Sergey Banadysev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiʻai,
LLC "Doka - Gene Technologies"
I kēia kau, aia nā hōʻailona mai nā mea kūʻai aku e pili ana i ka ʻawaʻawa o ka ʻuala me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā ʻuala. ʻO ke kumu o ka ʻawaʻawa i ka ʻono ʻo ia ka ʻike o nā glycoalkaloids ma luna o 14 mg / 100 g.
ʻO Glycoalkaloids (GCAs) he mau mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻaʻohe wela i nā ʻano mea kanu, me ka ʻuala. Loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai fungicidal a me nā pesticidal a ʻo ia kekahi o nā pale kūlohelohe o nā mea kanu.
Ua hōʻike ʻia i kēia manawa he nui nā waiwai pono o ka glycoalkaloids potato i loko o ka therapeutic concentrations no ke olakino kanaka: antitumor, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, etc. he kumuhana ʻokoʻa no nā puke, a ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka pahuhopu ma lalo nei. E wehewehe i nā koho i hiki ke pale i ka hōʻiliʻili nui ʻana o nā glycoalkaloids i loko o ka ʻuala.
ʻO nā HCA nui i loko o nā ʻuala ʻuala, ʻo ia ka α-solanine a me ka α-chaconine (Fig. 1), ʻo ia ka helu ma kahi o 95% o ka nui o nā glycoalkaloids i kēia ʻano mea kanu.
ʻO ka solanine a me ka chaconine he mau alkaloids steroid i loko o ka nitrogen e lawe ana i ka aglycone like, solanidine, akā ʻokoʻa i ke kaulahao ʻaoʻao o ka tri-saccharide. ʻO ka trisaccharide i loko o ka α-solanine he galactose, glucose a me rhamnose, aʻo ka α-chaconine he glucose a ʻelua koena.
rhamnose. Loaʻa i ka ʻuala ʻuala maʻamau ka 10-150 mg / kg o glycoalkaloids, aʻo ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo he 250-280 mg / kg, a ʻo ka ʻili ʻōmaʻomaʻo he 1500-2200 mg / kg. He haʻahaʻa loa ka ʻike o ka glycoalkaloids i loko o nā ʻuala ʻuala, a
ʻAʻole kūlike ka māhele ʻana i loko o ka ʻuala. ʻO nā pae kiʻekiʻe e kaupalena ʻia i ka peel, ʻoiai ʻo nā pae haʻahaʻa loa i loaʻa i ka ʻāpana kumu. Loaʻa mau ʻia ka HCA i loko o nā ʻuala, a ma nā kumu a hiki i ka 100mg/kg ua hui pū lākou e kōkua i ka ʻono maikaʻi o ka ʻuala.
Loaʻa ka nui o ka HCA i ka 0,04-0,8 a me ka 2,3-18 mg/100 g o ka huahana i nā fries Farani a me nā ʻuala. ʻO nā huahana Peel he waiwai nui i nā glycoalkaloids (56,7-145 a me 9,5-72 mg / 100 g o ka huahana, kēlā me kēia). ʻO ka hana ʻana o nā hua ʻuala e pili ana i ka holoi ʻana, ka ʻili ʻana, ka ʻoki ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, ka maloʻo a me ka palai. Hoʻopau ʻia ka nui loa o nā glycoalkaloids i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a me ka palai ʻana, a ʻo 3-8% glycoalkaloids mākaukau e ʻai i loko o ka glycoalkaloids i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea maka, me ka luku nui ʻana o ka HCA i ka wā palai. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻili ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā glycoalkaloids i loko o nā ʻuala ʻai. ʻO ka ʻuala i hoʻomoʻa ʻia me ka ʻili ma luna, hiki ke lilo i mea ʻawaʻawa ma mua o nā mea i ʻili ʻole ʻia ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o nā glycoalkaloids i loko o ka ʻiʻo i ka wā e kuke ai. Hoʻemi ka paila i ka pae o HCA wale nō ma 20%, ʻo ka kuke ʻana a me ka kuke ʻana i ka microwave ʻaʻole ia e hōʻemi i ka ʻike o ka glycoalkaloids, no ka mea, ʻo ka mahana koʻikoʻi no ka decomposition o HCA ma kahi o 170°C.
ʻO nā hihia o ka HCA make i ka ʻuala i ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o ka nānā ʻana he kakaikahi. Eia nō naʻe, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia nā hōʻailona e like me ka nausea, ka luaʻi ʻana, ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ke poʻo, ke kuni, ka puʻuwai wikiwiki a nāwaliwali, ka hanu wikiwiki, a me nā hallucinations. He 1-5 mg/kg o ke kaumaha o ke kino, a he 3-6 mg/kg o ke kaumaha o ke kino ka make o ke kino ke lawelawe waha. No laila, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina ulu ʻuala i hoʻonohonoho i nā palena no nā glycoalkaloids o 20 mg/100 g paona hou a me 100 mg/100 g paona maloʻo e like me nā palena palekana i nā ʻuala ʻai.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā ʻuala ʻuala me HCA 14 mg/100 g ua ʻawaʻawa iki, ʻoiai
ʻO ke ahi ma ka ʻāʻī a me ka waha ma muli o ka nui o ka nui ma mua o 22 mg / 100 g. No laila, ʻo ke alakaʻi maikaʻi loa no nā mea kūʻai: "Inā ʻona ka ʻuala, mai ʻai ʻoe."
I ka wā o ka ulu ʻana, mālama a kūʻai aku i ka ʻuala, he mea nui ia e pale i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā manaʻo weliweli o ka HCA i loko o nā ʻuala.
ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka HCA inevitably hiki mai i loko o nā ʻuala, akā ua hoʻāla pinepine ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ka lā. Ke alakaʻi nei ka mālamalama i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka chlorophyll a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka ʻili o nā ʻuala. He mau hana kūʻokoʻa kēia me nā hopena like ʻole. ʻAʻohe pōʻino a ʻono ʻole ʻo Chlorophyll. I ka manawa like, hōʻailona ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka ʻike lōʻihi i ka mālamalama a, no laila, ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā glycoalkaloids i loaʻa. ʻAʻole kūʻai ʻia a lawe ʻia paha nā ʻuala i ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai ka loli kala. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka glycoalkaloids ke kumu i nā hoʻopiʻi mai nā mea kūʻai aku a hoʻemi i ka waiwai kūʻai o nā huahana i kūʻai ʻia. ʻO kahi hihia paʻakikī i ʻike ʻia i ke kau o kēia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻono ʻawaʻawa o ka ʻuala me ka ʻole o nā hōʻailona o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻike ʻia, pono e wehewehe ʻokoʻa a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kumu kūpono.
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻuala ke kumu nui o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala i ke kaʻina kūʻai aku a me kahi pilikia ʻoihana koʻikoʻi, ua aʻo maikaʻi ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona āpau o kēia ʻano. I ka manawa like, nui ka ʻike loea i loaʻa i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka HCA i loko o nā ʻōpala. E like me nā kumu o lalo, ʻo nā ʻuala ʻuala nā mea kanu non-photosynthetic i nele i ke ʻano o ka photosynthesis. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana i ka mālamalama, hoʻololi ʻia nā amyloplast i loaʻa i ka starch i nā chloroplasts i nā ʻāpana cell peripheral o ka tuber, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka chlorophyll pigment photosynthetic. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo tuber e nā ʻano genetic, moʻomeheu, physiological a me ke kaiapuni, e like me ka hohonu o ke kanu ʻana, ka makahiki physiological o nā ʻuala, ka mahana, nā pae oxygen lewa a me nā kūlana kukui. ʻO nā kumu nui e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā glycoalkaloids ʻo ia ka ikaika a me ke ʻano spectral o ka māmā, ka mahana, nā ʻano genetic o nā ʻano.
ʻO ka synthesis o ka chlorophyll a me ka HCA i loko o ka tuber e hana ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o nā hawewe māmā ʻike ʻia mai 400 a 700 nm (Fig. 2). Wahi a ka poʻe noiʻi, hōʻike ka chlorophyll synthesis i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa ma 475 a me 675 nm (nā ʻāpana uliuli a me ka ʻulaʻula, kēlā me kēia), ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka synthesis o α-solanine a me α-chaconine i 430 nm a me 650 nm. He liʻiliʻi loa ka hoʻohuihui Chlorophyll ma 525-575 nm, ʻoiai ʻo HCA e hōʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi ma 510-560 nm (wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo). Hōʻoia kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka manaʻo o nā ala like ʻole no ka biosynthesis o chlorophyll a me HCA. ʻO ka nui o ka chlorophyll i loko o nā ʻuala ʻuala i ʻike ʻia i ke kukui polū (0,10 W/m2) ʻekolu manawa kiʻekiʻe ma hope o 16 mau lā o ka mālama ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻuala i ʻike ʻia i ke kukui uliuli.
ʻike ʻia i ke kukui ʻulaʻula (0,38 W/m2). ʻO nā kukui fluorescent (7,5 W/m2) e hoʻokuʻu i 1,9 manawa ʻoi aʻe ke kukui polū (400-500 nm) ma mua o nā kukui LED (7,7 W/m2), aʻo nā kukui LED e hoʻokuʻu i 2,5 mau manawa ʻoi aku ke kukui ʻulaʻula (620-680 nm) ma mua o nā paipu fluorescent. No laila, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kukui fluorescent me nā kukui LED i nā hale kūʻai hale kūʻai hiki ke hōʻemi i ka lawe ʻana i nā lōʻihi hawewe polū ʻino loa.
ʻAʻole loaʻa ka chlorophyll i nā ʻuala i mālama ʻia i ka pōʻeleʻele. Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka mālamalama, maoli i loko o kekahi mau hola, hoʻāla ʻia nā genes kikoʻī e hana i kahi kaulahao o nā huahana chlorophyll a me HCA synthesis. Hiki i nā ʻenehana loiloi molekole ke ʻike i ke ʻano o nā genes, a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā mīkini o ka mana genetic o kēia mau kaʻina he ʻano kikoʻī varietal. Ua aʻo ʻia ka mana o nā kukui LED monochromatic me nā ʻano spectral ʻokoʻa a haiki. Ua mālama ʻia ka hoʻoponopono māmā ʻana o ka ʻuala ʻuala ma lalo o ka mālamalama mau i hāʻawi ʻia e nā light emitting diodes (LED). Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā nalu māmā B (uliuli, 470 nm), R (ʻulaʻula, 660 nm) a me FR (ʻulaʻula loa, 730 nm) a me WL (keʻokeʻo, 400-680 nm) no nā lā 10. ʻO nā nalu uliuli a me ka ʻulaʻula i kūpono no ka hoʻokomo ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka chlorophyll, carotenoids, a me nā glycoalkaloids potato nui ʻelua, α-solanine a me α-chaconine, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe o lākou i hōʻiliʻili i ka pōʻeleʻele a i ʻole ma lalo o ke kukui ʻulaʻula lōʻihi. ʻO nā genes koʻikoʻi no ka biosynthesis chlorophyll (HEMA1, e hoʻopili ana i ka enzyme palena palena no ka glutamyl-tRNA reductase, GSA, CHLH, a me GUN4) a me ʻeono mau genes (HMG1, SQS, CAS1, SSR2, SGT1, a me SGT2) pono no ka synthesis o Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā glycoalkaloids i ke kukui keʻokeʻo, uliuli a ʻulaʻula, akā ʻaʻole i ka pōʻeleʻele a i ʻole me ke kukui ʻulaʻula loa (Fig.3,4,5). Hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili i ke kuleana o nā photoreceptors cryptochromic a me phytochromic i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka chlorophyll a me glycoalkaloids. Ua kākoʻo hou ʻia ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka phytochrome e ka ʻike ʻana e hiki i ke kukui ʻulaʻula mamao ke keʻe i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka chlorophyll a me glycoalkaloids a me ka hōʻike gene pili.
ʻO nā ʻano ʻuala like ʻole e hoʻopuka i ka chlorophyll a me ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma nā kumukūʻai like ʻole, i hōʻoia ʻia e nā haʻawina he nui. No ka laʻana, ua ʻike ʻo Norewai i nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka waihoʻoluʻu ma waena o nā mea kanu a hoʻomohala i nā unahi hoʻohālikelike kumu kūʻokoʻa no nā cultivars like ʻole e pili ana i nā ana pololei o ka chlorophyll a me ka waihoʻoluʻu. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻike o ʻehā mau ʻuala i mālama ʻia no 84 mau hola ma lalo o ka hoʻomālamalama LED. 6.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Asterix (Fig. 6a) ʻulaʻula cultivar ʻulaʻula i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ke kihi hue, e hele ana mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka brownish, aʻo ka cultivar melemele Folva (Fig. 6b) i hoʻololi ʻia mai ka melemele-'ōmaʻomaʻo a i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo-melemele. Ua hōʻike ka Celandie melemele (Fig. 6c) i ka hoʻololi liʻiliʻi loa o nā ʻāpana kala a pau i ka ʻike ʻana i ka mālamalama, aʻo ka ʻano melemele ʻo Mandel (Fig. 6d) hoʻololi nui i ka waihoʻoluʻu, mai ka melemele a i hina. Ma ke ʻano kikohoʻe, e like me kēia ka pakuhi o ka hoʻololi kala o nā ʻano ʻuala like ʻole i ke kukui (Fig. 7).
Ma kēia hoʻāʻo ʻana, ʻo nā ʻano like ʻole a pau ʻo Mandel i hōʻike i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka glycoalkaloids a pau ma hope o 36 mau hola o ka ʻike māmā. Akā ʻokoʻa ka dynamics o nā loli a me ka pae o ka HCA ma nā ʻano like ʻole: Asterix - mai 179 a 223 mg / kg, Nansen - mai 93 a 160 mg / kg, Rutt - mai 136 a 180 mg / kg, Celandin - mai. 149 a 182 mg / kg, Folva - mai 199 a 290 mg / kg, Hassel - mai 137 a 225 mg / kg, Mandel - ʻaʻohe loli (192-193) mg / kg.
Ma Aotearoa, ua loiloi ʻia nā ʻano ʻuala holoʻokoʻa e ka ikaika o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka nui o ka chlorophyll i loko o nā ʻōpala ma hope o 120 mau hola o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ke kauoha o ka nui - mai 0,5 a 5,0 mg (Fig. 8).
Loaʻa nā hopena kūpono mai kēia ʻike loea. Ma lalo o ka mana o ka mālamalama, hana ʻia ka chlorophyll i ka ʻuala, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻiʻo i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka ʻili he ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻeleʻele paha. Hoʻokumu nā ʻano ʻuala like ʻole i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻili a me nā uku like ʻole. Hoʻololi iki ke ʻano spectral o ka mālamalama i ka dynamics o ka hōʻiliʻili chlorophyll, akā ʻo ke koho o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrum ʻulaʻula lōʻihi, a me ka pōʻeleʻele (ʻaʻole ia e alakaʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili chlorophyll), ʻaʻole pili i nā hale kūʻai kūʻai ʻuala. Aia nā ʻano like ʻole e hōʻiliʻili i 10 mau manawa liʻiliʻi o ka chlorophyll ma lalo o nā kūlana kukui like. ʻOkoʻa ka dinamika o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā glycoalkaloids mai ka dinamika o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ʻo ia ka helu mua o ka HCA i loko o nā ʻuala ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ke kālepa a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kukui ikaika ʻaʻole like me ka zero, ʻaʻole like me ka chlorophyll, a hiki ke lilo i mea nui. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻoholo i ka lōʻihi o ka hele ʻana o ka ʻuala ma nā papa hale kūʻai, kahi e alakaʻi ai i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka HCA.
No ka mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i ka ʻono ʻawaʻawa i kēlā me kēia makahiki, pono ia e ʻike i nā kumu ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka glycoalkaloids i loko o nā ʻōpala ʻaʻole ma muli o ke kukui a i ʻole nā ʻano varietal i ka pae hoʻokō. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻo ka pilina hana ma waena o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā glycoalkaloids ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai ke kālailai i nā kumu o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Nā mea hana e pili ana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hōʻiliʻili HCA:
- ʻO nā kumu ulu Ma muli o ke kumu o lalo o ka lepo, hiki i nā ʻuala ke lilo maoli i ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ke kula me ka lawa ʻole o ka uhi ʻana o ka lepo, ma o nā māwae o ka lepo, a i ʻole ma muli o ka makani a/a i ʻole ka ʻai ʻana i ka lepo. Me kēia noʻonoʻo, pono e kanu ʻia ka ʻuala i ka hohonu me ka mālama ʻana i ka makū o ka lepo e hōʻoia i ka hiki koke ʻana mai. ʻO ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka ikaika o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo tuber e ulu ana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻamau nitrogen i ka lepo mai 0 a 300 kg / ha. I ka manawa like, ʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻo ka maʻamau pālua o ka nitrogen i ka wā kanu e hoʻonui i ka ʻike o ka glycoalkaloids e 10% i kekahi mau ʻano. glycoalkaloids. ʻO ke aniau, ke kiʻekiʻe, ke ʻano lepo, ka mākū o ka lepo, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mea momona, ka haumia o ka ea, ka manawa o ka ʻohi ʻana, nā lāʻau pesticide a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka lā.
- ʻO ka oʻo ʻana o ka ʻuala i ka ʻohi ʻana. Hiki i nā ʻuala ʻōpiopio me nā ʻili maʻemaʻe a lahilahi ke lilo i ʻōmaʻomaʻo wikiwiki ma mua o nā ʻuala ʻoi aʻe. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻano mua o ka ulu ʻana o ka glycoalkaloids ma mua o nā ʻuala oʻo hope, akā aia nā hōʻike ʻokoʻa i nā haʻawina kikoʻī.
- ʻAʻole pili ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka tubers i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka chlorophyll ma kekahi ʻano, akā hoʻonāukiuki i ka hōʻiliʻili o HCA (piʻi ka pae o ka HCA e like me ka hopena o ka ʻike ʻana i ka mālamalama (Fig. 9).
- Nā kūlana mālama. ʻO nā ʻuala i mālama ʻia ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole maʻalahi i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hōʻiliʻili HCA. ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻia nā ʻili o ka ʻuala ma 1 a me 5 ° C ma lalo o ke kukui fluorescent ʻaʻole i hoʻololi i ka waihoʻoluʻu ma hope o 10 mau lā o ka mālama ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻiʻo i mālama ʻia ma 10 a me 15 ° C i ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai nā lā ʻehā a me ka lua. ʻO kahi mahana mālama o 20 ° C ma lalo o ke kukui ua hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi loa no ka hana chlorophyll, e like me ka hapa nui o nā hale kūʻai kūʻai. ʻO Glycoalkaloids e hōʻiliʻili ʻelua i ka wikiwiki ma 24 ° C ma mua o 7 ° C i loko o kahi lumi pouli, a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka māmā i kēia kaʻina hana.
- Mea hoʻopili. He mea koʻikoʻi ke koho ʻana i ka ʻeke no nā hale kūʻai kūʻai i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o HCA. Paipai ʻia nā mea hōkeo ʻōniʻoniʻo a i ʻole translucent i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka HCA synthesis, ʻoiai ʻo ka pōʻai ʻeleʻele (a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha) e hoʻolohi i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana.
Ma muli o nā hana maʻamau i hōʻoia ʻia i ka hoʻokolohua, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo me ka hilinaʻi o ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka glycoalkaloids i loko o nā ʻuala ʻuala o kēia manawa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka pae maʻamau ma muli o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻO kahi lōʻihi o ka wela a me ka maloʻo i Iulai - i ka hoʻomaka o Kepakemapa i hoʻopaneʻe i ka maturation o nā tubers a me ka absorption o ka nitrogen, ʻo ka lepo i loko o nā puʻu i loko o nā māla me ka ʻole o ka irrigation. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kū i ke kua o ka lepo maloʻo nui a me ka nui o nā puʻupuʻu paʻakikī, kahi i hoʻonui ai i ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā ʻōpala. Ma hope mai, ua lohi ka wikiwiki o ka ʻohi ʻana ma muli o ka nui o ka ua. Nā māla ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana, i.e. me ka uhi ole i ka ili o ka lepo, kali lakou no ka ohi ana. ʻO kēia mau kūlana maikaʻi ʻole i kōkua i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā ʻuala a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka nui o ka HCA i loko o lākou.
ʻO nā ala maikaʻi loa e pale aku ai i ka hōʻiliʻili makemake ʻole o nā glycoalkaloids e iho mai i kahi palena koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻuala i ka mālamalama i ka wā mahiʻai, mālama a kūʻai aku, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka backdrop o nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā hana mahiʻai e like me ka hohonu o ke kanu ʻana, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā puʻu voluminous, hoʻohana mau ʻia ka nui o ka momona momona i nā ʻenehana hana ʻuala hou. Loa'a ka nui o ka solanine ma mua o nā kōpu oo. No laila, he mea nui ʻaʻole e ʻohi i ka wā mua, e hoʻomaloʻo pono i nā ʻōpala, a e hāʻawi i ka manawa kūpono (ʻelua a ʻekolu mau pule) no ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻuala. ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana e pale i ka haki ʻana o nā kuahe hiki ke hiki wale me ke kōkua o ka manawa kūpono a me ka lawa o ka irrigation manawa. Hiki ke hōʻemi i nā hopena o ka haki ʻana i ka wā mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā desiccants, ma ka ʻōwili ʻana i nā kua. No ka hanaʻana i kēia, ua hana nuiʻia nā mīkini kūikawā no ka'ōwiliʻana i nā kua, no ka laʻana, GRIMME RR 600, aia nā koho no ka huiʻana me nā defoliators (Fig. 10). Eia naʻe, ma ka Russian Federation, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou. I ka manawa like, he maʻalahi kēia ʻano mahiʻai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Hoʻopili nui ʻia ka pae o ka HCA e nā hopena hui o ka maikaʻi māmā, ka lōʻihi a me ka ikaika. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻo Chlorophyll no ka mea e hōʻike ana ia i ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka wā e komo ana i ka ʻulaʻula-melemele a me ka uliuli. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka chlorophyll ma lalo o ka mālamalama uliuli a me ka ʻalani-ʻulaʻula (Fig. 11). Ma lalo o ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻuala, a ma lalo o ke kukui uliuli a i ʻole ka ultraviolet, hiki ke hele i kahi pae nāwaliwali. ʻOi aku ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma mua o nā kukui uila. ʻO nā ʻāpana, nā keʻena mālama no nā ʻuala e hoʻomālamalama ʻia a anuanu. Pono e pale ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻuala i loko o ka mālama ʻana i ka lā. E hoʻohana i nā ʻōpuʻu kukui uila haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻole e waiho iā lākou ma mua o ka pono. ʻO ka lepo ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻuala e hoʻomalu i ka ʻike māmā a me ka hoʻolālā ʻāina. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ʻuala i holoi ʻia. Ke ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka ʻuala, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia a pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana.
Wehe ka ʻenehana Light Emitting Diode (LED) hou i nā mea hou no ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka solanine i nā pae hope o ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻuala. Hana ʻia nā kukui kūikawā no ka ʻoihana ʻuala, e hana ana i ka spectrum o 520-540 nm (Fig. 12). ʻO ka mālamalama, i ʻike ʻia he ʻōmaʻomaʻo e ka maka kanaka, pale pono i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka chlorophyll a me ka solanine a no laila ke kumu hoʻoholo i ka mālama ʻana i ka waiwai o ka ʻuala i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana a me ka hana hou aku. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ia mau kukui ma nā wahi o ka hoʻomākaukau mua ʻana i ke kūʻai aku a me ka mālama mua ʻana i nā ʻuala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. A ʻo kekahi kānāwai maʻamau: e hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka mahana o ka mālama ʻana a mālama i ka uala maloʻo, no ka mea, hoʻonui ka makū i ka ikaika o ka mālamalama ma ka ʻili.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka mea hoʻopili e pili ana i ka ikaika o ka hōʻiliʻili HCA. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kāu ʻuala i ka pepa ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā ʻeke ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele e pale aku i ka ʻike ʻana i ka mālamalama. Aia kekahi ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e loaʻa i nā mea hoʻopihapiha no nā ʻano ʻuala koʻikoʻi ka hoʻouna māmā ʻana ma lalo o 0,02 W/m2. Hiki ke komo i loko o ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻelua ʻāpana me ka alumini. Kāohi ʻia nā ʻeke cellophane ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻaʻole hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka solanine. Ua maopopo ua hāʻule kēlā mau ʻōlelo paipai i ka māhele o nā manaʻo maikaʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ke kūʻai kūʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala. Koho ʻia nā waihoʻoluʻu Packaging ma ke kālepa wale nō ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolaha kūʻai.
ʻO nā kūlana kukui i nā hale kūʻai kūʻai paʻakikī hoʻi e hoʻohālikelike. ʻAʻole nui nā ʻoihana kalepa e hoʻolālā i nā kukui e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili HCA liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka spectrum 525-575 nm. ʻOiai ʻo ke ʻano pale pono a maʻalahi hoʻi e like me ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻuala me nā mea hoʻomālamalama māmā i ka wā o nā hola ʻaʻole i hana pinepine ʻia e nā hale kūʻai.
ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ma luna nei ka papa inoa o nā ʻano hana pale pono āpau e kāohi ai i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā glycoalkaloids i loko o nā ʻuala ʻuala. Ua nui nā ho'āʻo e loaʻa hou radical 'ano o neutralization: lapaʻau me ka aila, waxes, surfactants, kemika, ulu regulators a hiki i ionizing radiation, ka mea i loko o na mea he nui i hoike kiʻekiʻe pono. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻano i ka hana ma muli o ka paʻakikī, ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me nā pilikia kaiapuni.
Hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo maikaʻi e ka poʻe pili i nā ʻenehana hou no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka genome a "hoʻopau" i nā genes no ka synthesis o chlorophyll a me HCA. Ke hana ikaika ʻia nei kēia mau hana ma nā ʻāina he nui, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia ai kēia ʻenehana ma ke ʻano he ʻano GMO (ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia ma ka Russian Federation), he nui nā puke e pili ana i kēia kumuhana, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe pono e kamaʻilio. e pili ana i nā hana hoʻokō. E like me ka nui o nā ʻano hana hoʻopōmaikaʻi i manaʻo mua ʻia, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka euphoria mua mai ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka genome e ka ʻike o ka paʻakikī loa o nā kaʻina metabolic. Ua lawa ka nana ana i ke kii e helu ana i na hana i ike mua ia e pili ana i ka synthesis o GCA a me na genes uala i komo i keia mau hana (Fig. 13). ʻOiai ka ʻike maopopo ʻana o kēia kiʻi, ʻaʻole i kūleʻa nā hui o nā mea noiʻi hoihoi i hāpai i kēia mea i ka hoʻokele ʻana i kahi kaʻina hana paʻakikī o ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā ʻano genes a me nā huahana i hana ʻia e lākou. ʻO ka pale ʻana i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī, nā genes hoʻokahi e alakaʻi ʻaʻole wale i nā loli i manaʻo ʻia i nā pae kikoʻī o nā glycoalkaloids, akā i nā loli nui hoʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā huahana biochemical ʻē aʻe, kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻole ʻia ai ka hana o ka hoʻoponopono.
Eia nō naʻe, me ke kali ʻole i nā kūleʻa o ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka hoʻoponopono genome, aia nā ʻano ʻuala pāʻoihana āpau i kēia manawa ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, palekana loa o ka glycoalkaloids, ma muli o ka emi mau ʻana o kēia hōʻailona i nā makahiki he nui o ka hana hoʻoulu maʻamau. No nā ʻano like me ka lohi o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka chlorophyll a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka peel, ʻaʻole kēia he drawback a ʻaʻole kumu e hōʻole ai iā lākou. Akā i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ka ʻuala, pono ia e hoʻolaha i nā hui kālepa he ʻano ʻokoʻa ka ʻano like ʻole i mea e pale ai i ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻuala i ka mālamalama a me nā koi o nā mea kūʻai aku no ka ʻono ʻawaʻawa ʻole i ka ʻike ʻole o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo.