ʻO ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā kumukūʻai o nā mea kanu mineral ua kōkua i ka ulu nui ʻana o kā lākou analogues organik. I ka nānā mua ʻana, lawa mākou i ka lepo holoholona a me ka ʻōpala moa. Lawe a hoʻomomona! Akā me ka ʻole o ka hahai ʻana i kahi algorithm kūikawā o nā hana, hoʻoweliweli ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā uku koʻikoʻi. Hiki ke hoʻololi i kēia pūnāwai, i ka wā e paʻa ai ke kānāwai o nā huahana holoholona federal.
Nā Mea Hou
E like me ke kānāwai o Rūsia, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka manure a me nā ʻōpala e like me nā ʻōpala ʻoihana o nā papa hazard 3-5. ʻAe ʻia kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he fertilizers, akā ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana. Pono e hoʻomohala i kahi passport ʻōpala, e hōʻike ana i ka papa pōʻino i ka palapala, e hana i kahi loiloi kaiapuni, a loaʻa kahi laikini kūikawā. ʻO kēia mau hana pipiʻi a pau e kiʻekiʻe loa ke kumukūʻai o nā mea ola olakino.
Kauka o Biological Sciences, Luna Hoʻokele o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Organic Fertilizers and Peat, he lālā o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Verkhnevolzhsky FANC" Sergey Lukin Manaʻo wau e hoʻopau nā hoʻololi e hiki mai ana i ka maopopo ʻole o ke kānāwai ma ka ʻāpana o ka manure a me ka hoʻokele litter. Kānāwai Pekelala No. 14-FZ o Iulai 2022, 248 "No nā huahana holoholona a me nā hoʻololi i kekahi mau kānāwai kānāwai o ka Russian Federation" e hoʻomaka i ka mana ma Malaki 1. Hoʻomaopopo kona mau lula i ka manure a me nā ʻōpala ma ke ʻano o ka hana holoholona i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka momona o ka lepo.
E like me ka wehewehe Sergey Lukin, ʻAʻole hoʻopau ke kānāwai hou i nā kūlana i loaʻa i ke kahua o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka pono o ka nohona o ka lehulehu a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa ua lawa ia no nā hui kānāwai, nā ʻoihana pilikino a me nā ʻoihana mahiʻai (mahiʻai) e lawe i kā lākou mau hoʻolālā i ke kino hoʻokō federal e hoʻokō nei i nā hana hoʻomalu ma ke kahua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau holoholona a me nā kānāwai ʻāina. Pono ka leka hoʻomaopopo e hoʻomaopopo e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka manure a me nā ʻōpala e like me nā huahana o ka mahiʻai holoholona, e hōʻike i ka nui, ka lā o ka hoʻokumu ʻana, nā ʻōlelo i hoʻolālā ʻia o ka hoʻohana ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā mea hana mahiʻai ʻē aʻe.
Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana holoholona e pono e hoʻokō ʻia ma ke kumu o nā kikoʻī loea i ʻae ʻia e ka mea hana. Hoʻomaopopo lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona nui, ka hana ʻana a me nā ʻano hana, nā kūlana o ka hoʻohana ʻana, nā ʻano mana a me nā koi palekana. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana holoholona i hana ʻole ʻia.
No nā ʻoihana e hoʻololi a kūʻai aku paha i ka manure a me nā ʻōpala i nā kamaʻāina kauwela a no nā pono o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana pilikino, hiki nō ia mau hana. Akā inā wale nō kēia mau ʻano o nā mea kanu, e like me ke Kānāwai Federal o Iulai 19, 1997 No. 109-FZ "Ma ka Safe Handling of Pesticides and Agrochemicals," e loaʻa i ka inoa o ka mokuʻāina ma ke ʻano he agrochemical.
Sergey Lukin manaʻoʻiʻo ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā kānāwai o ko mākou ʻāina e hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu organik. I ka manawa like, pili ka hoʻoponopono aupuni me ka lōʻihi a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka hapa nui o nā kaʻina hana. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻokoʻa, no ka mea ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka palekana no ke kaiapuni, ke olakino a me ke ola o nā kānaka.
Mai ka manure i ka phosphogypsum
Wahi a ko lākou genesis, haku mele a me nā waiwai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kanu organik i nā pūʻulu he nui: nā mea kanu o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu kumu, nā mineral organik, nā ʻoihana a me nā ʻōpala municipal, multicomponent fertilizers a composts.
Kauka o Biological Sciences, Luna o ka Laboratory of Agrochemistry of Organic, Lime Fertilizers and Chemical Reclamation o ka All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry i kapa ʻia ma hope o D. N. Pryanishnikov Natalia Akanova ʻO ka mua o nā mea a pau, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka lepo pipi, ka lio a me ka lepo puaʻa, a me nā kulu manu he mea momona.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā huahana ʻenehana no kēia mau hana. No ka laʻana, ka palaoa limestone i loaʻa ma muli o ka synthesis kemika, phosphogypsum a me nā koena phosphate ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kanu organik i ka peat a me nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, me nā ʻano hui like ʻole o ka palaoa-legume, nā koena mai nā kīʻaha a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ʻāpana like pū kekahi me kekahi mau ʻano o ka lepo lepo i loaʻa i ka mālama kūikawā.
Wahi a Natalia AkanovaʻO kēia mau ʻano fertilizers a me nā composts i hana ʻia mai ia mau mea he hopena maikaʻi i ka momona o ka lepo, kāna huahana a, i ka hopena, i ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni o nā huahana hopena. Ma ke ʻano he mea nui o ka mahiʻai organik, hiki ke hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia i ka hana mahiʻai ʻoihana a me nā pā pilikino pilikino.
Kauka o Biological Sciences, Luna o ka Laboratory of Agrochemistry, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry SB RAS ʻO Vladimir Yakimenko hōʻike pū kekahi i nā waiwai maikaʻi o nā mea kanu organik. Kōkua lākou i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai agrochemical a me ka wai-kino o ka lepo a hāʻawi i nā mea kanu me nā meaʻai. Ma muli o ka ʻike o ka nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ke ʻano meaʻai o ka lepo i nā agrocenoses. A hiki i nā mahiʻai ke hoʻonui nui i nā hua.
Akā, e like me ka ʻepekema, loaʻa i nā mea kūlohelohe kekahi mau hemahema hiki ʻole ke hōʻole ʻia. He haʻahaʻa ka ʻike o nā mea pono i loko o ia mau mea kanu, a no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pōmaikaʻi, pono e hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano nui: i nā tons a me nā ʻumi o nā tons no ka ʻeka. Eia kekahi, aia ka pilikia o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i loko o ka lepo me ka manure i nā ʻanoano weed he nui i ʻai ʻia e nā holoholona me ka hānai. A i kekahi mau hihia aia ka pilikia o ka maʻi me nā helminths.
ʻO Vladimir Yakimenko ke kākoʻo nei i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu mineral. Pono lākou i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hāʻawi ʻana iā lākou i ke kula a kau i ka lepo, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pono. I kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea organik ma ke ʻano o nā koena mea kanu. No ka laʻana, lūlū ʻoe i kahi mahina ʻai me ka mauʻu, palau i ka biomass ulu, a i kēia manawa aia ka mea kanu i ka lepo.
Moʻomeheu pane
Ua hōʻoia ka noiʻi he hopena maikaʻi ko nā mea kanu organik i nā waiwai lepo koʻikoʻi agronomically. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻihoʻi i nā mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me kēlā me kēia hōʻiliʻili hou i loko o ka pōʻai o nā meaʻai i ka mahiʻai.
Sergey Lukin ʻike ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mahiʻai ʻuala, e ulu ana ka mineralization o nā mea organik lepo. A pono e uku ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka manure, nā ʻōpala, nā compost, a me nā koena mea kanu; ʻōʻō palau ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā legumes.
I loko o ka ton o ka pipi moe, ka hapa o NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) e pili ana i 13 kilokani, puaʻa manure - 8, moa moa - 40. Eia kekahi, holoholona ma-huahana i loko o organic mea a me ka calcium, magnesium, sulfur pono. no nā mea kanu , microelements.
Ke hoʻohana pono ʻia, hāʻawi ka ton o ka manure i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua ʻuala o 100-120 kilograms no ka ʻeka, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hopena, i ka makahiki ʻelua a me ke kolu, a hiki i 200-250 kilograms. I ka hihia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōpala manu, hoʻonui ka hua o nā ʻuala i 2-2,5 mau manawa.
ʻO ka All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry i kapa ʻia ma hope o D. N. Pryanishnikov nā hopena o kahi pūnaewele nui o nā hoʻokolohua me nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu mea kanu ma nā wahi like ʻole o Rūsia. E like me kaʻu i ʻōlelo aku ai iā ʻoe Natalya Akanova, ma kēlā mau wahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā mea kanu organik, loaʻa ka hua kiʻekiʻe.
Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ʻuala, pane maikaʻi lākou i nā mea kanu āpau, me nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻO ka ratio o nā meaʻai i loko o ia mau mea e pili pono i nā hiʻohiʻona olaola o kēia mea kanu. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi pane maikaʻi o ka ʻuala i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manure ma nā ʻano lepo āpau. Ma kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka mea olaola, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻōpala, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻohi ʻana a mālama lōʻihi ʻia. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi loa ma nā māla kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā mea kanu organik i hui pū ʻia me nā mea kanu mineral. ʻO kēia ala e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i nā mea kanu i ka ʻai kaulike.
Natalia Akanova ke koi nei i ka pili o ka "rule of four" lōʻihi i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ke ʻano, ka manawa, ka nui o ka noi a me nā ʻano o nā mea kanu. Inā hahai pololei ʻia, ʻaʻole lōʻihi ka hopena maikaʻi loa.
Ua komo ka hoʻokele waiwai
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua emi nui ka hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu organik no ka ʻuala i ko mākou ʻāina. Luna Hoʻokele o ka All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Organic Fertilizers and Peat, he lālā o ka Federal State Budgetary Institution "Verkhnevolzhsky FATS" Sergey Lukin Inā i ka makahiki 1990, no kēlā me kēia ʻeka o ka ʻuala, ua hoʻohana nā hui mahiʻai i 34 tons o ka organik a me 265 kilokani o ka mea ikaika o nā mineral fertilizers, a laila ma 2021 - 2,3 tons a me 472 kilograms, kēlā me kēia. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hapa o ka mea organik i ka nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā meaʻai me nā mea kanu no ka ʻuala i hoʻemi ʻia mai 64 a 6 pakeneka.
ʻO kekahi kumu, ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā holoholona, a ma muli o ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ka manure. ʻOiai e noʻonoʻo ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana holoholona, ʻaʻole mamao loa ia mai ka helu mua o nā holoholona.
Ua loli pū ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu organik. I kēia manawa ma kahi o 70 pākēneka o ka manure a me nā ʻōpala i hana ʻia ke mālama ʻia nā holoholona me ka ʻole o kahi moe a loaʻa iā 5-14 pākēneka wale nō o ka mea maloʻo. Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka nui o nā huahana o ka ʻoihana, a ke emi nei ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea pono i kā lākou haku. Ma ia mau kūlana, e like me Sergei Lukin, hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia nā mea organik no nā mea mua o ka ʻuala: nā mauʻu makahiki, nā ʻano hoʻoilo, nā mea kanu manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
ʻO Vladimir Yakimenko Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei ʻo ia i ka wā Soviet, ua manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manure e like me ka mea momona inā pono e hele ma mua o 5-10 mau kilomita mai ka mahiʻai i ke kula. A i ʻole, hoʻemi nā kumukūʻai o ka halihali i ka loaʻa kālā i ka ʻole. I nā kūlana hou, ma muli o nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe no ka wahie diesel, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohui i nā mea organik i nā māla. ʻO ka hopena, hiki iāʻoe ke loaʻa kaʻohi e "gula" ma keʻano o nā kumukūʻai.
Mālama nā ʻoihana mahiʻai nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai o ka hana ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka mea organik., ʻaʻole like me ka manawa ma mua o ka 1990s, ʻaʻole nui loa.
Sergey Lukin e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka hana o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai ma nā wahi ʻo Belgorod a me Nizhny Novgorod. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mahiʻai moa a me ke komo ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu, hoʻohana maikaʻi lākou i ka manure i mea hoʻomomona i kā lākou māla ponoʻī. A ma ka mokuʻo Vladimir, kahi e hoʻoili ai ka mahiʻai moa i ka manure i nā mea mahiʻai'ē aʻe me ka ukuʻole, lawe ka poʻe mahiʻai iā 30-40 kilomita i kā lākou mau mahiʻai me kaʻole o ka pōʻino nui i ka waihona kālā.
E nānā ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana
ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o ke Kānāwai Federal No. 248 e hōʻoia i ka ulu ʻana o ka mākeke Lūkini o nā mea kanu organik. Akā, hiki i kā lākou mau mea kūʻai nui ke hoʻomau i ka māla, nā hale kauwela a me nā wahi mahiʻai pilikino.
Ke poʻo o ka Laboratory of Agrochemistry, Institute of Soil Science a me Agrochemistry SB RAS ʻO Vladimir Yakimenko Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei inā hoʻomaka nā ʻano mea kanu organik i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, hoʻomaloʻo ʻia a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi e kūʻai nui ʻia, e paʻa ke koi mai nā kamaʻāina kauwela, nā māla a me nā pā hale pilikino. Akā i ka hihia o nā mahiʻai nui e mahi ana i mau tausani ʻeka o ka ʻāina, ʻaʻohe mea e hiki mai ana i nā organik. Mai ka manaʻo o ka agrochemistry, no ka ulu ʻana o ka lepo, maikaʻi kēlā mau mea kanu. Akā, i loko o kahi hoʻokele waiwai, ʻaʻole pono kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka pono o ka ʻoihana mahiʻai.
He ʻokoʻa ko lākou manaʻo Natalia Akanova и Sergey Lukinke lana nei ka manaʻo o ka hoʻomaka koke ʻana o ka State Comprehensive Program for Improving Soil Fertility in Russia. Ma ka hoʻoholo a nā luna, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻonui ʻia ma mua o 2020, he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ia i ka ʻoihana hana ʻai āpau.
Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema, me ka ʻole o nā mea kanu organik ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou i ka momona o nā miliona heka o ka ʻāina mahiʻai a puni ka ʻāina a hōʻoia i nā hua kiʻekiʻe no nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. A ʻo ke kī i ka hana kūleʻa i kēia kuhikuhi ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai ikaika loa a hilinaʻi - organomineral.
Irina Berg