Aia ʻo India i ka lua ma ka honua ma hope o Kina ma ke ʻano o ka hana ʻuala. Wahi a ka Statista.com portal, ma kahi o 2023 miliona tons o nā huahana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka ʻāina ma 59,74, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ʻekolu miliona mau ʻoi aku ma mua o 2022.
Ua kamaʻilio ʻo ia e pili ana i ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā India i nā hopena like. ʻO Rajveer Singh (Rajvir Singh), Hope Peresidena o KF Biotech Pvt Ltd.
KF Biotech Pvt Ltd he ʻoihana agro-biotechnological nui, ʻāpana o ka hui o Kapur.
Loaʻa iā ia ʻelua mau māhele, hoʻokahi mea kūikawā i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuala hua kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka lua - i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu maiʻa.
I kēlā me kēia makahiki hoʻolako ka ʻoihana i ka mākeke me kahi 50 tausani mau ʻuala hua.
Loaʻa iā KF Biotech Pvt Ltd kahi hale hana i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i Bangalore, ke kapikala biotechnology o India. Hoʻopili nui ʻia nā ʻāpana hua ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Punjab, ma kahi ʻāpana i kaʻawale ʻole mai nā pests o ka quarantine koʻikoʻi.
Mai ka mōʻaukala
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua lawe ʻia ka ʻuala i India e nā luina Pukiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 17. Ua maʻalahi ka laha ʻana o ka moʻomeheu e ka British East India Company: Ua hoʻolaha a hoʻoulu ʻia nā mea kālepa Pelekane i ka mahi ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala ma waena o nā kaiāulu kuaʻāina. Ua hoʻokuʻu aku ka hui i ka huahana mai ka ʻauhau transit. Ua uku ʻia nā hana a ka poʻe colonialists, a ua hoʻohui maʻalahi ka ʻuala i loko o nā kīʻaha kūloko o India.
Makemake ka poʻe India i ka ʻuala i kēlā me kēia ʻano - palai, kālua, kālua. ʻO ia ka mea nui i ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā pies samosa kaulana loa ma ka ʻāina; hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻomākaukau i ka meaʻai aloo tikki, Calcutta biryani a me nā kīʻaha ʻē aʻe he nui.
Hoʻonui i ka hana
Wahi a ka FAO, ma waena o 1960 a me 2000, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana ʻuala ma India ma kahi o 850%, ma muli o ka ulu nui ʻana o ka noi mai nā kamaʻāina waiwai nui. I ka makahiki 90, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻai ʻuala no kēlā me kēia kanaka mai 12 a 17 kg i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Akā ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena moʻolelo ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā wahi ma mua o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hua.
Nāʻano o ka uluʻana
Hoʻoulu ʻia ka ʻuala ma 23 mau mokuʻāina o India, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hana ʻana (ma kahi o 74%) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal a me Bihar.
Ma kahi kokoke i ka hapakolu o ka nui o ka ʻuala o ka ʻāina i ʻohi ʻia ma Uttar Pradesh, nona nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka wā, ka lepo momona a me nā ʻoihana mahiʻai nui.
ʻO nā kūlana climatic o ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina e ʻae i hoʻokahi ʻohi ʻuala i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe ʻo Punjab, kahi e ʻohi ai ka poʻe mahiʻai i ʻelua mau mea kanu, akā ma muli o ka nele o ka wai, ua hōʻole ke aupuni i kēia hana.
Hoʻoulu pinepine ʻia ka ʻuala me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, maʻamau ka laiki a me ka palaoa.
ʻO ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala mai ʻOkakopa a Nowemapa, e ʻohi ana mai Pepeluali a Malaki.
ʻO ka awelika nui o kahi mahi ʻuala he 5 a 10 ʻeka (ma kahi o 2,025 a 4,05 mau ʻeka). Akā, ua ulu ʻia kēia mea kanu e nā ʻoihana mahiʻai nui.
Hoʻohana ka poʻe mahiʻai nui ma Punjab i nā mīkini kanu a me ka ʻohi ʻana, ʻoiai ma nā mokuʻāina e like me West Bengal a me Bihar e hana lima ʻia nā hana mahiʻai āpau.
No ka irrigation, hoʻohana ka poʻe mahiʻai i kā lākou mau pūnāwai ponoʻī, a me ka wai mai nā kahawai wai. Ma kekahi mau mokuʻāina e like me Gujarat, ua ulu ʻia ka ʻuala ma lalo o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe.
ʻO nā ʻano ʻuala
Hoʻoulu nui ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā ʻano papa ʻaina India i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute).
No ka ʻike: Aia ka Central Potato Research Institute ma Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. ʻO nā pahuhopu o ka institute ka hana ʻana i ka noiʻi kumu, hoʻolālā a hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomau, ka huahana, a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala; ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kanu olakino o nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka institute.
He ākea loa ka koho ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano; i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana ʻia he 65 mau mea hou, ʻo ia ka 33 e kū nei i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi biotic a me abiotic, a ʻewalu kūpono no ka hana ʻoihana. I ka manawa like, 23 mau ʻano i kēia manawa a hiki i ka 95% o ka wahi kanu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka ʻuala ma ka ʻāina.
ʻO nā makemake ma waena o nā India e pili ana i ke koho ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole (ka ʻili, ka kala pulp) ʻokoʻa ma muli o ka ʻāina. No laila, ma West Bengal, makemake nā kānaka i ka ʻuala ʻili ʻulaʻula, ʻoiai ma nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe, hāʻawi ʻia ka mea nui i ka ʻuala ʻili keʻokeʻo me ka ʻiʻo keʻokeʻo a māmā paha.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea kaulana loa ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kufri Sindhuri, Kufri Chipsona, Kufri Badshah, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Jawahar a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Aia nā ʻano kūikawā no ka hana ʻana: K Frysona, K Chipsona 1, K Chipsona 2, K Chipsona 3 a me K Fryom, etc.
Ke hoʻokomo pū nei nā hui kūʻokoʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole i ka mākeke India.
Nā ʻano hana hānau hou
I ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻolaha ka poʻe biotechnologists mai ka National Plant Genome Research Institute ma New Delhi i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuala i hoʻololi ʻia i ka genetically i loaʻa i ka 60% ʻoi aku ka nui o ka protein ma mua o nā ʻuala maʻamau.
Ua hoʻohana nā mea hoʻomohala i ka gene AmA1 mai ka mea kanu amaranth, i ʻai ʻia no nā kenekulia ma Central America a me Asia. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema ua kū lākou i ka hana o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kumu kūʻai o ka protein, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā legumes, iʻa a i ʻole soybeans ma mua o ka ʻuala.
I ka hopena o 2023, ua hoʻoikaika nui ke Kuhina Biotechnology o India, ʻo Dr. Manju Sharma, ʻo nā hopena o ʻekolu mau makahiki o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻuala me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka protein maʻi he mea hoʻoikaika nui a hiki ke ʻae ʻia ka huahana hou no ka mahiʻai ʻana ma kahi kokoke. e hiki mai ana.
Akā, ua lawa kēia kulekele i nā hoa paio. Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka poʻe kūʻē i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻuala i hoʻololi ʻia e ka genetically e haʻalele i nā kumu kumu o ka protein a no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka hemahema o kahi meaʻai koʻikoʻi.
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻo India i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meaʻai genetically modified i ka ʻāina. Ma mua o 2023, ua hōʻole ke aupuni i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kaukani mau kaukani o ka genetically modified soy mixture mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Ka mālama ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala
Ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana, kūʻai aku ka poʻe mahiʻai liʻiliʻi i ka ʻuala ma nā mākeke mea kanu a hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea kanu hoʻoponopono. Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, kūʻai ʻia ka ʻuala ma kahi ʻano "palapala"; ʻo nā mea hana liʻiliʻi wale nō e hoʻopili i nā huahana ma mua o ke kūʻai aku ʻana iā lākou i nā hale kūʻai.
Hoʻokomo nā mea hana nui i kā lākou huahana i kahi waihona. Hiki iā ʻoe ke mālama i nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe no nā mahina 10-12 i nā hale mālama ʻuala. ʻO ka awelika o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala he 5 tausani tons.
Ke hoʻomaikaʻi nei ke kūlana me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi wahi mālama i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoiai ke kūkulu ikaika ʻia nei nā hale kūʻai ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi hana ʻuala nui.
Nā pilikia o nā mea kanu ʻuala
Ke kū nei ka poʻe mahiʻai ma India i nā pilikia like me ka poʻe mahiʻai ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka honua. Ua pilikia ka ʻoihana i ka hemahema o nā hua ʻuala maikaʻi ma ke kumu kūʻai kūpono. Ma muli o ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi (late blight, bacterial wilt, scab maʻamau, pala aʻa) a me nā mea ʻeha (cyst nematodes).
Akā ʻo ka mea nui ke hāʻule nei ka loaʻa kālā o ka hana ʻuala. I nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, ua pālua ke kumukūʻai o nā mea kanu, akā ʻaʻole i loli nā kumukūʻai no ka huahana hope. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kūlana i nā makahiki, ma muli o ke kūlana maikaʻi o ka wā, loaʻa i nā mahiʻai nā hua kiʻekiʻe.
Nā papahana kākoʻo mokuʻāina no nā mahiʻai
Hāʻawi ka moku'āina i ka poʻe mahiʻai me nā haʻawina nui no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana irrigation, uku hapa no nā kumukūʻai o ka uila a me nā mea kanu, hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo kālā i ka wā o ka overproduction, paipai i nā mea hana e hoʻokuʻu aku i kā lākou huahana ma ka uku ʻana iā lākou i nā kumukūʻai kaʻa, etc. nā papahana no ka poʻe mahiʻai e hana ana i ka mahiʻai mahiʻai
Hoʻopili hou
A hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 90, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia ka hana ʻuala ma ka ʻāina. A laila, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana ikaika o nā hui transnational a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea pāʻani kūloko i ka mākeke, ua wikiwiki ka ʻoihana a hōʻike i ka ulu nui ma mua o 10 mau makahiki. I kēia manawa, 6 a 8% o ka nui o ka hana ʻuala ma India e hana ʻia. A ke ulu nui nei nā huahana i hana ʻia (chips, French fries) ma ka ʻāina, ʻoi aku hoʻi i waena o nā ʻōpio.
Aia ma Inia he mau hale hana nunui o ia mau hui honua kaulana e like me McCain, Hyfun, Funwave, Pepsico. Hoʻokumu lākou i nā mea maka mai nā mokuʻāina ulu ʻuala e like me Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, West Bengal.
I ka hāʻule ʻana o 2023, ua hoʻolaha ʻo PepsiCo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi mea kanu hou no ka hana ʻana i nā chips a Lay ma India. ʻO nā hoʻopukapuka kālā ma ka pūnaewele hana, aia ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Assam, ma kahi o $ 95 miliona.
ʻO nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e hana ana i nā huahana ʻuala, ke hoʻonui mau nei ka laulā, e hāʻawi pū i kā lākou hāʻawi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana. No ka laʻana, ua ʻike ʻia nā kuki ʻuala lahilahi me ka ʻono o nā ʻōpala ma ka mākeke.
Hoʻomāliʻi
Hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo India i nā ʻuala hua i nā ʻāina like ʻole e like me Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Turkey, Senegal, Bangladesh a me Nepal.
Eia kekahi, hoʻolako ʻia nā huahana hoʻōla ʻuala ma waho. E lawe kākou i nā fries Farani i laʻana. I ka makahiki 2007, ua lawe mai ʻo India i ka 6 tausani tons o kēia mau huahana, a i ka makahiki 2019 ua hoʻokuʻu aku ka ʻāina i 30 tausani mau ʻuala maloʻo. I kēia lā, hāʻawi ʻo India i ka nui o kēia mau huahana i ka Philippines. Hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo India i nā ʻuala ʻuala, ka hapa nui i Iapana a me ka Middle East.
ʻO ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma India he nui nā pilikia, akā manaʻo ka poʻe loea e hoʻomau mau ka hua ʻai a maikaʻi hoʻi no ka poʻe mahiʻai. ʻO ke kī i kēia ka hoʻomohala ikaika o ka ʻoihana hana. Ke ʻike nei ka ʻāina i ka piʻi mau ʻana o ka noi no nā ʻano ʻuala like ʻole, a me kēia ʻano kumu, ʻike ʻia kona wā e hiki mai ana.