʻia i ka Russian Federation).
Hiki i nā Herbicides ke luku loa i kaʻuala mauʻu wale nō i ka hoʻohui a me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana. Hāʻawi ka lako o nā meaola i loko o ka tuber makuahine i nā mea kanu e hoʻi hou mai nā lāʻau o nā lāʻau make i make i nā nāhelehele ʻē aʻe. Eia hou, ʻo ka helehelena o kaʻuala i ka hopena o nā mea kanu he mea ʻae ʻole ʻia ka noi kūleʻa o nā lāʻau make ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mea kanu i kā lākou pae maikaʻi loa no ka lapaʻau. No laila, inā hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kanu lāʻau i ka hua nui i ka manawa kūpono, a laila ʻaʻole pili ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻāpana o nā mea kanu ʻuala. I kēia manawa ʻaʻole lākou e ulu. No laila, ʻaʻole lawa nā herbicides lepo i hoʻopili ʻia i mua o ka puka ʻana i mea e kaohi ai i kaʻuala. Kūpale kaʻuala i ka nui o nā lāʻau make ma hope o ka puka ʻana.
ʻAʻole ia e noʻonoʻo i ka pōʻaiapili e hoʻopili ai i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe ai hoʻohana ʻia i ka ulu ʻuala (metribuzin, rim-sulfuron, a pēlā aku.). I ka manawa like, aia kahi ʻike haole kikoʻī e pili pono ana kekahi mau mea hana i ke kaua ʻana i kaʻuala mauʻu inā hoʻohana ʻia lākou i ke kahua o ka tuberization (hoʻomaka o nā tubers). Inā hoʻohana mua ʻia ka lāʻau make (ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka tuber), e kupu hou ka tuber makuahine. ʻO ka noi ʻana i ka lāʻau make ma hope ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka tuberization hiki ʻole ke pale i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā tubers kaikamahine.
ʻAe ʻia paha nā mea kanu lāʻau hoʻohana i nā mea kanu kikoʻī e hana pū me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hoʻomanawanui i ke ʻano he "suppression" ma mua o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻōpala ʻōpala. Pono e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o kahi a.c. kikoʻī. no nā mea kanu o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā mea kanu, ke ʻano, no nā ʻuala i mahi ʻia a i ʻole nā mea kanu.
I ka hopena, pono e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka ʻuala ma ke ʻano he mauʻu e lilo ana i pilikia nui no nā mahi uala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā hua. I kēia lā he paʻakikī e pale aku i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻōpala i nā mea kanu, no laila he mea pono e hoʻohana i ka laulā holoʻokoʻa o ke kaomi ʻana a me nā ana kaohi.