ʻO Sergey Banadysev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiai, Doca-Gene Technologies LLC
He mea nui ka hoʻohuli ʻana i mea e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i nā pilikia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka maʻi i loko o ka lepo, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau loa iā lākou me ka hoʻomaha he 8 mau makahiki me ka hoʻi ʻana o kaʻuala i kahi kahua kikoʻī. Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai. ʻO nā waiwai biofumigation i ka manawa like e hoʻonui ai i ka pono holoʻokoʻa o ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Hoʻohui kūpono ʻia i loko o nā wili pōkole kahi hana mahiʻai waiwai no ka ulu pono ʻana i kaʻuala.
Pili ka hana ʻenehana i ka mahi ʻuala me ka mahi nui ʻana, ka hala pinepine ʻana o nā mīkini hana nui ma o nā māla a me nā wā lōʻihi o ka lepo uhi ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka hopena o kēia ka pīpī ʻana o nā huna lepo, hoʻonui nui ʻia, luku ʻia o ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka lepo, hoʻonui i ka mineralization o nā meaola. I ka manawa like, mai poina i ka nui o nā koena kanu i waiho ʻia e kaʻuala he liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka humus ma hope o ka emi ʻana o kaʻuala. I ka lepo, ma nā koena mea kanu, hoʻomau ka hapa nui o nā maʻi a me nā ʻino o kaʻuala no ka manawa lōʻihi, kahi ulu o ka infestation o nā māla me nā nāhelehele kūpale. Hoʻolahalaha kekahi mau hua Rotary i nā pests me kaʻuala. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā mahiʻai e loea ana i ka mahi ʻana i kaʻuala e alakaʻi ai i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā kūlana lepo no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea kanu, a me nā pōʻai pōkole, nā kumukūʻai o nā mea kanu, ka wai a me nā pesticides. hiki ke kiʻekiʻe, a me ka hua - haʻahaʻa.
ʻO nā cereala makahiki wale nō (palaoa, rai, bale, ʻoka, triticale, kulina, ryegrass) ʻaʻohe o lākou pilikia maʻamau me ka ʻuala.
Hiki ke hiki i ka soybeans a me ka rapese i ka rhizoctonia a me ka puna keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka nui o nā mea kanu a me nā nāhelehele mauʻu o nā mea kanu e ʻeha i ka ʻino e verticillosis. Loaʻa nā Nematodes a me nā kolo i nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe a mālama pono i nā lehulehu i kēlā mau makahiki ke ulu ʻole kaʻuala. Ma nā wahi hānai, nā mea kanu o ka clover a me nā cereals
hana nā mauʻu i nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wireworm, a pono e hōʻalo ʻia kēia ʻano hoʻohuli hua inā ua ʻike ʻia ka pohō uala. He mau laʻana kaʻawale kēia, akā i ka nui o nā pilikia fitopathological he mau ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa mau i nā ala like ʻole o ka lanakila ʻana iā lākou me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā hua (Papa 1).
ʻAʻohe hopena ākea, akā ka ʻike o ka biology, nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēlā me kēia pathogen e ʻae iā mākou e ʻike i nā koho kūpono no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ala i waho o nā kūlana kikoʻī e kupu mai ana ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o kaʻuala i ka hanana o nā wahi i lūlū ʻia.
Hoʻolālā nā papa hana hoʻohuli pono i nā hua, nā mea i koho mua ʻia e hoʻonui i nā hua, kahi hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka agrophysical, kemikolo a me nā mea olaola, mālama a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka momona o ka lepo, ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai, kahi hoʻemi o ke kumukūʻai o ka hakakā ʻana i nā nāhelehele, nā mea ʻino a nā maʻi, kahi hōʻemi o ka pono no nā mea momona mineral, i ka mea mua - nitokene, hāʻawi like ʻana o nā kaumaha kiʻekiʻe i ka wā o ka hana ma ka māla, ka hiki ke hoʻohana ākea o ka mahi liʻiliʻi, ka paʻa o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka mea kanu.
ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hopena paʻakikī i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu no nā kumu like ʻole, ʻaʻole wale nā cereala, akā me nā mea kanu hānai. ʻAʻole ʻae nā ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻokele waiwai i ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana e hoʻolilo i ka manawa a me ke kālā i ka mahi lōʻihi ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā hua a me ka mālama holoholona.
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kēia kūlana koʻikoʻi, e noʻonoʻo mākou i nā hiki o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā hua pōkole (ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ʻelua mau makahiki o ka hoʻoki ʻana i ka hoʻi ʻana o kaʻuala i ka māla) e hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu i helu ʻia i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia o ka ulu ʻana o kaʻuala.
ʻAʻole mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka momona o ka lepo ke ulu nei i kaʻuala. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻole nā hopena o nā makahiki he nui o ka noiʻi ʻepekema: ʻaʻole lawa nā koena o nā mea kanu a me nā wā lōʻihi o ka mauʻu mauʻu e mālama ai i ka ʻike humus mau, ʻoiai ʻo ka uala e noho ma hoʻokahi wale nō māla i ka hoʻohuli hua pāwalu. ʻAʻohe mea e ʻōlelo e pili ana i nā kaʻina pōkole. Akā ua hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua like i ka mahi ʻana o hoʻokahi mau makahiki o ka mauʻu mauʻu e hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi o ka meaola i loko o ka lepo i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻole ʻole lōʻihi (Lukin, 2009; Nikonchik P.I., 2012). No ke kaulike humus manuahi deficit, ma ka liʻiliʻi he 10 t / ha o nā mea kanu meaola e pono e hoʻopili ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki a i ʻole ka helu kaulike i kēlā me kēia manawa. Inā ʻaʻohe mea o ka ʻoihana, a laila ʻo ka palau ʻana o nā mea momona ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hāʻawi i kahi hopena like, ʻē. o nā meaolaola āpau o nā mea kanu manure uliuli i ulu ulu ʻia no kēia.
ʻO ka mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka mea mua, kahi waiwai nui o nā meaola a me nā meaola, "manure i ulu ʻia ma ka ʻāina mahi", ʻaʻole ia he haʻahaʻa i ka waiwai o ka momona i ka manure moe. Hoʻopiha hou nā legume manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā mālama o ka nitrogen biological i ka lepo, e hoʻohuli i ka nitrogen mineral o ka lepo a me nā mea momona i kahi ʻano meaola e ʻoluʻolu i ka nohona. Hoʻonui ka mea hoʻomomona ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka helu o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka nitrogen mineral, e pale ana i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ke kaiapuni i ka lepo. Hoʻonui ka mea momona ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka hana biological o ka lepo, hoʻonui i ka nohona no ka biota o ka lepo a hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka background fitopathogenic o ka lepo. Hoʻoemi ka Sideration i ka haumia o nā mea kanu a me ka lepo e nā nāhelehele a kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ukana pesticide ma agrocenoses. Hoʻonui ka mea momona ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka waiwai momona o ka mauʻu a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.
I ke kumu, hiki iā ʻoe ke palau i nā mea kanu. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea ulu nui a waena hoʻi i loko o ka waihona o ke alakaʻi alakaʻi ʻana a me nā hui hua e hoʻopili ana ma mua o 30 mau mea, mai ka rai o ka hoʻoilo i nā exotics e like me ka Abyssinian gvisotia.
Papa 2. Biomass o nā mea kanu manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo (Rusakova I.V., 2017)
Aia kekahi mau hoʻāʻo e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka palau ʻana o nā nāhelehele (ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e lūlū i kekahi mea, e kali wale i kekahi mau mahina mai ka puna a ʻo ia nō - ua mākaukau ka mauʻu gum kupaianaha). ʻO ka pahuhopu, ʻo ka biomass o nā mea kanu leguminous ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa; ʻo ka nui o nā ʻano cereal a me nā mea kanu kolose e hilinaʻi haʻahaʻa ʻia iā lākou. Hōʻike maopopo ʻia kēia pākaukau i ka pono o ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo leguminous (Papa 2).
ʻO ka loiloiolaolaola laulā o nā mea kanu i ulu i ka hoʻohuli hua like me ka uala i hoʻoholo ʻia ʻaʻole wale ma ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o nā meaola, akā me ka hiki i ka biomass ke hāʻawi i ka phytosanitary, ʻo ia hoʻi. hana hoʻomaikaʻi olakino. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka hiki ke hōʻike ʻia o nā meaola biochemical kūikawā o kekahi ʻano mea kanu e kāohi, kāohi i nā maʻi maʻi, nā nāhelehele a me nā mea ʻino. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo biofumigation i hoʻohana mua ʻia e wehewehe i nā hopena o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu kolose ma luna o nā meaola honua (Matthiessen and Kirkegaard, 2006). Hōʻike ka huaʻōlelo i ka hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hopena o ka fumigation lepo e hoʻohana ana i nā mea kanu, ma mua o ke kemika. ʻAe ʻia nā mea kanu kemika ma Rūsia e hoʻohana wale ʻia no ka disinfection o nā wahi, ka palaoa, ka lāʻau, a pēlā aku. A i nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, ʻo USA, Kanada, Australia, lawe nui ʻia ka fumigation kemika o nā lepo, kahi e hoʻohana mana ʻia ai nā kumukūʻai o 400-500 kg / ha no ia mau lāʻau "authoritative" e like me, metam-sodium a me chloropicrin.
I kēia lā, ua hōʻiliʻili ka ʻepekema honua i kahi nui o ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka mana o nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole ma ka hopena ma hope o ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o ka hua o kaʻuala.
ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Polani, ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia ke kāohi ʻana i nā ʻano nematode e hoʻohana ana i ka nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole nā unuhi mai nā marigolds, a me ka vetch hoʻoilo. Akā ʻo ka pinepine pinepine ka maikaʻi o ka fumigation o nā mea kanu kolose. Loaʻa i ka Canola, mustard, a me ka radish nā kemika biologically i kapa ʻia ʻo glucosinolates. I ka lepo, nā glucosinolates o nā aʻa, nā koʻokoʻo a me nā lau o ka mauʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo e haki i nā isothiocyanates, ka mea e hoʻomake a kāʻili paha i kekahi mau maʻi, nematodes a me nā nāhelehele. I nā makahiki he 12 i hala aku nei, ua mālama nā ʻepekema USDA ma kahi o 70 mau noiʻi e nānā ana i nā hopena o nā kaʻao like ʻole i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia i ka lepo i loko o kaʻuala. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa nā hopena mai kēlā makahiki a kēia makahiki a mai kēlā kula a kēia mahina, ʻo nā mea kanu kolio i ka nui o nā maʻi ʻuala (e like me rhizoctonia, scab a me verticillium) a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻana i nā hua o kaʻuala. ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi loa o ka phytoncidal i loaʻa i ka radish aila, a laila ʻo ka mustard Sarepta, a laila ke sinapi keʻokeʻo a me ka rapeseed, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻokoʻa ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu. I Kelemania, ua hana ʻia nā ʻano nematode kūikawā kū ʻole i ka radish aila e kāohi i nā nematode manuahi a me nā aʻa.
Loaʻa i nā mea hoʻohui biochemical ʻeleʻele ke keʻokeʻo momona melemele (Melilotus officinalis Desr.) A keʻokeʻo (Melilotus albus Desr.) - nā mea kanu lāʻau kanu leguminous legennous biennial, akā ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano makahiki, kahi waiwai nui. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā meaola a me nā mea mineral i loko o ka lepo e melilot i loko o nā amino acid, nā hui o ka phosphor, potassium, sulfur, calcium a me nā mea kemika ʻē aʻe. Ma lalo o ka mana o ke aʻa ʻōnaehana o ka clover ʻoluʻolu, hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia nā hui hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka lepo, hoʻololi lākou i ʻano o nā meaola i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea kanu. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o melilot i loko o ka hoʻohuli o ka mea kanu e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka infestation lepo me nā nematodes a me nā wireworms ʻO ke kumu o ka make ʻana o nā mea ʻino a me nā pathogens ʻo dicumarin, kahi lāʻau ʻona i hana ʻia mai ka coumarin i ka wā o ka decomposition o nā koena a me nā koena o ka mea ʻono. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa nā ʻano melemele melemele a keʻokeʻo ʻokoʻa i ka ʻike coumarin i nā mea kanu. Maikaʻi ka Sorghum-Sudan hybrid a me ka mauʻu Sudan i nā nematodes rootworm. Hoʻokuʻu kēia mau mea kanu i ka durrin i loko o ka lepo, kahi e pau ana i ka hydrogen cyanide. ʻO ka lupine makahiki (alkaloid a me ka hānai) ka mea kanu manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo nui no ka lepo sod-podzolic.
Hoʻokuʻu nā ʻano manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo o lupine i nā alkaloids i loko o ka lepo - nā quinolizidine derivatives me bacteriostatic, antiviral a me nā hopena herbicidal. I ka manawa like, hiki i nā alkaloids ke hoʻonui i ka germination a me ka germination ikehu o nā ʻanoʻano, ka hana ʻana o nā mea kanu mahiʻai like ʻole e ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā kaʻina metabolic i nā mea kanu, hoʻemi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā nitrates, a he hopena anti-mutagenic kekahi. ʻO Alkaloids, e like me ka mea i kākau ʻia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea pale i nā maʻi mea kanu. Hōʻike ʻia hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa wikiwiki i ke kaiapuni. Wahi a Gross R. Wink M., 0,1-2,0% wale nō o spartein i koe i ka lepo 20 mau lā ma hope o ka noi. ʻO ka hana antibacterial a antifungal o ka alkaloid extract o nā mea kanu ʻo Lupinus angustifolius e kūʻē i nā ʻano maʻamau o nā bacteria i hoʻopaʻa ʻia: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonos aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis a me Staphylococcus aureus, a me nā fungi e like me Candida albicans a me C. krusei. Ua hōʻike ka hana alkaloid i ka hana nui e kūʻē iā Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus a me Pseudomonos aeruginosa.
ʻO nā makahiki he nui o nā hoʻokolohua hana i mālama ʻia ma USA a me Kanada ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a ka loea loea i ka biofumigation ʻuala - Professor Larkin - ua hōʻoia i ka hiki kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā keʻa i ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā hua ma ke ʻano he mea mua a me nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka hakakā ʻana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia i ka lepo. No ka hapa nui, ka biofumigation ma o ka hana ʻana o nā metabolites ʻona ʻo ia ka mīkini putative, akā ʻo nā hopena i hoʻopili ʻia e nā kaiāulu microbial lepo he mea nui kekahi. Hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi e ulu ana ka rapese i mea kanu kalepa a ʻaʻole i komo nā meaola āpau i ka lepo. Ua hōʻoia kēia ʻaʻole pili nā hopena maikaʻi o ka rapeseed i nā hopena biofumigation o ka biomass green i hoʻohui ʻia, akā ʻo ka hopena wale nō ia o ka ulu ʻana i kekahi ʻano mea kanu. ʻO ka momona momona o ka ʻeleʻele rapeseed a keʻokeʻo i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi hōʻemi ʻoi aku ka nui o ka rhizoctonia ma mua o nā hua mākeke me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka glucosinolate, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole nā huahana biofumigation ke ʻano nui o ka hana. Ma ka laulaha, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka momona o ka momona ma mua o ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā mea kanu. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana cropping ʻē aʻe i alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka biomass o nā microorganism lepo. ʻO ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke kīʻaha ke kumu nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hanana piha o nā kaiāulu microbial. Hāʻawi kēlā me kēia hua pālua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻano microbial kūikawā a hiki ke hoʻopili i ka hanana a me ka hana o nā kaiāulu microbial. ʻAʻole hoʻemi ka hoʻohui o ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā heluna o ka pathogen a i ʻole ke ola ʻana, akā hoʻonui i ka heluna o nā microorganism pathogen-antagonistic. ʻO nā hua bale a me nā kolio kaʻi mau no ka nui o nā poʻe bacteria a me nā hana microbial ma mua o ka nui o nā kaʻapuni ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo kaʻuala mau (ʻaʻohe kaʻapuni) i hōʻemi ʻia ka nui loa o ka hana microbial. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka rai o ka hoʻoilo waena me nā hopena rapeseed i ka hōʻemi 25-41% o ka ʻeleʻele a me ka scab maʻamau e pili ana i ka hoʻohuli mau ʻana o ka ʻuala a me 2137% e pili ana i ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka hua bale. Kūlike kēia mau ʻike me ke kumumanaʻo i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana microbial a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i mea kaomi maikaʻi ʻana i ka maʻi.
Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hopena o nā mea mua i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻaʻole pinepine wale. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ua pili ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula me nā kiʻekiʻe o ka rhizoctonia. ʻO Phacelia, no ka laʻana, kāohi i nā nematodes aʻa-knot, akā he mea hoʻokipa ia no nā nematodes mai ka genus Trichodorus e hāpai i ka maʻi. ʻO kēia virus, ma ke kumu, ke kumu o nā ʻōuli o ka wahi tuber glandular. Hiki i ka sinapi ke hana i ka spotting glandular. A ʻo nā hua hoʻohuli hua i kā lākou mau palena a i ʻole nā waiwai maikaʻi ʻole e pono ai ʻoe e ʻike. Ma aneʻi he kūpono e hāʻawi i kahi loiloi piha o nā kānaka noiʻi Kelemania e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā ʻano nematodes a me nā maʻi physiological (Papa 3).
E hoʻohālikelike iā mākou i nā mea kanu biofumigation, nā ʻanoʻano i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea ulu nui a waena hoʻi ma ka ʻāina o ka Russian Federation.
1. ʻO ka mauʻu Sudan a me ka palaoa sorghum, lepo ma mua, biofumigator. ʻO Sorghum-Sudan Hybrid (SSH) kahi hū o sorghum a me nā mauʻu Sudan (Sudanggrass). Hoʻohana kūʻokoʻa ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua e like me ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hybrid a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka hau. Lawe ʻo Sorghum i kahi nui o nā meaola i loko o ka lepo i ka wā e lūlū ana. Hoʻopili kēia mau makahiki kiʻekiʻe, ulu wikiwiki, thermophilic i nā nāhelehele, kāohi i kekahi mau nematode, a komo hohonu i ka lepo. ʻO SSG ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻoi loa ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana i nā mea kanu lālani a me nā legume, ʻoiai e hoʻopau ana i ka nui o ka naikokene. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻōnaehana aʻa huhū, kahi aerator lepo, hoʻoikaika a ʻoki a me nā lālā i ke aʻa o ka mauʻu Sudan he 5-8 mau manawa. Kau ka mānoanoa i 4 cm ke anawaena, kiʻekiʻe - a i 3 mika.
Hūnā nā aʻa SSG i kahi mea allelopathic kūikawā - sorgoleone. ʻO ia, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, kahi lāʻau make e hoʻomaka e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lā ʻelima ma hope o ka germination. Loaʻa nā hopena o ka sorghum i ka hopena-mauʻu, ka mauʻu pāpaʻi, ka barnyard, ka mauʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka heʻe, a me ka ambrosia. Hoʻololi nui ia i nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia, no laila pono e mālama i ka wā mawaena o ka mahi ʻana i ka mauʻu Sudan a me ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻO ka lūlū ʻana i ka sorghum Sudan ma kahi o nā hua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia he ala maikaʻi loa ia e hōʻino ai i ke ola o nā maʻi he nui, nā nematode a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. Ma muli o ka ʻōnaehana biomass nui a me ka ʻōnaehana subsoil, hoʻihoʻi ka sorghum Sudan i ka momona o ka lepo i hoʻopau ʻia a paʻa i ka makahiki. ʻO ia ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻoi loa no ka ninini ʻana i ka pālolo, nā lepo lepo e hana ai nā mea kaumaha. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka nuipa ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ʻūlū ʻia no ka palu ʻana i nā māla ʻē aʻe, no ka ʻai a me ka silage. Hoʻokahi ʻoki o kēlā me kēia kau ke kūpono. Piʻi ʻo Biomass no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻole hiki ke haʻalele me ka ʻole o ka palau ʻana. Hiki wale ka kaomi ʻana o ka nematodes ke ʻūlū ʻana i ka nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo hou i hiki ʻole i ka pae o ka Tube. Loaʻa iā Sorghum kāna mau mea ʻino ponoʻī, ʻaʻole kūpono kekahi mau ʻano hybrid no ka hānai holoholona, no ka mea, loaʻa iā lākou ka waikawa hydrocyanic.
2. Cruciferous siderata hoʻokō i nā koi āpau no ka momona ʻōmaʻomaʻo: ulu koke lākou, loaʻa i kahi biomass waiwai waiwai a me kahi pūnaewele nui o nā aʻa liʻiliʻi, kāohi i nā nāhelehele, fungi, wireworms a me nematodes, a me ka scab. ʻO kekahi o nā keʻa, e like me ka daikon, he aʻa i hiki ke hele ma waena o ka palau wale nō i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā siderates ʻē aʻe.
Kūpono ʻo Mustard no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka nitrogen i koe ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana i ke kūkulu koke ʻana i nā greens. ʻO ke kaohi a me ka kaohi ʻana o nā nāhelehele e nā manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo kolose ma muli o ka ulu wikiwiki a me ka "pani ʻana o ka dome", ʻo ia hoʻi ka hiki ke uhi kiʻekiʻe o ka lepo. ʻAʻole ka mea liʻiliʻi e hoʻokani ʻia e ka mana allelopathic o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā koena i hānai ʻia i ka hāʻule. Hoʻopilikia ka mākeke a me ka ʻaila i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻeke kahu hānai, mari, mauʻu hulu, prutnik, mauʻu barnyard, heʻe, a pēlā aku. ke aʻa lākou i ke kumu, ʻaʻole pono ia e lūlū i ka hui - hoʻopili nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe a kāohi i ko lākou ulu ʻana. Pau ka hua - 10-30 kg / ha. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo kolose i kēlā me kēia wā o ka wā e ulu ana, akā ʻo ka manawa kūpono ka hoʻomaka o waena o ka pua, i kēia manawa i hōʻea ka mea kanu i kāna biomass maximum.
Hoʻomaka ka biomass i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hopena o ke kau e hoʻokuʻu i ka nitrogen i ke kakahiaka nui, ʻo ia hoʻi. i ka manawa pono no ka pae ʻana mai.
Pono nā ʻano kāpeti i nā nitrogen a me ka sulfur, me kā lākou kōkua aila-fungicides a me glucosinolate i synthesized. Maikaʻi e hoʻopili i nā mea momona mineral ma lalo o nā siderates, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻihoʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻia i kahi chelated form. Hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi lākou i ka phosphor, e hiki ke maʻalahi me ke kōkua o nā huna aʻa. I ke ʻano o ka ʻike kalebona a me ka helu decomposition, noho nā mea kanu kolose i kahi kūlana waena ma waena o nā cereal a me nā legume
ʻO ka pilikia nui o nā kāpili ʻōmaʻomaʻo cabbage ka makaʻu o ka hōʻino a hiki i ka luku piha ʻana o nā lūlū e kahi ʻauʻau koloka. Eia hou, ke hoʻohana nei i nā mea kanu salibusa, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā ʻanoʻano e oʻo, no ka mea, he kumu nui kēia o nā nāhelehele i makemake ʻole ʻia no ka loli holoʻokoʻa ʻana. A pono hou e hoʻokūkū i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā mea kanu kolio he nui nā ʻokoʻa a me ʻenehana ʻokoʻa a mamao loa mai ka like o ka biofumigation. I ka wahi mua - radish aila (nā ʻano nematodoresistant), i ka lua - melemele a i ʻole Sarepta mustard. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia kahi ʻepekema agrarian i kahi loiloi o nā waiwai fumigation o nā ʻanoʻano kolose o ke koho kūloko, a ʻaʻole loaʻa kūleʻa ʻia nā ʻano Kelemania, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i loko o ka Russian register.
3. ʻOhana clover - biennial, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mea kanu makahiki a hiki i 2-2,5 m kiʻekiʻe i ka moʻomeheu me kahi kumu ulu ulu ʻole, kekahi o nā mea kanu manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo waiwai nui.
ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano legume ʻē aʻe, he palakiko loa ia a hana i kahi nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo nui. Ke mahi ʻia, hōʻiliʻili ia mai 100 a 300 kg o nitrogen i kēlā me kēia hectare.
Ma ka helu o ka palaho o nā koena meaola, ma muli o ka lākiō lākiō o ke kalapona a me ka naikokene (ma kahi o 20), ʻaʻohe mea like o ka clover ʻono ma waena o nā legume. Nui kāna kuleana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaulike o nā meaola, hoʻonāuki i nā hana olaola i ka lepo, i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai agrophysical, a ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā lepo loamy a me nā lepo. Inā, i ka wā e palau ai i ka 60 t / ha o ka manure, hoʻonui ka permeability o ka wai lepo i 1,5 mau manawa, a laila i ka wā e palau ai 20 tone o ka nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka clover ʻono - 2 mau manawa. Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kahe ʻana, ka aeration, ke kūkulu ʻana, nā waiwai physicochemical, a mahi nui ʻia ka pae lalo. Loaʻa i kahi Melilot kahi aʻa aʻa hohonu hohonu, no ka mea i hoʻohuli hapa ʻia o ka phosphorous, calcium, potassium a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā papa o luna. ʻAʻole wale kēia e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻike o ka meaʻai i hiki ke loaʻa, akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i kekahi deoxidation o ka lepo ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā kumu i loko o ka mānoanoa e komo i ka lepo.
Hoʻomaikaʻi ka melilot green manure fallow i ka meaʻai, ka wai-air a me ka disinfects i ka lepo mai nā pathogens weliweli ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hana microbiological o saprophytic microflora. ʻO ka ʻāpana sideral o clover momona, i loaʻa ka coumarin, a lilo i decumarin i ka wā o ka pala, hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i ka helu o nā wireworms, nematodes a me corneidae. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻo ka ʻume ʻono kekahi "pahele" no nā aphids e hāpai ana i nā virus potato. No laila, he mea waiwai ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai ka melilot melemele i nā mahiʻai e loea ana i ka hana uala. ʻO kahi laʻana, hoʻohana ʻo LLC Agrofirma Slava Potato i kēia kumumanaʻo: kelena momona melemele - ka palaoa hoʻoilo - ʻuala - nā cereal puna me ka lūlū ʻana i ka ʻōlena momona. I ka manawa like, kū'ē i ke kumu o ka maloʻo, hiki i ka clover momona ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā mālama wai i ka lepo. 4. Lupine - melemele, keʻokeʻo, polū (lau ākea) a me nā ʻano makahiki ʻē aʻe. Lupine polū hāiki - kahi o nā manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo maikaʻi loa no ka lepo one a me nā one one, hāʻawi iā 30-40 t / ha o ka nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me 10-15 mau tona o nā aʻa, a hiki i 50-65 t / ha o nā meaola, ʻaʻole i haʻahaʻa i nā ʻano nui i ka ʻōlelo o ka waiwai momona. manure. Ma waho o ka nitrogen, waiwai ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ke aʻa o ka lupins i ka phosphorous, potassium, calcium, nā kumuwaiwai a ma ia lakio e pono ai no ka ulu maʻamau a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu nui. A he aha ka mea waiwai nui - loaʻa kēia mau meaola i ka meaola i mahi ʻia i loko o ka lepo.
No laila, ʻaʻole lākou e holoi ʻia i waho o ka lepo, e like me ka pinepine me nā mea kanu mineral.
Ma nā wahi e ulu pono ai ka lupine, pono e makemake ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea kanu i ʻoi aku ka waiwai. ʻOkoʻa, hiki ke hōʻiliʻili i ka nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka hānai, a ʻo nā koena mea kanu he mea momona nui. Loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ke lūlū ʻia i ka hopena o Mei ma hope o ka muki ʻana i ka rai no ka ʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo. I ka hāʻule, loaʻa he nui nui, a kua ʻia i kahi ʻoki kiʻekiʻe (15-20 cm) no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, a ua palau ʻia ka mauʻu i lalo o kaʻuala. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻonui ka hua o kaʻuala e 3-5 t / ha. E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka Novozybkovsk Experimental Station i hōʻike ʻia, hoʻohana ka ʻuala i ka naikokene mai nā koena ʻōpala o ka lupine ma mua o ka rai hoʻoilo a me nā cereal puna. No ka fumigation, nā ʻano kūpono kūpono loa o ka lupine lau liʻiliʻi, nona nā huaʻōlelo "siderat, manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo". Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka alkaloid ʻike. ʻO ka Lupine, a me nā mauʻu mau, keu, alfalfa, no ka mahele o nā ʻākena humus. Ma ke ʻano he laʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana o lupine, hāʻawi mākou i ka hoʻohuli o ka hua o ka SPK "Dmitrievy Gory" ma ka moku Vladimir: 1 - lupine; 2 - nā mea kanu hoʻoilo palaoa; 3 - uala; 4 - lupine; 5 - kaʻuala.
Me nā mea maikaʻi, loaʻa nā maikaʻi ʻole o nā lupins makahiki. Hōʻiliʻili lākou i ka nui o ka nitrogen i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā perennial, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka lepo, no ka mea liʻiliʻi loa kā lākou aʻa. ʻO kekahi hemahema o nā legume makahiki ko lākou ulu lohi i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau ulu a me ka ʻike i ka hoʻohaunaele mauʻu. Hoʻohui ʻia, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o nā hua legume i kēlā me kēia hectare.
Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻo ke kūlana phytosanitary o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻonui i ka hana olaola o ka lepo a me ka hoʻomohala hana ʻana o ka microflora lepo saprophytic, kaohi ʻana i nā pathogens a me nā helu he nui. Ke hoʻoulu ʻana i ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hoʻonui ka maikaʻi a me nā hua o kaʻuala, hoʻonui nā pohō i ka wā e waiho ai, a hoʻomaikaʻi ka ʻono o nā huahana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana pū ʻia o ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo. I Kelemania, ua hoʻohana ākea ʻia nā hui manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo he nui i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kumuwaiwai agro-climatic o ka hapa nui o nā wahi hana ʻuala o ka Russian Federation no ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻōpala a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana e like me nā manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka hoʻoilo a me nā mea ulu o ka wā mua, noho mau nā māla i nā lā he 70 a ʻoi aku, a ma hope o nā makahiki no ka mahiʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo - a 80-90 mau lā. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, ʻo ka hōʻuluʻulu o nā mahana kūpono no kēia manawa 800-1000 ° C, a i ʻole 30-40% o nā kumuwaiwai agro-climatic o ka wā mahana holoʻokoʻa o ka makahiki. Hiki ke mahi ʻia ʻo Siderata i nā kau āpau a loaʻa i ʻelua mauʻohi, no ka laʻana, ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo + ʻaila radish, mauʻu Sudan, mustard, buckwheat, lupine. ʻO ka mahi ʻana o ka bale no nā hua palaoa a me nā ʻōpala e hāʻawi i kahi hopena like.
Abstract: He mea nui ka hoʻohuli ʻana no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pilikia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka maʻi i ka lepo, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hemo loa iā lākou. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea kanu manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kahi hopena maikaʻi maikaʻi i ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai (e hoʻohui ana i nā meaola, e hakakā ana i ka erosion, ka mālama ʻana i nā nāhelehele, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka hoʻolālā o ka lepo, e hoʻonui ana i ka momona, e hoʻonui ana i ka hana o nā mea kanu mahiʻai). ʻO nā waiwai biofumigation i ka manawa like e hoʻonui ai i ka pono holoʻokoʻa o ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ke olakino lepo me ke kōkua o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo no nā mea kanu kolio, lupine, mauʻu Sudan a me ka ʻāpala ʻono.
ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo kūpono i nā kaʻina pōkole kahi hana mahiʻai waiwai no ka ulu pono ʻana i kaʻuala. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia moʻomeheu manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo nona ponoʻī niche, maikaʻi a me nā mea maikaʻi ʻole, akā hiki ke loaʻa mau nā hāʻina kūpono. ʻO ke koho o ke koho greening maikaʻi loa ma ke kumu o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi āpau o kahi ʻoihana: ka lepo, ke aniau, ka phytopathology, ka hoʻokele waiwai, ka hana kūikawā. Pono e mahi i nā mea kanu manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kahi pae hoʻonohonoho kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻenehana, inā ʻaʻole lawa ʻole ka hopena a maikaʻi ʻole paha.