Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka ʻuala no ka pae mālama ʻana ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o nā huahana i kahi waihona. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i kēia hana a me ka mea e nānā pono ai me Stanislav Vladimirovich Maltsev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Agricultural, ke poʻo o ka hale hana no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala, Federal Research Center for Potatoes i kapa ʻia ma hope. A.G. ʻO Lorja.
- Stanislav Vladimirovich, e hoʻomaka kākou me ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano kūpono. Ua ʻike ʻia aia nā ʻano like ʻole a kūpono ʻole no ka mālama ʻana. Pili kēia ʻano i ka wā oʻo o nā ʻuala? Hiki paha ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole, no ka laʻana.
– ʻO nā ʻōpala o nā ʻano ʻano o nā pūʻulu oʻo mua e hōʻiliʻili i ka mea maloʻo a me ka starch i ka wā ulu. No laila, loaʻa iā lākou kahi hapa nui o ka wai, ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi he hapa nui o ka nalowale maoli o ka paona ʻuala. Eia kekahi, ʻohi ʻia nā ʻano mua ma mua a lōʻihi i ka mālama ʻana. No laila, ua like nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā ʻano mua a me nā ʻano ultra-early e hōʻike ʻia e kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā poho i ka wā mālama. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka lōʻihi o ka dormancy kūlohelohe o nā ʻōpala, ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kā lākou germination a me ka nalowale o nā ʻōpuʻu. Pili pololei kēia hōʻailona i nā ʻano varietal a ʻaʻole hilinaʻi i ka pūʻulu oʻo.
- Ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala, ʻōlelo ka poʻe loea i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka lepo e hoʻoholo ai i nā mea i loaʻa i ka nui a lawa ʻole. He aha nā hōʻailona e pono ai ʻoe e nānā kūikawā inā e hoʻolālā ʻoe e mālama i ka ʻuala?
- He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻike o nā ʻāpana agrochemical o ka lepo no ka helu ʻana i nā kumu kūpono o nā mea kanu no ka ʻuala. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, nā mea mahiʻai, i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e loaʻa i nā hōʻiliʻili waiwai, hoʻohui i ka nui o ka nitrogen, no kēia mea, i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana, huli nā ʻōpala i ke ʻano physiologically (me nā haʻahaʻa starchy haʻahaʻa, e alakaʻi ana i ka deterioration o ka ʻono. ; me ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā nitrates). Eia kekahi, ʻo ia mau ʻuala nā ʻili palupalu, hiki ke hōʻeha nui i ka wā e ʻohi ai. ʻO ka hopena o kēia ka emi ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻuala.
ʻO ka lakio N:P:K maikaʻi loa no ka ʻuala he 1: 1-1,2: 1,2-1,5. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo i ka nui o ka phosphorus i loko o ka lepo iā ia iho ʻaʻole e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i kona loaʻa kiʻekiʻe no nā mea kanu, no ka mea hiki ke hui pū me ka hao a me ka alumini. Ma ia mau ʻāina pono e hoʻopili i ka nui o nā fertilizers phosphorus hou. I kēia manawa, aia nā ʻāina phosphated i nā mahiʻai he nui e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano hana hoʻomohala koʻikoʻi, a no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hua i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka ʻuala, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau (me ka ʻole o ka liming, piʻi ka acidity, piʻi ka nui o ka hao a me ka alumini, e hoʻopaʻa ikaika i ka phosphorus a alakaʻi i ka phosphating).
– He aha nā mea e pono e hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana meaʻai ʻuala i ke kau a i nā manawa hea?
- ʻO ke ala ākea loa i nā mahiʻai Lūkini ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu mineral: 2/3 i ka wā e ʻoki ai i nā kuapo (a i ka wā e kanu ai, inā hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana Dutch) a me 1/3 i ka hānai ʻana i ka aʻa i ka wā e kanu ai i waena o nā lālani ʻelua pule ma hope o ka puka ʻana. (ʻo ia hoʻi, no ka laʻana, N60P60K90 +N30P30K45 e like me ka mea hana). Hoʻopili maikaʻi ka ʻuala i ka irrigation, a inā hiki, e hoʻoinu (200 m3/ha) ua hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ammonium nitrate 5 kg / ha a i ʻole microfertilizers (ma ke kikowaena o Rūsia, ʻelua a ʻehā mau irrigations e lawe ʻia i Iulai-ʻAukake, e pili ana i nā kūlana o ka wā).
– He aha nā mea nui e noʻonoʻo ai i ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala i hiki ke mālama maikaʻi ʻia ma hope? Pehea a pehea ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ka piko? He aha ka ea a me ka lepo e ʻohi ʻia ai?
- ʻO ka mea mua, i ka wā e ulu ana, pono ia e hoʻokō i ka mālama kūpono o nā mea kanu me ka hoʻopili ʻana, ʻōnaehana a me ka hoʻomākaukau translaminar e kūʻē i ka hope blight, alternaria, anthracnose a me nā maʻi fungal a me nā maʻi bacterial. ʻO ka nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i koi ʻia he ʻelima aʻe i kēlā me kēia kau. ʻO ka lua, i mea e pale aku ai i ka nui o ka lepo o nā ʻuala, pono e mālama ʻia ka lepo ma nā kua a ma waena o nā lālani ma kahi kūlana maʻemaʻe a wehe a hiki i ka ʻohi ʻana. ʻO ke kolu, pono e lawe ʻia ka wehe ʻana ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā poʻo e ke kemika (Reglon super 2,5 l / ha, makani maloʻo 2,5 l / ha, basta 2,0 l / ha), nā hana mechanical a i hui pū ʻia, e pili ana i nā kūlana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kiʻekiʻe. , ma kahi o 10-12 mau lā ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana i nā ʻuala. ʻO ka hā, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka manawa kūpono a ma ka ea wela o ka liʻiliʻi o +10 °C, inā ʻaʻole, piʻi nui ka pākēneka o nā ʻōpala i hoʻopōʻino ʻia e ka Fusarium rot. Ke hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ka ʻohi ʻana a lawe ʻia i ka lepo kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau no nā loams kaumaha), ua hoʻonui ʻia ka turgor, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pulp ma lalo o ka mana o nā ukana mechanical, nā waimaka a me ka pouli. Inā hoʻopaneʻe ka ʻohi ʻana a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hau, e piʻi aʻe ka nui o ka hōʻeha ʻana o nā ʻuala, no ka mea, aia ka pulp i loko o kahi kūlana paʻakikī a nalowale ka elasticity (ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi mea maloʻo kiʻekiʻe). ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ma lalo o ia mau kūlana maikaʻi ʻole, pono e waiho ʻia kahi hapa o ka mea kanu ma ke kula, a ʻo nā ʻuala i hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia he hapa nui o ka pōʻino mechanical a, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ola.
- He aha nā pae e pono ai i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili? He nui ka poʻe loea i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole nui ka nānā ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā mahiʻai Lūkini i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo mai ke kahe nui o nā huahana a ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale a calibrate i nā ʻōpala. No ke aha kēia pilikia? He aha ka pākēneka o ka ʻāina i ʻae ʻia ke mālama ʻia?
– Hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻohi ʻana e ka pae ʻenehana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala no ka mālama ʻana. ʻEkolu mau ʻenehana hoʻopiha: in-line, transfer and direct-flow.
Ke kahe nei - Hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻuala i ʻohi ʻia i kahi keʻena hoʻokaʻawale no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka lepo, nā haumia a calibrate i mau hakina, a ma hope o ka waiho ʻana. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe, me kēia ʻenehana i loaʻa i nā ʻuala ka nui o ka pōʻino mechanical. No laila, pono e hoʻohana wale ʻia i nā hihia inā: 1) hoʻolālā ʻia nā huahana e kūʻai ʻia i ka wā hāʻule; 2) ʻo nā ʻuala i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka hui ʻana mai ka mahina ʻai me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka lepo ma mua o 25-30% a me nā koena mea kanu; 3) ua oʻo loa nā ʻuala, ikaika ka ʻili a ʻaʻole pili i nā maʻi.
Ka lawe moku - Ma mua o ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kekahi wahi, mālama ʻia nā ʻuala i loko o nā puʻu pōkole. Pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻenehana i ka wā e hōʻino nui ʻia ai nā ʻuala e ka suffocation, late blight, wet rot, a me nā kau i ka wā e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ai i ke anuanu a me ka ua, ʻoi loa me ka hui pū ʻana ma nā lepo kaumaha.
Kahe pololei - Mālama koke ʻia nā ʻuala e hōʻea mai ana mai ke kula me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. Ma muli o nā kūlana, hiki ke hana i nā ala ʻelua. Inā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lepo i ka puʻu ma mua o 10-15%, a ʻaʻole nui ka ʻike o nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi a hiki i 30 mm ka nui, ua ʻohi ʻia lākou e like me ke ʻano maʻalahi o ka "combine-storage", ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻuala mai. lawe ʻia ka hui ʻana i ka waiho ʻana a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka puʻu o kahi conveyor-loader ʻano TZK 30/60, kahi e waiho ai i nā ʻuala i loko o kahi puʻu. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lepo i ka holo ʻana o ka huahana ma mua o 20% a he nui nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi, e hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻuala mai ka hui ʻana i loko o kahi pahu hoʻokipa i hoʻokomo ʻia i mua o ka puka waihona. Hoʻolako ʻia ka bunker me kahi mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe puʻupuʻu, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka lepo a me nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻuala e hānai ʻia e kahi ʻōnaehana conveyors (conveyors) i ka hale mālama, kahi i loaʻa ai ka pile stacker. Ma nā conveyors, koho lima ʻia nā ʻuala maʻamau, nā ʻōpala, nā pōhaku a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe. Mālama ʻia nā hua ʻuala i kanu ʻia me kēia ʻenehana a hiki i ka pūnāwai, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā hakina i ka wā hoʻomākaukau mua o ke kanu ʻana.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nui o ka lepo i loko o ka puʻu o nā ʻuala i mālama ʻia e hoʻonui i nā kūlana no ka ventila, hana i kahi waihona no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā microorganisms phytopathogenic a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻāʻo nā mahiʻai e pale i kēia inā hiki. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hana mau kēia inā lohi ʻia ka ʻohi ʻana no kekahi kumu, ʻoi aku hoʻi inā e hana ʻia ka hana ma nā lepo loamy kaumaha.
Wahi a GOST 7176-201 "ʻuala lāʻau. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia nā kūlana ʻenehana" ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia ka hele ʻana o ka lepo e pili ana i nā ʻuala no ka ʻuala mua; no ka ʻuala hope, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1% ka hapa nui. Wahi a GOST 33996-2016. "ʻO nā ʻuala hua a me nā ʻano no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi" ʻae ʻia ka hele ʻana o ka lepo a me nā haumia ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2% ma ke kaupaona ʻana i nā ʻano OS, ES, RS1-2.
- He aha nā pae e komo ai ka "manawa ho'ōla" no ka ʻuala? Pono mau anei?
– Ma ka laulā, ʻo ka ʻenehana mālama ʻuala e pili ana i ʻelima mau manawa nui: hoʻomaloʻo (100-200 m3/t i kēlā me kēia hola), therapeutic, hoʻomaha (0,5 °C i ka lā), nui a me ka puna.
Inā hiki, ʻōlelo mau ʻia e hoʻokō i kahi manawa lapaʻau, no ka mea he mea pono e hoʻōla i nā pōʻino mechanical i hana ʻia i nā ʻōpala i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana, a laila e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka ʻuala no ka mālama lōʻihi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka manawa lapaʻau e pili ana i ka mahana o ka ea: ma 18-20 °Me ia mau lā 14-16, ma 14-16 °C - 20-25 mau lā. Ma kahi mahana o 12 °Mai a lalo, ʻaʻole hiki ke kaʻina o ka oʻo ʻana a me ka ʻili o nā ʻoki a me nā ʻōpala.
ʻO ka ho'ōla ikaika loa o ka pōʻino (ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻāpana o nā pūnaewele suberinized a me nā periderm ʻeha) aia ma kahi mahana o kahi 18. °H.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻuala i loko o ka mālama ʻana me ka ea mahana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (i loko) 5-6 mau manawa i ka lā no 30 mau minuke me ka hoʻomaha o 3,5-4 mau hola. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻīpuka waihona, a me ka hoʻolako ʻana a me nā pahu hoʻopau. Mālama ʻia ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea (RH) i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ka 90-95% ma o ka hui ʻana i ka liʻiliʻi o ke anuanu o waho i ka ea o loko o ka hale mālama ʻuala, no ka laʻana, i ka pō. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi humidifier artificial i loko o ka auwai ea ma hope o ka peʻahi. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea ma lalo o 80% i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana, no ka mea, hāʻawi ia i kahi evaporation nui o ka wai mai nā ʻiʻo o nā ʻōpala.
I ka wā o ka mālama ʻana, i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pala maloʻo ma nā wahi i hōʻino ʻia e nā ʻuala (maʻi fungal), ua ʻōlelo ʻia e mālama i ka ʻuala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ventila ikaika me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka uahi me ka mea hana thiabendazole (no ka laʻana, "Vist" me kahi hoʻohana lāʻau o 8-10 g / t).
- He mea pono anei ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻuala inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ʻuala ware?
- ʻAe, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻenehana mālama ʻuala e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka maikaʻi mua o nā ʻuala, kahi i hoʻoholo pololei ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i ka tuber. Ma muli o ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōpala i kanu ʻia a me ko lākou ulu ʻana o nā maʻi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia i ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi o ka ventila i ka wā maloʻo, ka mahana mālama i ka wā nui, a me ka lōʻihi o ka mālama ʻana i kekahi mau pūʻulu. ʻo ka ʻuala a me ka manawa kūpono no kā lākou kūʻai ʻana.
K S