ʻO Timiryazev Academy kekahi o nā kikowaena alakaʻi no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu mahiʻai ma Rūsia. Ua hana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi nā haneli o nā ʻano hua kiʻekiʻe a kūʻē i ka maʻi, nā hua, nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. mea kanu ʻO ke poʻo o ka 'Oihana o Botany, Breeding, Seed Growing and Garden Plants,ʻo Socrates Monakhos, i'ōlelo e pili ana i ka hanaʻana o ka hana e hana i ia mau mea kanu i ka hoʻokuʻu houʻana o ka papahana wikiō "MAGnit: All about Science and Technology".
Wahi a ka ʻepekema, ʻo kekahi o nā kuhikuhi nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano hou a me nā hybrids o ke kāpeti: "ʻO kā kāpeti kā mākou meaʻai mua, loaʻa iā mākou ka kūleʻa ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kēia mea kanu. ʻOi aku ma mua o 50 mau hybrids i ka papa inoa mokuʻāina, ʻoi aku ma mua o 15 i loaʻa no ka hana hua.
ʻO ka manaʻo nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hybrids hope o ke kāpeti keʻokeʻo, he lōʻihi ke ola. Heʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no nā'āpana'ākau o Rusia me kahi anuanu.
Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo Timiryazevka, ʻo kēlā me kēia poʻo ʻekolu o ka kāpena i ʻai ʻia e Muscovites i ka hoʻoilo e ulu ʻia mai nā hua o kā lākou koho. ʻO nā hybrids kaulana loa ʻo Kolobok, Dominanta, Prestige, a me Valentina.
Ua lilo ʻo Hybrid breeding i mea nui o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala. I kēia lā, hoʻohana nui ka hana pāʻoihana i nā hybrids F1 mua. ʻOkoʻa lākou mai nā ʻano open-pollinated i ka genetic a me morphological homogeneity, a me kekahi mau pono ʻē aʻe i hiki ʻole ke loaʻa mai nā ʻano open-pollinated.
ʻOi aku ma mua o 200 mau gene a i ʻole nā hui hybrid i kanu ʻia ma ke kahua kula. He mau genotypes kū hoʻokahi kēia i loaʻa ʻole ma mua. ʻO ka hana a ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ia ke ʻike i ka mea hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa o lākou ma muli o kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā ʻano. Ke manaʻo nei hoʻi ka hoʻoulu ʻana o kēia wā e hana i nā genotypes hiki ke ulu me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides a me nā huahana pale mea kanu.
Ua kanu ʻia a aʻo ʻia nā haneli o nā hui hybrid hou o ke kāpeti i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma nā māla hānai o Timiryazevka. ʻO ka pahuhopu ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea i loaʻa ma ke ʻano o kahi paʻakikī o nā ʻano waiwai waiwai. ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui i kēia lā ʻo ka hoʻohua ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano kūpono no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kaiapuni me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides. ʻO ka hybrid onion mua ma Rūsia kūʻē i ka downy mildew ua hana ʻia a hāʻawi ʻia i ka mea hana. E hōʻemi kēia i ka ukana pesticide ma nā huahana, ka lepo, ka wai a me ka ea, no ka mea, ʻaʻole pono ka poʻe mahiʻai a me nā paʻa mahiʻai e mālama i nā aniani me nā kemika ma kahi o ʻelima mau manawa.
E pili ana i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hybrids a me nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ka pōmaikaʻi nui o nā hybrids F1 ʻo kā lākou genetic uniformity. Hoʻoholo mua kēia i ka kūlike o ka morphological a me ka hana ʻana o ka hana. ʻO nā mea kanu a pau i ka manawa hoʻokahi, he mea waiwai ia no nā mea kanu. ʻOiai no ka poʻe ʻoliʻoli mahiʻai, ʻoi aku ka hoihoi o ka ulu ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole e hāʻawi i nā ʻano like ʻole.
Ma ke Kula ʻo Timiryazev, ʻo ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo hānau kahi kumu o nā ʻano genetic a me nā ʻenehana hou. Ma ʻaneʻi, mālama ʻia nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano anoano a pollinate ponoʻī ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pulu pulupulu e pale aku i ka cross-pollination. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai ke loaʻa nā hua o ka hanauna e hiki mai ana a ulu i nā explants no ka noiʻi hou ʻana ma nā hale hana.
Ke ʻike nei ka hānau ʻana o nā mea kanu ma ka Timiryazev Academy i ke kolu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Inā ʻo ka pahuhopu mua ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano huahana nui e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka meaʻai, a laila huli ka nānā i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. I kēia manawa ke neʻe nei ka manaʻo nui i ka palekana kaiapuni o nā mea kanu i ulu.
ʻO nā ʻenehana hou, e like me ka molecular breeding a me nā ʻano moʻomeheu cell, hiki ke wikiwiki i ke kaʻina hana hānau a hoʻonui i ka hoʻokūkū o nā ʻoihana hānai. Hoʻohana ikaika ka Academy i nā ʻano hana no ka hana ʻana i nā haploid pālua, kahi e hiki ai ke loaʻa nā genotypes hou i ka manawa pōkole loa.
ʻO ke kāpeti keʻokeʻo, ʻo ia kekahi o nā hae nui o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka Academy, ua hele mai i kahi ala lōʻihi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Inā he 50 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, hiki i ka ʻohi ʻana i ke kāpeti a hiki i hoʻokahi mahina a me ka hapa ma muli o ka oʻo ʻole ʻana, akā i kēia manawa, mahalo i nā hybrids F1, wikiwiki a maikaʻi ka ʻohi ʻana.
Ke alakaʻi pū nei ke kula i nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu i nā maʻi like ʻole. Eia kekahi laʻana, loaʻa i ke kāpena keʻokeʻo kahi gene kū'ē mai kona pili pili, ʻo ka sinapi ʻAitiopa. Hoʻemi kēia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻokō hou loa, ʻo ia ka hoʻoili ʻana o kahi gene no ke kūʻē ʻana i ka clubroot, kekahi o nā maʻi ʻino loa no nā mea kanu kāpeti, i ke kāpeti keʻokeʻo mai nā turnips. Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia kūleʻa e hana hou ʻia i nā brassicas ʻē aʻe e like me ka broccoli a me ka kohlrabi.