He aha nā maʻi e hoʻoweliweli nui nei i kaʻuala a he aha ka mea e kōkua e hōʻemi i ka poino mai iā lākou? ʻO kēia a me nā nīnau ʻē aʻe i pane ʻia e Alexander KHYUTTI, Luna Nui o ka Laboratory of Plant Immunity to Diseases of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection.
He aha nā maʻi ʻuala i maʻa mau iā mākou?
- Ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o ʻelua mau kakena ʻuala, a aia lākou āpau i nā ʻāina like ʻole a me nā wahi o ka mahi ʻana. I ka honua "luna" o nā maʻi weliweli loa, ʻo ka wahi mua i noho ʻia e Alternaria, ʻo ka lua ka scab maʻamau (maʻi bacteria), a ʻo ke kolu ka Y-virus.
Pehea ʻo "aria "" ʻo Alternaria i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā maʻi fungal ʻē aʻe?
- ʻO kēia maoli nō ka ʻino o ka ʻuala ke ulu nei. Māhele ʻia ma Rukia a ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Kelemania a me ʻAmelika, ʻo kēia ka maʻi ʻino loa, a kūʻē wale iā ia i ke kau e hana ʻia he 13 mau fungicidal lapaʻau. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Alternaria e kekahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o Alternaria, paʻakikī e ʻike iā lākou a paʻakikī hoʻi e hakakā me lākou.
A he aha ka wahi e lohi ai ke ahi i kēia manawa?
- Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ia i nā ʻāina āpau o ka honua, a i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka lohi o ka blight pathogen i mea ʻoi loa, virulent, plastic, kūʻē i nā fungicide like ʻole. A inā ua hoʻopili ʻia kaʻuala ma nā mahana mai 8 a 23оC, i kēia manawa ua hoʻonui kēia pae i 3-27оC. E hoʻopau i ke ahi wela
hoʻokahi a no nā mea āpau hiki ʻole iā mākou ke hana: hana ka hopena i nā spore moe kolohe (oospores) i uhi ʻia me ka pūpū mānoanoa, a i ka manawa ma ke kula, noho a hiki i 35 mau makahiki, a ʻaʻohe mea e hiki ke hana ʻia me lākou.
I ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo ke kumu nui o ka maʻi ka maʻi tubers.
ʻAʻole kōkua nā disinfectants fungicidal hou i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka maʻi?
- Laki, kōkua lākou. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke maʻi i kaʻuala i ka wā ulu. Hele mau nā spore Phytophthora, hele i nā lau, nā kumu, ka lepo, neʻe maʻalahi me ka momona o ka lepo, a ke hala ka ua, me ka wai e ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka papa o nā tubers o ka hua hou a hoʻopili iā lākou. No laila koi ʻia nā hana pale no nā mea kanu.
Ma ke ala, aia nā kūlana o kā mākou ʻāina i kāna kikoʻī ponoʻī. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻaʻole i ʻike nā mahiʻai ʻAmelika i nā ʻōuli o ka hopena o ke ahi i hala no nā makahiki (e hoʻomaopopo e hoʻokō lākou i ka prophylaxis i ka piha), a me kā mākou mea hana, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōnaehana pale paʻakikī i hoʻohana ʻia, e alo mau nei ia. ʻAʻole wale ia ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa kahi ʻōnaehana wānana pololei loa a hilinaʻi i nā ʻano kūpaʻa. I Rūsia, ulu nui ʻia kaʻuala ma ka ʻaoʻao pilikino me ka ʻole o ka pale ʻana. Maʻi nā mea kanu, a hiki i nā makani ke lawe ʻia e nā makani no nā haneli mau kilomita. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ke kaʻawale maikaʻi ma nā kuahiwi wale nō, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2 mika.
Hiki paha ke ulu i nā ʻano kūpaʻa?
- He mea nui ka wae pololei ʻana o nā ʻano. Akā aia ʻelua wale nō ʻano o kaʻuala e kūʻē maoli i ka hopena o ke ahi. ʻO kēia ka Hungarian Sarpo Mira kahiko, kahi hanana i kū paʻa no 40 mau makahiki. A ʻo Aluet (Netherlands) he mea hou ia, akā ua kamaʻāina i nā mea he nui. Ma waho o lākou, aia nā ʻano hoʻomanawanui a kūmau hoʻi.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o kaʻuala kūpaʻa ʻaʻole ia e hōʻole i nā hana pale, no ka mea ʻokoʻa nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka mea kanu i ko lākou maʻalahi i ka pathogen.
Ma mua o kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka antracnosis i kahi maʻi ʻuala weliweli, akā i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua loli ka hopena. He aha lā?
— Ua laha koke ka ma'i a puni ka Russian Federation. Nui nā kumu no kēia. I kēia manawa ua mahi ʻia nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, a no ka mea ʻaʻohe anthracnose i ka GOST i kēia manawa no ka ʻuala hua, ʻaʻole lākou i nānā ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā heluna o ka mea kumu o kēia maʻi i ka lawe ʻana mai. ʻAʻohe ʻano kūʻokoʻa, a ʻaʻohe mea hoʻomalu hilinaʻi. Paʻakikī nā mea āpau ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka mea kumu o ka anthracnose e hoʻopau i ka hapa nui o kona ola i kahi kūlana latent a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia.
Hiki i nā phytodiagnostics ke kōkua i ka wā ulu?
- He nui kā mākou mau hale hana lehulehu a pilikino, akā ʻaʻole lākou a pau e mālama i ka manawa. I ka manawa like, paʻakikī ka maʻi ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā maʻi ʻuala āpau, ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana i ka nui o nā mea kanu ma luna o ka honua a i ʻole nā ʻōpala, i ka pae mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana e hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona undetectable. E ʻōlelo kākou he wahi ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi, akā he aha ia - late blight, anthracnose, alternariosis, kahi paʻakikī o nā ʻano scab, fusarium, phomosis, a i ʻole he lesion o kahi ʻano non-infectious? He paʻakikī loa ka pane ʻana i kēia nīnau. ʻAʻole ia he coincidence i hui pū ʻia nā maʻi ʻuala e like me nā hōʻailona: palupalu, pulu a maloʻo ka pala, a me nā ʻōpala lau. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau mea āpau me nā mālama pale e like me ka hoʻolālā. A ke haʻi hou aku nei au no ke kanu ʻana, pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka ʻuala hua olakino a e hoʻohana pono i nā pale fungicidal.
Pehea e loiloi ai i ka maikaʻi o ka hua?
- Minamina, ʻaneʻane ʻo Lūkia kahi ʻāina hoʻomohala kahi kahi manawaleʻa ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoia no ka uala ʻanoʻano, ʻaʻole pono. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki i ka mea kūʻai aku a me ka mea kūʻai aku ke hoʻonohonoho i nā paepae like ʻole no ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ka maʻi iā lākou iho, me ka pili ʻole i ka GOST, a ʻo kahi hoʻi, mamao loa loa ia mai ka maikaʻi ʻole.
E noʻonoʻo ana i kēia, ke loaʻa ʻana nā mea kanu, pono nā māla i ka makaʻala a me ke komo ʻana o kahi agronomist mākaukau, i mākaukau me kahi microscope stereoscopic (binocular). Inā holoi ʻoe i ka tuber a nānā i kona ʻili me ka hoʻonui 10x, hiki iā ʻoe ke pale i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea pilikia. I kēia hihia, pono e lawe kūʻokoʻa i nā hōʻailona tuber, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ka mea a ka mea hana ponoʻī e hoʻouna ai.
Akā ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiaʻiʻo nō, e hana i ke kālailai ʻana i ka ʻuala hua ma kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua maikaʻi i mea e ʻike ai i nā pilikia āpau. No nā māla hua, koi ʻia kahi loiloi no nā mea quarantine, nematodes, bacteria, nā maʻi viral a me nā maʻi fungal nui: kahi paʻakikī o nā ʻano scab, nā ʻano ʻano popo, Alternaria, antracnose a me ka hopena o ke ahi. ʻAe kēia iā ʻoe e hoʻolālā i nā hana pale, koho i nā mea hana kūpono.
ʻO nā koi no ke kanu ʻana i ka meaʻai he ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, akā ʻaʻole mau nō hoʻi: ʻo kahi laʻana, hiki ke ulu wale i nā mea maka mai nā hua mai ka manuahi mai nā maʻi he nui. Aia kekahi mau hihia i kahi lesiona ikaika o ke ʻano ulcerative o rhizoctonia i hana i nā ʻuala i kūpono ʻole no kēia ʻano hana.
Ua kanu mākou i ka uala kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻohi, hoʻolālā i ka pale. Pehea hou e hoʻēmi ai i ka hōʻino o ka maʻi?
- Hāʻawi i nā mea kanu me nā kūlana maikaʻi, e nānā i nā hana mahiʻai, no ka mea, hoʻonāwaliwali kekahi hewa iā lākou, e maʻalahi lākou i nā mea ʻino. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he mea koʻikoʻi nā ana kemika, akā ʻo kā lākou ʻāpana he 10% wale nō o nā hana ʻenehana āpau. Pono nō hoʻi e nānā i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hua, ulu pono, ka wai (ʻaʻole overmoistening a ʻaʻole overdrying). He mea nui ke ʻano kūpono o ka meaʻai mineral. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nitrogen, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kanu i ka anthracnose, a ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka magnesium e pili ana i ka hanana o Alternaria, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pono e mālama ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka fertilization fractional. ʻO nā ʻuala maikaʻi loa e pono e wehe pono ʻia, no ka mea, e komo ka maʻi i loko o nā ʻeha ma nā ʻōpala, a e hana mākou i ka fusarium, phomosis a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i mālama ʻia.
Nā mea o ka nūpepa "Field of Augusta" (No. 6,2020)
ʻO Dmitry BELOV, ke poʻo o ka ʻoihana hoʻomohala huahana o ka hui "ʻAukake":
Hāʻawi iā "AUGUST"
I ke kumu o kahi makaʻu nui o ka maʻi blight i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu, pono ka mālama ʻana me ka hoʻopili ʻana a i ʻole hoʻopili-systemic fungicide - Kumir, Metaxil, Ordan. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai i 300 l / ha. I nā hihia ʻē aʻe, mālama ʻia ka hana koi mua ma mua o ka pani ʻana i nā piko me kahi ʻōnaehana systemic a i ʻole contact-systemic, e laʻa me Metaxil. E hana ana i ka wai mai 300 a 400 l / ha.
Ma kahi kūlana maikaʻi (e like me ka wānana, ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o ka maʻi i nā mea kanu ma nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻano maʻalahi), hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻomākaukau hui ʻana o ka hana translaminar-contact e pili ana i ka cymoxanil - Ordan MC a i ʻole Ordan. I ka hihia o ka ulu ikaika ʻana o ka maʻi, pono e hoʻomau ʻia ka mālama ʻana me nā fungicides systemic me kahi mea hana ʻē aʻe (a.i.). ʻO ke kahe o ka wai hana mai 400 a 500 l / ha.
I ka lapaʻau aʻe, kau i ka lāʻau ʻo Tirada i loaʻa ka difenoconazole ʻōnaehana e kūʻē iā Alternaria a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pana hana no ka pale ʻana i ka hopena o ke ahi. ʻO ka helu kahe o ka wai hana mai kēia manawa a i ka hopena o ke kau he 500 l / ha.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hoʻohana i nā hoʻomākaukau o ka hana hoʻopili (Talant, Kumir, Ordan) e pale i ka germination o nā spore phytophthora, hoʻonui i ka hoʻolōʻihi assimilation, loaʻa i ka nui a me nā ʻano kalepa o ka tuber.
21 mau lā ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana i nā tubers, e pale aku ai iā lākou mai ka maʻi i ka wā ohi, he kūpono ia e hoʻopili i kahi fungicide me kekahi o nā mea i lalo: fluazinam, dimethomorph, mandipropamide.
Ma kahi o ʻelua mau pule ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana i kaʻuala, pono ʻoe e "pani i ka puka pā" no ke komo ʻana o ka maʻi - hoʻomaloʻo i nā piko me ka desiccant ʻo Dry Hove.
Pono e mālama ʻia i nā mālama ʻana a pau i ke kakahiaka a me ka hoʻohui o Polyphem adjuvant i ka hopena hana.
Hoʻokaʻaʻike
ʻO Alexander Valerievich HYUTTI
Kauwe. tel .:. (911) 789-53-79
ʻO Dmitry Alexandrovich BELOV
Kauwe. tel .:. (903) 109-77-69