Sergey Banadysev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiʻai, Doka Gene Technologies LLC
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa honua, ʻo nā maʻi mālama ʻuala wale nō nā mea i hiki ke holomua nui i ka wā ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, a ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ia mea e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā kūlana mālama: late blight a me pink rot, anthracnose, bacterial rot (ring, dikea, pectobacterium, tuberous. scab), oosporosis , ʻeha wai (pithy) pala - typium, scab kālā, phomosis, fusarium.
ʻO nā maʻi mālama i ka pōʻino waiwai nui, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻonui ai i nā poho a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻuala a me ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala.
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka mākeke no nā ʻuala i holoi ʻia e koi nui i nā hemahema i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻuala maʻemaʻe (scab,
phytophthora, maloʻo a maloʻo maloʻo, ʻino mechanical), no laila ke ʻano o nā pilikia ʻē aʻe me ka maikaʻi o nā tubers i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia maʻi nā hiʻohiʻona olaola kikoʻī, nā kūlana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me nā ʻano kaohi.
pala palupalu i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana, ʻo ia ka maʻi bacteria o ka genus Pectobacterium a me Dickeya. Komo ka ma'i pala palupalu i na opu ma ke kula ma o na stolons o na mea kanu makuahine. I ka waiho ʻana, hiki ke hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia ka maʻi bacterial pala
nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i hui pū me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.
Nā hōʻike waho o ka pōʻino palapalapala: ʻeleʻele nā wahi i maʻi ʻia (i ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele), me ka impregnated
ʻano ʻili wai.
ʻO ka ʻiʻo putrefactive palupalu o loko, he ʻano maʻū, ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha, aia ke keʻokeʻo a hina ʻeleʻele paha.
ʻūhā. Hōʻike ʻia nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e kahi palena ʻeleʻele e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai ke kino olakino. Ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana o ka pala, ua keʻokeʻo nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e like me ka paʻakai (kiʻi 2). Inā uhi ka maʻi i ka nui o nā ʻuala, ʻike ʻia kahi ʻala ammonia i loko o ka waihona.
Hiki ke loa'a kekahi o nā 'ano o kēia mau 'ano a i 'ole 'ē a'e: 'o ka nui o ke ke'ena
e emi ana; ke kahe nei ka wai ʻeleʻele mānoanoa mai nā pahu a i ʻole nā ʻauwaʻa ea, ʻike ʻia kahi wela kiʻekiʻe a/a i ʻole kahi ʻala maikaʻi ʻole i loko o ka lumi.
Nā kumu o ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi:
• nā kūlana pulu loa i ka wā o ka ulu a me ka ʻohi ʻana;
• ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mauʻu ʻino (ʻo ka nahele e hōʻiliʻili i kēia maʻi);
• nā ʻanoʻano maʻi (hoʻonui lākou i ka manawa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka maʻi i loko o nā hua pua);
• ka ʻohi ʻana i nā ʻuala ʻoi ʻole;
• kaʻohiʻana i nā mahana ma luna o 20 ° C;
• Ka nui o ka lele ʻana o ka ea i loko o ka waihona, a me ka hewa o nā pani pani;
• ka makū maʻemaʻe ma luna o nā ʻuala (condensation, maikaʻi ʻole ka ea / ea);
• ka nui o ka lepo i loko o kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻōpala;
• nā maʻi ʻē aʻe e like me ka pala wai a me ka maloʻo.
ʻO ka nui o nā "ʻeha" ma nā ʻōpala a me ka ho'ōla ʻana i ka ʻeha kūpono ʻole e kōkua pū i ka maʻi pala pala.
Manaʻo: ʻike kūhelu o kēia manawa e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā bactericides a i ʻole disinfectants no
liʻiliʻi ka hoʻomalu pono ʻana i ka pala pala maʻemaʻe bacteria ma ka waiho ʻana. Akā, ʻike ʻia, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka synthetic antibiotic streptomycin i nā ʻāina i hōʻike ʻia e nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa (India, Kina), a me ka USA.
ʻO ka pala maloʻo (fusarium) he ma'i ma'i 'o Fusarium sambucinum a me Fusarium spp. Komo ka ʻuʻuku i loko o nā ʻuala
nā ʻeha a me nā ʻeha i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka lawelawe ʻana. Hōʻike mua ʻia nā hōʻailona palaka maloʻo a puni nā ʻeha ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻuala. Lilo ka ʻiʻo maʻi i ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā apo nui, hohonu, concentric i haki ma lalo o ke kaomi māmā ma kekahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōpala.
ʻO nā ʻuʻa popopo loa e ʻōleʻa a mummify. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā lua ma lalo o ka wahi popopo me ke keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula, a ʻulaʻula ʻo Fusarium mycelium. He palupalu a pulu paha nā ʻuala inā loaʻa pū kekahi pala pala. I loko, ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia o nā ʻuala, me kahi ʻāpana ʻōpala (photo 3).
Aia nā wahi paʻa i ka pā ma waena o ka ʻiʻo olakino a me ka mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia. Hiki i ko lākou ʻili waho ke poho a mū.
I kekahi manawa, ʻike ʻia nā haʻuki keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha ma waho. Hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia ka pala maloʻo i ka pala maʻemaʻe bacterial lua.
Nā kūlana kūpono i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi: maloʻo a mehana. E hoʻomanaʻo, hiki ke laha koke ka maʻi inā ʻaʻole mālama pono ʻia ka ʻuala i nā pule 2-3 mua.
Ma ka papa inoa o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kumu no ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi hua
E hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻōlelo aʻe:
- E hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono i ka waiho ʻana a me nā pahu ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana (a hoʻomaʻemaʻe inā ua mālama mua ʻia nā ʻuala maʻi ma laila).
- E mālama i nā ʻuala i ulu ʻia mai nā ʻanoʻano i hōʻoia ʻia i ke olakino, me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai a me ka meaʻai, i loko o nā kūlana o ka pale i kūkulu maikaʻi ʻia i nā mauʻu, nā iniseti a me nā maʻi.
- No ka hōʻoiaʻana i ka hana maʻamau o ka peel a me ka oʻoʻana o ka hua. E hoʻomaʻemaʻe me ka mālama a pale i ka ʻeha, mai hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ua. Inā manaʻo ʻia ka maʻi palahū palupalu, e kau i nā pūʻulu kokoke i nā puka komo i hiki ke wehe koke ʻia inā hoʻomaka lākou e hele hewa. Inā ʻike ʻia kahi pākēneka kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a i ʻole ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, e hoʻohana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka ea hoʻomau i ka wā mālama / mālama mua.
- E hoʻonohonoho i ka ʻike kūpono o nā ʻuala olakino no 2-3 mau pule ma kahi mahana o 10-13 ° C a me kahi haʻahaʻa o 95%. E mālama i ka mahana mālama nui ma lalo o 5°C. Mai hoʻohana i ka moisturizer. Inā ʻike ʻia ka maʻi ma hope o ka mālama ʻana, a laila e wikiwiki ka emi ʻana o ka mahana i nā kūlana paʻa, me ka nui o ka ea ea. Kāohi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka condensation ma nā ʻōpala. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe e hiki ke hāʻawi i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ea me ka wikiwiki haʻahaʻa e pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka makū manuahi. E hoʻohana i ka ea hoʻomau me ka ʻole o ka humidification no nā wahi i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia. E hoʻokaʻawale i kēlā mau ʻāpana, inā hiki.
Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻāina maikaʻi no ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi i nā hale mālama inā nui ka lepo i hoʻolako ʻia ma laila me ka ʻuala. ʻO nā ʻuala ʻuala i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana e kōkua i ka maʻi wikiwiki.
Manaʻo: E hōʻemi i ka ʻeha i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka lawelawe ʻana. E hōʻalo i ka ʻohi ʻana i ka wā haʻahaʻa ka wela o ka ʻiʻo no ka mea hiki loa i ka ʻuala ke ʻeha i ka pala. Ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana, e hōʻoia i ka ʻili pono ʻana o ka ʻuala. Wehe i ka lepo nui a me nā clod o ka honua i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe a ma mua o ka wā mālama. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokō i ka mālama ʻana ma 13 ° C a me 95% ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e hāpai ana i ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka ʻeha. Pono e hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka ʻeha i loko o 2-3 pule. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka mālama ʻana
ka manawa, e hoʻemi mālie i ka mahana ma kahi o 0,5 ° C i kēlā me kēia lā i ka pae o ka mālama lōʻihi.
ʻO ka poʻo ʻulaʻula he maʻi hoʻomāinoino hou loa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka oomycete Phytophthora erythroseptica. Nā hōʻailona o waho o ka pōʻino: ka maloʻo o nā ʻāpana lewa o nā mea kanu, nā hōʻailona o ka chlorosis ma nā lau.
Loaʻa ka maʻi ʻuala ma o nā ʻōpuʻu, nā lentila a me nā ʻeha, maʻamau ma ke kula. Loaʻa paha i ka ʻiʻo waho ma ka ʻuala
ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ʻoi aku ma kahi o nā puka kūlohelohe (lentil) a me nā ʻōpuʻu. I loko, hohola ka wahi maʻi i kahi laina kokoke pololei ma o ke kiko o ka ʻuala. Ke ʻoki ʻia nā ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia, lilo ka ʻiʻo o loko i ka spongy a ʻulaʻula ma hope o 30 mau minuke (kiʻi 4). I nā pae hope, hiki i ka ʻiʻo i hoʻopili ʻia ke hoʻokuʻu i kahi wai maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻala ʻole, wai wai ke kaomi ʻia.
ʻO nā kūlana kūpono i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai ma nā māla i ka hopena o ke kau ulu a me ka wā wela (ke ea ma luna o 35 ° C).
Manaʻo: E hōʻalo i ka hoʻoinu nui ʻana i ka hopena o ke kau ulu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mahana. E nānā i nā wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kula, inā ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka pala ʻulaʻula, mai wehe i ia mau wahi. Inā ʻike ʻia ka maʻi ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala, e hōʻoia i ka lawa o ka ea a me ka mahana o 7-10 ° C no ka manawa maloʻo. Ina
He wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō o ka pūʻulu i hoʻopili ʻia, mālama i ka ʻuala olakino ma 10 ° C. Ma hope iho, e hoʻopili i ka hoʻoluʻu wikiwiki ma
ventila mau.
ʻO ka pala ʻeha wai he maʻi ʻeha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka oomycete Pythium ultimum (he haʻo lepo e hoʻopā ai ma o nā ʻeha a me nā lua maoli o ka ʻili ʻuala). Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia i loko mai ka ʻiʻo olakino e kahi palena ʻeleʻele. He ʻano spongy ka ʻiʻo popopo, ʻoiai ʻo nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia i loko wale nō, waiho ʻia ka ʻili (kiʻi 5). ʻO ka lole iʻokiʻia e lilo i keʻokeʻo, hina aʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka maʻi i loko o 2-3 mau pule o ka mālama ʻana. ʻO ka hōʻailona mua o ka pilikia ke ʻike ʻia o nā wahi pulu ma ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o nā ipu ma muli o ka pulu ʻana me ka wai wai mai nā ʻōpala i hoʻopilikia ʻia.
Nā kūlana e makemake ana i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi: ʻO ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa i ukali ʻia e kahi manawa maloʻo pōkole i ka wā o ka ʻōpuʻu. ʻOi aku ka pilikia o ka maʻi inā ʻoi aku ka mahana o nā ʻōpala ma mua o 20 ° C. Hoʻonui ka Pythium i ka hopena o ka maʻi me ka pala palapalapala bacteria, akā ʻaʻole laha ka pala ʻeha iā ia iho i ka waiho ʻana.
ʻO nā hana hoʻomalu no ka pala wai e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i nā kūlana e makemake ai i ka maʻi a me ka maʻi. Hoʻokomo lākou i loko
E koho i nā mahina ʻai me ka wai maikaʻi a ʻaʻohe moʻolelo o ka maʻi, ma ka liʻiliʻi o ʻekolu makahiki ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hua. E hōʻalo i ka hoʻonui
irrigation, oi aku ma ka hopena o ke kau, e haawi i ka manawa lawa no ka haulm deiccation a me ka maikai o ka ili. Pono e ʻohi ʻia nā ʻuala ma kahi maloʻo a maloʻo ke oʻo ka ʻili a hāʻule ka mahana o ka ʻiʻo ma lalo o 20 ° C.
Inā hoʻomaka nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi i ka mālama ʻana, a laila pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka mahana o ka lumi i 12-15 ° C a pono e hoʻonui ʻia ke kahe o ka ea maloʻo. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka fungicide i ka wā e ulu ana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka hakakā ʻana me Pythium ultimum he maikaʻi loa - e like me
a i ka hakakā ʻana me ka pala rose, ka ʻōpala kālā, anthracnose a me ka fusarium. E kūkākūkā nui ʻia kēia ma lalo nei.
Phomosis (gangrene) - he maʻi ʻuala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Ka mua
ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka gangrene he mau wahi ʻeleʻele pōʻai liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻia he ʻeleʻele hina a ʻeleʻele paha. Ua like nā kuhi me nā manamana lima a hiki ke hui a ʻāwili (kiʻi 6). ʻO ka maʻamau o nā kiko ke kikoo a no laila ʻokoʻa mai nā apo concentric i ʻike ʻia o Fusarium. He pōʻeleʻele loa nā gangrene rots a loaʻa i kahi palena maopopo me ke kino olakino.
Nā kūlana kūpono i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi: Loaʻa pinepine ka maʻi phomosis i ka wā e lohi ai ka ʻohi ʻana ma muli o ke anuanu a me ka pulu. Komo ka maʻi i loko o ka ʻuala ma muli o ka pōʻino o ka ʻili. Hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻāina maikaʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka gangrene i ka mālama ʻana inā mālama ʻia ka ʻuala i nā kūlana anuanu (hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka maʻamau) a / a i ʻole ka hoʻōla maikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻili.
Nā mana: ʻo ka pale maikaʻi loa o ka maʻi ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pōʻino i ka wā e hana ai. ʻO ka lua o nā kūlana kūpono no ka pale ʻana i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi ʻo ia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe makahiki a me ka disinfection o ka waihona. ʻO ka ʻohi mua ʻana a me ka hoʻōla maloʻo e kōkua pū i ka pale ʻana i nā pilikia. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mālama ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā fungicides thabendazole a me imazalil i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi.
Anthracnose a i ʻole kahi ʻeleʻele o nā ʻuala - he maʻi ākea, ʻo ke kumu kumu ʻo ia ʻo Coccodes Colletotrichum. ʻO nā hōʻike ʻana o ka maʻi he brownish-gray discoloration o ka ʻili, nā ʻāpana poʻe a i ʻole nā ʻano like ʻole (kiʻi 7). Hiki i nā ʻeha ke lawe i kahi ʻulaʻula kālā, e maʻalahi ai ka huikau ʻana i ka anthracnose me ka scab kālā. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui nā kiko o ka iregular
nā kiʻi me nā ʻaoʻao pohihihi a me nā kiko ʻeleʻele hoʻokaʻawale mau.
Ka hoʻomalu: hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua i hōʻoia ʻia, mālama i nā ʻuala ʻaʻole pono e kaupalena i ka anthracnose,
akā, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino a me ka ikaika o nā mea kanu, hoʻemi i ke kaumaha a pēlā e hoʻonui ai i ke kū'ē i ka anthracnose. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻomomona kaulike a me ka sprinkler irrigation e hōʻemi i ke koʻikoʻi o ka mea kanu, ka luku ʻana i ka mauʻu i ka manawa (nā mea mālama i ka maʻi latent anthracnose). Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻāina me ka wai ʻole a me ke ʻano ea, kahi e hana ai i kahi ʻōpala mānoanoa. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hua me nā mea kanu ʻaʻole hiki ke maʻalahi i ka pathogen - e like me ka cereals, soybeans, kulina. Pono ka palau hohonu
e kokua ana i ka palaho o na koena mea kanu. ʻOhi koke ma hope o ka oʻo ʻana i ka ʻuala. ʻO ka mālama pono o ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa i ka mālama ʻana: ʻo nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka condensation o ka mahu wai e kōkua i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi.
Pahu kala. ʻO ke kumu kumu ʻo ia ka haʻiki Helminthosporium solani. Aia ka ma'i ma na wahi a pau. ʻO nā kumu nui o ka maʻi e pili ana i ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻuala. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana a i ʻole ma hope koke o ka waiho ʻana i kahi waihona:
he ʻeleʻele ʻulaʻula ʻole kēia, ʻaʻohe ʻālohilohi, nā kiko o nā ʻano nui a me nā ʻano like ʻole (kiʻi 8). I ka pau ʻana o ka mālama ʻana, hiki i ka maʻi ke hoʻomohala nui, a loaʻa i ka ʻiʻo i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi metala a i ʻole ke kala kala. ʻO ka halo ma ka ʻili o nā kiko
hoʻomohala i ka sporulation conidial a me ka sclerotia ʻeleʻele punctate liʻiliʻi.
Me ka lanakila ikaika, hoʻomaka ka ʻili ʻuala e wrinkle, piʻi ka throughput, ma muli o ka nalowale ʻana o ka wai. ʻO ka scab kālā kahi maʻi mālama maʻamau. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ke mālama ʻia i loko o kahi waihona, ʻike ʻole ka hua, a
i ka manawa o ka pae ʻana, ʻike ʻia ka infestation 100%. I ka wā o ka lawe ʻana, hele mai nā ʻuala maʻi me nā mea olakino, a ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mahana, ka haʻahaʻa, ka haʻalulu a me ka ventila, kahi hōʻike nui o nā hōʻailona a me ka overfection o nā tubers olakino.
Manaʻo: E hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu maikaʻi, ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻekolu makahiki. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua me ka ʻole o ka uhi kālā. Ke nānā ʻana i nā hua i kūʻai ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pehu kālā. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hua he nui o nā hanauna like ʻole i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana (ʻaʻole pono e waiho ʻia i loko o kahi waihona hoʻokahi). Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua ʻuala hua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kanu ʻana.
ʻOhi ʻuala ma hope koke o ka ikaika o ka ʻili. Hoʻonohonoho kūpono o ka hui. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka disinfection o ka waiho ʻana a me nā mea hana a pau ma mua o ke kau hou. E nānā ana i ka ʻuala no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka scab kālā ma mua o ka waiho ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka hailona me ka ʻōpala kālā mai ka poʻe ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe maʻi. No ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi i ka wā mālama. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻuala ma lalo o nā kūlana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana (10-15 ° C), ka haʻahaʻa (90%) a me ka ea maikaʻi (ke kahe ea kiʻekiʻe). Hoʻomaʻalili koke i ka ʻuala ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka pae i makemake ʻia o ka mālama nui. Hoʻonohonoho o ka mālama ʻana i nā kūlana
ka hoʻoponopono wela kūikawā: ma ka palena haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa no kahi kuhikuhi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻuala. E pāpā i ka hoʻouna hapa ʻana inā hoʻolālā ʻia ka mālama lōʻihi.
maʻi huikau. Hoʻokahi wale nō pathogen i hoʻopilikia ʻia nā ʻuala. E like me ke kānāwai, hōʻoia ʻia ka nānā ʻana o kahi tuber maʻi
ka hele ʻana o nā ʻano pathogens (photo 9).
ʻO nā maʻi fungal hui pū ʻia a me nā maʻi bacteria ke kumu o ka nui o nā poho ma mua o nā maʻi pākahi. ʻIke ʻia, hoʻoulu ʻia nā pathogens like ʻole i ka ulu ʻana o kēlā me kēia.
No ka mea hiki i nā maʻi mālama ke alakaʻi i nā poho hua nui, ʻo ke kaua kūʻē iā lākou pono e ʻōnaehana, me ka pololei.
ma ke kahua mālama. Ma ka laʻana o ka nui o nā maʻi, ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia ka pilikia o nā maʻi ma o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka pōʻino mechanical (kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi hale kūʻai āpau) a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like me ka genetic resistance i nā pathogens.
ʻO ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā maʻi he mea nui o ka ʻōnaehana mālama mālama hua. Kakaikahi o lakou e puka mai ana
i ka waiho ʻana, ʻo nā kumu nui o ka maʻi maʻamau he mau hua a lepo paha.
No laila, hāʻawi ʻia ka hopena pale koʻikoʻi e ke koho ʻana i nā mea olakino olakino, hana ma nā māla uninfected, ka hoʻohana ʻana.
nā mea hua kiʻekiʻe, ka wai lepo maikaʻi, ka wai kūpono, ka manawa kūpono a me ka ʻohi kiʻekiʻe.
Hāʻawi kēia mau hana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi:
• ka wehe ʻana / hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā poʻo i ka manawa kūpono e hōʻoia i ka ʻili hilinaʻi a paʻa;
• ʻOhi kūpono e hoʻopiha wikiwiki i kahi waihona;
• ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka ea no ka hoʻomaloʻo maikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu;
• ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka condensate;
• ka maʻemaʻe maikaʻi o ka mālama a me nā mea hana.
ʻOhi i nā kūlana i ka wā i hoʻokumu ai ka ʻuala i kahi ʻili ikaika, ʻoluʻolu hoʻonohonoho o ka lawe ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana
- He mea nui kēia mau mea no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana o nā huahana, no ka mea, komo nā maʻi i loko o nā ʻuala ma o ka pōʻino o waho. I ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻalo ʻia nā māwae a me nā ʻoki ʻana i loko o nā ʻuala a laha nā pathogens i loko o ka pūʻulu ʻuala. Akā inā paha e ulu ana ka maʻi i ka mālama ʻana ma muli o ʻekolu mau kumu nui:
• ka nui o ka inoculum ma'i, ma'a mau spores fungal a bacteria paha, aia ma ka opu;
• nā kūlana microclimate;
• kū'ē kū'ē kū'ē kūʻokoʻa i ka maʻi.
Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā maʻi ma ke kahua mālama ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka pōʻino, ka hoʻomaloʻo wikiwiki, ka ho'ōla kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino, ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa, a me ka maʻemaʻe. Ma ke ano o na ma'i, ua hoikeia keia ma ka Papa 1.
Nā ʻenehana mālama mālama maʻi:
• ʻOhi ʻuala maloʻo maikaʻi me ka mahana pulp ma waena o 7 a 15°C. ʻO ka wehe nui ʻana o nā ʻōpala i hōʻino ʻia ma kahi hui, e hāʻawi ana i nā kūlana no ka hana kiʻekiʻe o kēia hana.
• Hoʻomākaukau pono i ka mālama ʻana a me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolako ea. He mea nui e hōʻoia ma mua i ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o ka nui o ka ea ea ma nā wahi āpau o ka waihona. Hoʻohui i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā keʻena me ka hoʻoheheʻe ākea. He mea nui ka neʻe ʻana o ka ea maikaʻi no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻuala pilikia.
• Hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻomaloʻo, mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana. ʻO ka ʻuala pilikia ka pulu maʻamau a paʻa i nā mea pala, ʻo ka hana a ka mea mahiʻai ʻo ka hoʻomaloʻo a hoʻomaloʻo i ka mea kanu i ka wā hiki. Hoʻolili koke a hiki i ka wela o ka mālama ʻana (3-5°C). Mai hoʻomoʻu i nā ʻuala maʻi.
• Holo i nā pā (e hoʻouka hou inā pono) i ka hana mau a maloʻo ka hua. Pono e hoʻokō mau ʻia ka holo ʻana o ka ea ma o ka uala i ka wā pilikia holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻohe kūlana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ea o waho.
• E hōʻoia i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ea ma o ka papa huahana. ʻO ka popopo ʻuala a me ka lepo ka mea e pilikia ai. Pono nā mea pā me ke kahe kahe kiʻekiʻe.
• Ka nānā 'ana i kēlā me kēia lā i ka mālama'ana. ʻO nā "pū" infrared, nā thermometers i nā ʻāpana like ʻole e hōʻike maikaʻi i ka mahana maʻamau.
• Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i ka ea ma waho ma luna o nā ʻuala anu (a i ʻole, e hoʻopili ʻia kahi papa wai manuahi ma luna o nā ʻuala). ʻO ka wai ma luna o nā ʻuala ka mea e ʻoki ai i ka ʻuala a hana i kahi ʻano maikaʻi no ka maʻi bacteria pala. Pono ka ea wela ma kahi o 1 degere C ma mua o ka wela o ka tuber i makemake ʻia.
Fungicides hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana, i ka wā mālama a i ka wā i hoʻouna ʻia mai ka waiho ʻana.
ʻO nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala i nā maʻi ma mua o ka mālama ʻana:
• RF - fludioxonil, benzoic acid, kālā colloidal, Bacillus subtilis;
• Kelemānia - imazalil, pencicuron, prothioconazole;
• ʻEnelani, Pelekania - imazalil, thabendazole;
• Palani - flutalanil, mancozeb, pencecuron, prothioconazole, fludioxonil;
• Kanada - thiabendazole, fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, difeconazole, phosphorous acid, potassium phosphite, Pseudomonas suringae;
• USA - azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, difeconazole, sedaxan, mancozeb, flutalanil, penflufen, prothioconazole, thiophtanate-methyl,
ʻakika phosphorous, potassium phosphite, chlorine dioxide, peroxyacetic acid.
Pono ka mālama ʻana i nā hua e pale aku i nā maʻi a me nā pests, hoʻoulu i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a lawa
ʻenehana.
ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka hana e pili pono ana i ka maikaʻi o kāna hoʻokō a me ke koho kūpono o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana; pono e hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu i manaʻo ʻia o nā fungicides kūikawā a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā pilikia phytopathological o kahi pūʻulu o nā mea kanu a me kahi mea kanu. kahua kūikawā. I ka papa inoa o ka moku'āina o nā pesticides o ka Russian Federation, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā fungicides ʻaʻahu tuber i mea e hoʻomalu ai i ka rhizoctoniosis, ka scab maʻamau a me ka scab kālā. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻikepili e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau
anthracnose, eha wai pala, lepo late blight ma'i, i laha nui i na makahiki i hala. No laila, ua hoʻonoho ʻia ka TMTD lōʻihi ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau e kūʻē i ka lohi hope, rhizoctoniosis, scab, wet bacterial rot a me fusarium. Hoʻoulu kēia i nā kānalua kūpono, no ka mea, ʻo ka fungicide ʻekolu-component fungicide Idicum wale nō ke ʻano like o ka hana (kūʻē i ka oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctoniosis).
Hōʻike ʻia ka pūʻulu piha loa no ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻuala ma USA. No ka wai pickling, ma kahi o nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka Russian Federation, sedaxan, hydrogen peroxide, Chenopodium quinoa saponins bacteria e ʻae ʻia e hoʻohana. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Sedaxan i ka disinfectant ʻehā mua o ka honua mai Syngenta, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra me ka hui pū ʻana o ka dv-in fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Ua hoʻolaha ka Russian Federation i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaʻina hana no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi lāʻau like i ka papa inoa no ka ʻuala.
Ua ʻae ʻia e hoʻohana i 16 mau mea ikaika o nā fungicides, 10 ai no ka mālama ʻana i nā hua. insecticides a me 15 hoʻomākaukau microbial me ka hana fungicidal. ʻO Fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid ka mea kūpono i nā maʻi ʻuala,
benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, metalaxyl, iprodione. Nui nā huahana me ʻelua A.I. fungicides: penflufen + prothioconazole; i ka hui pū ʻana me kahi insecticide - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole,
thiamethoxam + difenoconazole + fludioxonil, iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole. ʻO ka mea waiwai loa o ka fungicide ʻekolu-component: fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxyl.
He nui nā pono o ka lole mua: kahi ʻano mālie, kahi ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka hopena hana, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka huahana o ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala. Akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana ma ka haukapila ultra-low-volume spraying me ka kahe kahe o
wai hana ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 3 l / t. Hiki kēia i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā mea atomizer disc ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻōwili - nā wili hopper, nā papa nānā a i ʻole nā mea hana kūikawā ʻo Mafex. ʻO ka kahe o ka wai hana o 10-20 l / t ma ka haukapila, i ʻae ʻia e nā kūlana o ka Russian Federation, pono e ʻike ʻia he hewa a ʻae ʻole. I ke kūlana phytopathological hou, ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o nā ʻōpala he mea hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā maʻi bacterial. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana i ka haukapila, ʻoiai ma ka pō o ke kanu ʻana, pono e hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ka ʻuala,
a i ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki ke pale ʻia nā pilikia me ka germination a me ka popopo o nā ʻuala.