O KA HANA HANA HANA O KA ULU UALA MA ka hapa nui o ka Teritori o RUSIA E PONO AI I KA HOI IRRIGATION, KA MEA E AE ANA I KA POE HANA E LOA IA I KA OHI HOIKE, KUOKOA I KA NUI O KE ANO. NAE, HIKI I NA FARMS E KOHO I KA OPTIMAL (NA HANA I KA HOI NUI NO KA INVESTMENT) KE ANO O KA IRIGA NO LAKOU. I keia la, e kamailio kakou no na pono a me na poino o ka wai kulu.
Irina Berg
ME NA KOHO
I kēia lā, i ko mākou ʻāina, lawe ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu perennial ma kahi o 230 tausani mau ʻeka. Wahi a Aleksey Novikov, ka moho o ka ʻepekema mahiʻai, Hope Luna Hoʻokele no ka Research and Innovative Development o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture (Volgograd), no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala, hoʻohana ʻia nā drip irrigation system (DIS) i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai. e like me nā pā hale. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka irrigation e hiki ai ke hoʻokomo i ka lepo i ka nui o ka wai e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā mea kanu a me ka lepo i kēlā me kēia lā, a mālama i kahi pae monotonous o ka wai.
Hope Luna Nui o Vesta LLC ʻO Viktor Solenkov ʻIke wau i nā kūlana o ke aniau kūloko, ʻo ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā ʻuala me ka ʻole o ka irrigation he ʻoihana waiwai ʻole. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Tambov, kahi i loaʻa ai ka ʻoihana, ua liʻiliʻi nā kau me ka nui o ka ua. A i loko o ia mau makahiki, aneane hiki i nā mea hana āpau ke kaena i ka hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi, ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi i nā pono hoʻokūkū. ʻO kēia mahiʻai, i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 2002, ua hoʻohana mua i ka irrigation drip i nā kukama, a laila i nā aniani. A i ko lākou hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka māla uala, hoʻokahi hou
i ka manawa i maopopo ai i kona pono kiʻekiʻe a hoʻomau i kēia hana.
ʻO ke poʻo o nā pā hale ʻO Alexander Cherny mai ka Krasnodar Territory i hana i ka ʻuala no kahi o 15 mau makahiki a hoʻonui mālie i ka wahi no ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu i ʻeono mau ʻeka. ʻAʻole i hele koke mai ka agrarian e hoʻoheheʻe i ka irrigation, akā inā ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia ka pilikia o ka hemahema o ka wai i ke kauwela. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana, i kālele ʻia i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana ma ka mākeke kūʻai nui, pono e like me ka hiki. A ʻo ka hoʻokomo wale ʻana o DIS e ʻae i ka mahiʻai e loaʻa mau nā hua kiʻekiʻe.
Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Astrakhan, ʻaʻole hiki ke ulu i ka ʻuala a me nā mea kanu me ka ʻole o ka irrigation, a makemake ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka drip irrigation. Kauka o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, ke poʻo o ka Laboratory of Agricultural Technologies of Vegetable Crops of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center o ka Russian Academy of Sciences" Anastasia Bondarenko wehewehe i kēia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka makū. E like me ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina ʻo Lower Volga, ʻaʻole lawa ka ua kūlohelohe ma ʻaneʻi, a piʻi ka mahana o ka ea i ke kauwela i 40-45 ° C.
Elena Gushchina ua ulu ʻo ia i ka ʻuala i kāna mahiʻai mai 2021. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana drip irrigation i hāʻawi ʻia e ka hoʻolālā ʻoihana, i hiki ai ke lanakila i kahi hāʻawi mokuʻāina no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi agro-startup. Wahi a ka mea mahiʻai, ʻaʻole ʻae nā hiʻohiʻona o ka wela a maloʻo ʻo Astrakhan i ka mahiʻai me ka ʻole o ka wai. A ʻo ke ʻano i koho ʻia, ʻo ka mea mua, hiki iā ia ke hana i nā wahi liʻiliʻi, i loko o 10-20 heka.
I KA IMI I KE KUMU
Alexey Novikov manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ke kūlana nui no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu wai ma kahi kokoke i nā kula. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia mai nā kumu hāmama (nā muliwai, nā kahawai wai) a mai nā kumu i pani ʻia (nā paipu nui a ma ka mahiʻai). Hoʻopuka ka ʻepekema i ka manaʻo nui o ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai kiʻekiʻe mai nā haumia mechanical a me nā koena o nā mea kanu wai. Hiki ke hoʻoholo maʻamau ka pilikia
nā lako ʻōnaehana kulu wai me nā kānana like ʻole.
hoʻokele waiwai Elena Gushchina Aia ma kahi o 15 mau kilomita mai ka muliwai Volga, ma ka pae steppe. Hāʻawi ʻia ka wai i nā māla kūloko mai nā kahawai wai i kūkulu ʻia i nā makahiki he nui aku nei a mālama ʻia e ka ʻoihana wai kūloko. Hoʻonohonoho ka poʻe mahiʻai
ʻO kā lākou mau pauma a me ka wai hoʻōla ola mai ʻaneʻi, e ʻokoʻa ana ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ka uku hoʻopaʻa inoa no ka lawelawe i kēia makahiki he 14 tausani rubles no ka hectare o kahi irrigated. ʻO ka wai mai nā kahawai i hana ʻia i ke kenekulia i hala no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu laiki ʻo Krasnodar a hānai ʻia e ka muliwai Kuban e hoʻohana pū ʻia e ʻO Alexander Cherny. Hoʻopau ka mea kanu ʻuala i kēlā me kēia makahiki i kahi kuʻikahi me ka waihona kālā mokuʻāina, nona ka ʻōnaehana irrigation. ʻOi aku ka hōʻailona o ke kumukūʻai o ka lawelawe. ʻO ka hoʻoinu ʻana i hoʻokahi ʻeka o nā māla e pili ana i 1,3 tausani rubles no ka mahiʻai holoʻokoʻa
ke kau.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻāina āpau ke haʻaheo i nā loko wai nui a me kahi pūnaewele nui o nā kahawai wai, aia ma waena o lākou ka ʻāina ʻo Tambov. ʻO Viktor Solenkov hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻonui ʻole ai kāna mahiʻai i ka wahi ma lalo o ka wai. A
ʻO nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma ka drip irrigation - ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 100-150 heka o nā mea kanu mea kanu, me ka ʻuala.
"DROP" POMAIKAI
Ke koho ʻana i ka drip irrigation, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi kūʻai hoʻokahi manawa o nā lako maʻamau, pono ʻoe e kūʻai i kahi lipine drip hou i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ia mea aia ma kahi o 30% o ka huina kālā o DIS a, e like me nā koho ʻO Viktor Solenkov, hiki i ka 20-25 tausani rubles no ka ʻeka. I kēia lā, kūʻai ka mika laina o ka paipu i ʻelua mau rubles, a ʻaʻole i loli ke kumukūʻai mai ka makahiki 2000. Hōʻike ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai ua kūpono loa ia mau hoʻopukapuka. Ua pālua ka hua o ka ʻuala ma Vesta LLC i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hopena o ka manawa maʻamau e pili ana i ka ua. Loaʻa i ka ʻoihana ka loaʻa kālā hou ʻaʻole wale ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻuala i hana ʻia, akā no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mākeke a me ka maikaʻi o nā ʻuala.
Nui nā agrarians, hoʻolauna i kēia ʻano o ka irrigation i kā lākou mau mahiʻai, ua hoʻohana i ke kōkua o nā hoa hana ʻoi aku ka ʻike. kumu aʻo Elena Gushchina lilo i makuahonowaikane nona ʻO Vladimir Gushchinka mea i noho ma ka mahiai no na makahiki he 20. ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia i hāʻawi i nā ʻōlelo aʻo maikaʻi, akā hāʻawi pū i ka mahiʻai ʻōpio me kahi ʻōnaehana kānana no ka SKO. He mea kōkua nui ia, no ka mea, hoʻomaka ke kumukūʻai o kahi kānana ʻoihana hou mai 150 tausani rubles a hiki ke hoʻonui ma muli o nā noi a ka mea hana mahiʻai. Ua loaʻa ka hopena o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, a i ka makahiki i hala aku nei ua hiki i ka 60 tons no ka ʻeka. Manaʻo ka mea mahiʻai e loaʻa iā ia nā hopena maikaʻi loa, no ka mea aia kāna mahiʻai i waena o ka poʻe hoʻomaka.
no ka mea, ʻO Alexander Cherny, ka mea i hana ma ke ano he drip irrigation operator ma kekahi o na mahiai nui loa ma ka aina, aole he mea paakiki ka hoonohonoho ana i ka wai i loko o kona hale ponoi. Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā ʻuala ulu a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hua: no ke ʻano Colomba, mai 35 tons o nā ʻuala hiki ke kūʻai aku i ka ʻeka a hiki i 52-55 tons, a no Colette, mai 32 tons no ka ʻeka a i 45-47 tons. No laila ua uhi ʻia nā lilo a pau no ka hoʻoinu ʻana me ka hoʻopaʻi.
Alexey Novikov hōʻoia i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai o nā mahiʻai e hōʻoia ʻia e ka pae o nā huahana i loaʻa. In
All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture no ka manawa lōʻihi i hana i ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana
nā mea o ka ʻenehana mahi ʻuala ma ka wai kulu. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ia me ke ʻano kanu kanu i nā kūlana maloʻo loa o ka ʻāina ʻo Lower Volga ma nā ʻāina chestnut māmā, hiki ke loaʻa a hiki i 70 tons o tubers no ka ʻeka.
NA POMAIKAI OLE
No laila, ʻo nā pono nui o ka drip irrigation no ka poʻe mahiʻai e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai irrigation, hoʻonui i nā hua a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana mahiʻai. E like me ka wehewehe ʻana Alexey Novikov, hiki ke ho'okō 'ia ka uku nui ma muli o ka lawa 'ana a me ka like 'ole o ka wai, ka ho'ohana 'ana i dosed o nā fertilizers pa'akikī koke a me ka mahi 'ana i ka manawa.
Mālama ka wai kulu i ka maloʻo o nā lālani, e hoʻopau i ka pono no ka wehe ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka herbicide, ka weeding a me nā kumukūʻai mahiʻai. Eia hou, ka pono no
ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fungicides.
I ka manaʻo ʻO Viktor SolenkovʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o kēia ʻano i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka irrigation overhead ʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻohana wai. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. Ma muli o ka lako kūloko, normalized
ka makū i ke aʻa, a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaomi haʻahaʻa i ka DIS, ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uila.
ʻO Alexander Cherny i ʻōlelo ʻia ma hope o kēlā me kēia hoʻoinu ʻana ma ka pīpī ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, i kēlā me kēia pule, pono e mālama i nā mea kanu mai ka late blight. Akā i kēia manawa, i ka wā e maloʻo ai ka lau a me ka lepo lepo, lawa ia e hoʻopili
nā mea pale i kēlā me kēia 12 lā. Hoʻomaopopo pū nā mea kanu ʻuala i ka emi ʻana o ka pae o ka weediness lepo.
Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o DIS, hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano wai a me nā ʻano wai o nā mea kanu ma muli o kā lākou lawe pololei ʻana i ke aʻa. Anastasia Bondarenko ʻōlelo ʻo ia ma kēia ʻano, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka lepo ma mua o ka lūlū ʻana.
ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mea kanu ma o ka drip irrigation, e like me Elena Gushchina, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka poʻe mahiʻai Astrakhan
ʻohi maikaʻi. He ʻilihune loa nā ʻāina kūloko, a ʻaʻohe mākaukau, ʻaʻohe mea e ulu ma ʻaneʻi.
ʻO ka hemahema nui o kēia ʻano o ka irrigation i nā mahiʻai nui ʻo ia ka pono e hoʻokumu a hoʻokomo i kēlā me kēia makahiki
e wehe iā SKO, e hoʻonui ana i ka māhele o ka hana lima. ʻO Viktor Solenkov kapa ʻia kēia kumu i ke keakea nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā "kulu" ma luna o nā wahi nui.
ʻO Alexander Cherny ʻaʻole ʻike i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe wai i ka manawa. I loko o kona lumi pilikino hope
mahiʻai, waiho ʻia kahi paipu kulu i ka wā o ka puʻu ʻuala. Akā maʻalahi hiki ke hoʻololi i ka wai ʻauʻau
mālama i ka manawa a me ka ikaika. I kēlā me kēia manawa kūpono iā ia, pani wale ka agrarian a wehe i nā paipu, ʻo ke koena
Hana ʻo SCO i kāna hana me ka ʻole o ke kanaka.
Mai poina i ka hiki ke hoʻopōʻino ʻia ka lipine wili, a hiki ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia kona kūpaʻa e nā mīkini mahiʻai a i ʻole nā pests e noho ana ma ke kula. ʻO nā ʻōpala, nā ʻiole a me nā manu i kekahi manawa e waiho i nā puka liʻiliʻi ma ka lipine no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka wai. Akā ua maʻalahi ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēlā mau pōʻino me ka ʻole o ka pono e pani i ka paipu.
Ke ulu nei ka ʻuala i nā ʻāina me kahi ea wela, hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka wai i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou i nā lipine ʻeleʻele hiki ke loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā ʻuala. I ʻole e wela loa ka wai ma lalo o ka lā, Alexey Novikov ʻōlelo aʻo
ka wai i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi.
Mālama ka wai kulu i ka maloʻo o nā lālani, e hoʻopau i ka pono no ka wehe ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka herbicide, ka weeding a me nā kumukūʻai mahiʻai. Eia kekahi, hoʻemi ʻia ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fungicides.
Pono e ho'āʻo
Ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka drip irrigation ma Rūsia. Wahi a ʻO Alexey
Novikov, aia wale nō ma ka ʻāina ʻo Lower Volga, ma kahi o 30-40 tausani ʻeka o ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka irrigation. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, pono ke kūkulu ʻana i ka DIS i nā hoʻopukapuka kālā nui mai ka poʻe mahiʻai. No laila, ʻo ka mea mua, ua ʻāpono ʻia i ka mahi ʻana i ka waiwai nui
nā mea kanu perennial: nā māla waina, nā māla hua. A ʻo - ʻuala, nā mea kanu a me kekahi mau mea kanu ʻoihana waiwai nui.
Anastasia Bondarenko ʻike i nā manaʻo maikaʻi loa no kēia ʻano irrigation, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka meaʻai mea kanu a me
a me ka lawe ana i na mea e pale aku ai ia lakou.
Ma o ka drip irrigation, hiki i ka poʻe mahiʻai ke hoʻohana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau like ʻole e kūʻē i nā maʻi a me nā pests me ka mālama nui
kālā a me ka manawa.
I ka manaʻo ʻO Alexander Cherny, inā ʻae ke kālā a loaʻa nā mea hiki ke hoʻokomo iā DIS, ʻaʻohe pono e kānalua,
pono e hana. He mea maikaʻi ka hoʻoinu ʻana, a mihi ka mea kanu ʻuala ʻo Krasnodar no ka ʻaʻa ʻole e hoʻohana koke.
Elena Gushchina 'ōlelo aʻo ʻaʻole e makaʻu a hoʻāʻo i nā mea hou a pau, mahalo i hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonui i kāu hana.
Ua ʻae ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe i nā mahiʻai Astrakhan, kaulana a puni ka ʻāina no kā lākou mau wai, e komo i ka mākeke me
nā'ōmato mua o ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ka mea kanu i ulu ma ka irrigation e hōʻike ana i ka hua a hiki i ka 120-150 tons no ka ʻeka.
Ke kiʻekiʻe nei ka helu o ka poʻe kānalua, a ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe mahiʻai i ke kumu e pono ai lākou e kau i kahi "lele" a lawe.
nā lilo hou. ʻO Viktor Solenkov e ho'āʻo ana e wehewehe i nā hoahana mai ka ʻāina ʻo Tambov a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i ka mea
ʻaʻole wale i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua ʻuala. Inā pili ka hana o ka hoʻokele waiwai i ka wā, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i kahi kūpaʻa, a
ʻAʻole maikaʻi nā ʻuala ulu, a ʻaʻohe ala kūpaʻa e kūʻai aku ai i nā huahana. E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ke kau ma mua, ʻo ko lākou hele ʻana ke kī ʻaʻole wale i ka holomua, akā i ke ola ʻana o ka mea kanu ʻuala hou.