Me ka ʻole o ke kāpena keʻokeʻo, ka mea i lilo i kumu o nā kīʻaha aupuni he nui, hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo i ka meaʻai Lūkini.
Ke hana nei nā kaukani o nā mahiʻai kūloko i ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu, a makemake ka nui o lākou e hana me nā hybrids haole. Aia kahi ʻokoʻa Lūkia i nā hoʻokō o ka koho ʻEulopa, ua lawa anei nā hua maikaʻi ma ka mākeke, a he aha ka wā e hiki mai ana i ke kāpeti, i kapa ʻia ma Rus 'i ka "ʻekolu berena"?
ʻO kēia mau nīnau a me nā nīnau ʻē aʻe e pane ʻia e kahi mea hānai kaulana i ka honua nāna i hana i nā hybrids kāpeti keʻokeʻo Lūkia no nā makahiki he 40, ʻo ka Luna Nui o ka N.N. Breeding Station LLC. Timofeev" RGAU-MSHA i kapa ʻia ma hope. K.A. ʻO Timiryazeva, ka moho o ka ʻepekema mahiʻai ʻo Grigory Monakhos.
- ʻO Grigory Fedorovich, e like me kaʻu i ʻike ai, ma Rūsia aia nā ʻano hou a me nā hua nui o nā kāpeti keʻokeʻo. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokūkū me nā hoʻokō o ke koho ʻEulopa?
- Loaʻa i kā mākou mau mahiʻai a me nā paʻa mahiʻai i nā mea hoʻokō maikaʻi loa ma ka honua, haole a me ka home.
ʻO nā ʻano Lūkini a me nā hybrids i kēia lā ke koi nui ʻia ma waena o nā pā hale pilikino, kahi e loaʻa ai i ka ʻoihana hua home ka waiwai nui. ʻO kēia māhele o nā mea kūʻai aku he 90% o nā hua kanu i koho ʻia i kūʻai ʻia.
Ma ka hana pāʻoihana, ʻokoʻa ke kūlana, akā ma ʻaneʻi hoʻi, ma kahi o 70% o ka nui o ka kāpena hope i hana ʻia e kā mākou hybrids Valentina, Dominanta, Prestige a me Orion.
I kēia lā ma nā māla Lūkini aia kahi hakakā ikaika no ka hoʻohui varietal. E hoʻokūkū kūpono nā mea hoʻouluulu Lūkini me kā lākou mau hoa hana haole, e hana ana i nā hybrids i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka maikaʻi i nā haole a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o lākou.
Akā, ua maʻa ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka hanaʻana me nā hybrids haole, ua ulu lākou no ka manawa lōʻihi, a uaʻike lākou i ko lākou ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali. He conservative ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, a ʻaʻole mākaukau nā mea hana e haʻalele i kā lākou makemake.
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole like me nā hui honua, hana liʻiliʻi nā mea hoʻolale Lūkini e hoʻolaha i kā lākou huahana.
He mea nui ia i loko o ka ʻāpana hana kāpeti keʻokeʻo i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma Kyrgyzstan, 80% o ka wahi i noho ʻia e nā hybrids Russian Dominant a me Orion. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i ka koho Dutch mai kēia repubalika, a ʻaʻole makemake nā mea kanu mea kanu kūloko e lohe e pili ana i nā kāpeti ʻē aʻe.
- ʻAʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka kāpeti keʻokeʻo i ka papa inoa o nā mea kanu i hoʻokumu ai ko mākou ʻāina i nā quotas no ka lawe ʻana mai i nā hua. Akā hiki ke loli ke kūlana. I kēia hihia, e pilikia anei nā mahiʻai Lūkini?
- Manaʻo wau ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi ʻole. Hoʻopili ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole pili nā palena i ka lawe ʻana mai i nā hua mai nā ʻāina aloha, ʻo ia hoʻi mai nā ʻāina o ka Eurasian Economic Union.
I kēia manawa, ke hoʻomau nei nā ʻoihana transnational āpau i ka hana ʻana i nā hua ma ka mākeke Lūkini. ʻAʻohe o lākou, i koʻu ʻike, e haʻalele.
ʻAʻole maopopo loa ke kūlana o ka mokuʻāina ma kēia kumuhana. Ma ke ʻano o ke kulekele i hoʻolaha nui ʻia no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka lawe ʻana mai, ʻike mākou i nā hana kūpono ʻole ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā mana. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, ma kahi o ʻelua piliona rubles e hoʻolimalima ʻia i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hua kanu haole. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia e nā lula WTO, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapalua o nā hoʻopaʻi i kau ʻia e kūʻē i ko mākou ʻāina me ka haki ʻana iā lākou. ʻO ka mea nui, ke kākoʻo nei mākou i kā mākou mau mea hoʻokūkū, e hoʻonui ana i ka ʻoihana o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i ka manawa e pono ai ka poʻe hānai home i ke kākoʻo ikaika.
- He aha nā hana a nā mea hoʻolale Lūkini e hana nei i kēia manawa?
- Ke hele mai nei ka pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana o ke kāpeti keʻokeʻo i nā maʻi like ʻole. Ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia clubroot, a ua hoʻokomo mua ʻia nā hybrids ʻehā i loko o ka State Register of Breeding Achievements. ʻIke au he ʻelua mau hui transnational i loaʻa nā huahana like i kā lākou huahana.
Ma hope o ka nalowale nui ʻana o nā mea kanu i kekahi mau māla Lūkini mai Fusarium wilt, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano ʻano i nā hybrids kūʻokoʻa. A ua hoʻohiki mākou iā mākou iho ʻaʻole e waiho i nā ʻano hoʻāʻo mokuʻāina a me nā hybrids o ke kāpeti keʻokeʻo me ka ʻole o ke kūʻē ʻana i kēia maʻi.
ʻO kahi luʻi hou iā mākou ʻo ka pio ʻana o ke kāpeti i ka thrips paka. Pono ʻoe e hakakā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kemika. He mea paʻakikī loa ka hana ʻana i nā hybrids e hoʻomanawanui i ka pest. Ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokumu ma muli o ke ʻano o ka glucobrassicin, kahi hui kūlohelohe ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kanu cruciferous i kahi ʻono ʻawaʻawa e pale aku ai i nā mea ʻino. Eia nō naʻe, ke oʻo ʻia ka hua, emi ka ʻawaʻawa a hōʻino ka thrips i ke kāpena. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, aia ka hiki ke hoʻopau i nā thrips maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana biological home. Ma hope o nā hoʻokolohua hou, e loaʻa iā mākou ka ʻikepili pololei, a laila mākaukau nā hopena o kā mākou noiʻi no ka paʻi ʻana.
Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā mea kanu mineral i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, ua ʻoi aku ka pilikia o kekahi pilikia. ʻO nā poʻo kāpeti ma nā mahiʻai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i ka mahiʻai koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka necrosis kūloko. Hiki i kekahi mau hybrids ke maʻalahi i kēia maʻi physiological, aʻo kekahi e kūʻē iā ia. Akā i kēia hihia, ʻo ka mea e hoʻoholo ai ʻo ia paha ka hewa o ka poʻe mahiʻai ponoʻī. ʻO ke kumu o ka necrosis ka ulu nui o ka mea kanu ulu. A i ʻole, e like me ka Repubalika o Mari El, ka noʻonoʻo ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōpala manu e like me ka mea kanu, e alakaʻi ana i ka nui o ka amonia i loko o ka lepo, ka mea e pale ai i ka huaʻai mai ka lawe ʻana i ka calcium.
Ua wehewehe mākou i kekahi mau hana e hoʻopau i nā pilikia āpau i wehewehe ʻia. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻonāukiuki e pono ai no ke koho ʻana i nā hybrids kāpeti keʻokeʻo no kēlā me kēia o nā ʻano hoʻohua kikoʻī.
– Aia kekahi mau mea e keakea ana i ka hana a ka poe epekema?
- Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au ʻo nā kūlana i waiho ʻia e ka State Variety Testing Commission no nā ʻano hou a me nā hybrids pono e hoʻoponopono. ʻO ke kumu nui no ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka Moku'āina Moku'āina he hua kiʻekiʻe, akā he hewa loa kēia i ka wā e pili ana i nā mea kanu.
I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe wahi ʻāpana mokuʻāina hoʻokahi kahi e loiloi ʻia ai ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻO kā mākou hoʻoilo ma kahi o 6-7 mau mahina, a i kēia manawa āpau e pono e hānai ʻia ka heluna kanaka me nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia i loko o ka waihona. He mea akaka ka liʻiliʻi o ke kāpena super-stable a ʻokoʻa i kekahi mau mea kūʻai aku. Akā, e hoʻoholo kākou i ka mea nui loa iā mākou: e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka meaʻai a i ʻole ke kahakaha ʻana i nā helu nani.
- ʻO wai a ma hea e hana nei i ka hana ʻana i nā hua o nā hybrids kāpeti keʻokeʻo home?
- ʻEhā wale nō mau ʻepekema ʻepekema i komo i ke koho kāpeti ma Rūsia, me ka Timiryazev Academy. A ʻo ka ʻāpana nui o nā hua kanu no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻoihana e hāʻawi ʻia e ke kahua i kapa ʻia ma hope o N.N. ʻO Timofeeva a me Agrofirm "Poisk".
Ke kūʻai aku nei kā mākou hui ma kahi o hoʻokahi tonne o nā hua i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai ka huina o ʻeono mau tona i koi ʻia e ka ʻāpana hoʻonohonoho.
Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka mahi ʻana i nā hua kāpeti keʻokeʻo ma kahi kahua hoʻokolohua ma ka Repubalika o Dagestan, i nā kūlana subtropical maloʻo. Hana ʻia nā ʻanoʻano me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ala liʻiliʻi loa, non-transplanting i ke kanu ʻana i nā seedlings i ka hāʻule. He hōʻailona maikaʻi kēia, ʻoiai he mau hana ko ka ʻāina. ʻO nā pilikia nui ke kū ʻole i ka hoʻokaʻawale spatial a me ka luku nui ʻana i nā hua kanu e nā pipi.
- Hiki paha ke hoʻonui hua hua?
- Ke kaupalena nei mākou i ka wahi ma lalo o nā hua kanu, no ka mea ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i kahi mea e hana ai i nā huahana ʻoi aku ka hiki ke kūʻai aku. Akā hiki i ka hale hānai ke hoʻonui i ka hana ma kahi o 10 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia manawa, inā he koi.
- He aha nā ʻano home a me nā hybrids i kaulana loa i waena o nā mea hana?
- Ma waena o nā ʻano kāpeti, ʻo Iyunskaya, Slava 1305, Slava Gribovskaya 231, Podarok, Belorusskaya 455, Amager 611, Zimovka 1474, i hana ʻia ma ke kahua hānai Gribovskaya (i kēia manawa ʻo Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing). Ma waena o nā hybrids i koi ʻia ʻo Nastya, Kazachok, Transfer, i ʻike ʻia e ko lākou kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka huahana a me ka ʻono maikaʻi loa.
- IN He aha, i kou manaʻo, nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mākeke kāpeti keʻokeʻo ma Rusia?
- Inā mākou e nānā i ka ʻano varietal, ʻike mākou a hiki i ka 70% o nā hybrids hua i ulu ʻia ma ka ʻāina i hana ʻia 30-40, a i ʻole 50 mau makahiki i hala. Aia ma waena o nā haole ʻo Atria, Rinda, Aggressor, ʻo ka home ʻo Transfer, Kazachok, SB 3, Kolobok, Valentina.
He mea paʻakikī i nā hui hua ke komo i ka mākeke me nā huahana hou. Hoʻololi pinepine ʻia nā huahana hou, no laila ʻaʻole uku nā kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana i nā hybrids kāpeti. Eia hou, no ka conservatism o ka poe mahiai.
E pili ana i ke kūʻai ʻana aku i ke kāpena kalepa, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā lula ma ka mākeke i nā makahiki i hala iho nei e ke kūʻai aku. Manaʻo nā kaulahao kūʻai i nā poʻo kāpeti mai nā mea hana me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona: ke kaumaha ma kahi o ʻelua kilokani a me ke ola paʻa kiʻekiʻe. Akā ʻo ia kāpeti he nui ka fiber, ʻaʻole kūpono i ka mea kūʻai. ʻAʻole kūpono ia no ka fermentation a makemake i ka mālama wela lōʻihi.
Ua koi ʻia ka ʻoihana mahiʻai e ulu i nā huahana e pili ana i nā koi o nā pūnaewele. Loaʻa nā mea kanu mea kanu i nā poho koʻikoʻi ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka hua o nā hybrids hope mai 100 tons no ka ʻeka a i 70-80 tons. ʻOiai, e like me ka ʻenehana mahiʻai, pono e hoʻomaka ka mea hana i ka ʻohi ʻana i ka wā e piʻi ai ke kaumaha o ke poʻo o ke kāpeti ma kahi o ʻekolu kilokani.
- Pehea ʻoe e wehewehe ai i ka emi ʻana o nā wahi mahiʻai i ʻike ʻia i nā makahiki i hala?
- ʻO ka mea mua, ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka noi mai ka heluna kanaka. Ke emi nei ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kāpeti no ka mea ua loli ka moʻomeheu meaʻai, a ʻaʻole e noho hou ka moʻomeheu o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ke kāpena nui no ka hoʻoilo. Eia hou, ua hoʻonui nuiʻia ka kohoʻana o nā mea kanu hou i ke kau anuanu.
ʻAʻole pono hou ka pono e ulu i ka kāpena ma nā wahi nui, no ka mea, ua hoʻonui nā mea mahiʻai i nā huaʻai i ka nui. No ka laʻana, loaʻa maʻalahi nā mea hana e hana pū me kā mākou hybrids i 120 tons no ka ʻeka.
Aia kekahi kumu'ē aʻe no ka emiʻana o ka wahi ma lalo o ke kāpena - ka nele o nā limahana. Hana ʻia ka ʻohi ʻana i nā mea kanu me ka lima, akā ʻaʻole lawa nā limahana, ʻo nā malihini hoʻi mai nā wahi o Central Asia. He haʻahaʻa ka huahana o kahi hui kūikawā. Hiki iā ia ke ʻohi i hoʻokahi ʻeka wale nō i ka lā, a i ka wā maloʻo wale nō, a ʻeiwa mau kānaka e lawelawe iā ia. ʻIke ʻia ʻo ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe mai ka borscht set, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻohi ʻana i ka mīkini.
- ʻO Grigory Fedorovich, he aha nā manaʻo no ke kāpena keʻokeʻo ma Rūsia?
- ʻO nā manaʻolana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēia wahi, e pili ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua, hilinaʻi loa i ka hana a nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā kulekele mokuʻāina. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe mea e haʻi inā ua hiki i ka emi ʻana o ke koi no ke kāpeti i kona palena, a i ʻole e piʻi aʻe ke kūlana.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻonui i ke ʻano o ka hana me ka kāpeti, ua lawe kā mākou ʻepekema ʻepekema i kahi hua hou - rapeseed. Ma Rusia, ma kahi o ʻelua miliona mau ʻeka i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki no ka rapeseed. Loaʻa mua nā kūleʻa mua: ua loaʻa iā mākou nā hybrids spring rapeseed me ka hana maikaʻi loa.
Ua nānā pū mākou i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā aniani, ke ulu nei ka nui o ka hana; i ka makahiki 2022, ua ʻoi aku kēia hua i ka kāpeti ma ke ʻano o ka mahiʻai a me ka nui o ka hana. Wahi a ka Russian Ministry of Agriculture, i kēlā makahiki he 1,05 miliona mau aniani a me 950 tausani mau kāpeti i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka ʻāina.
Ua hana mua kā mākou poʻe limahana i nā hybrids onion me ke kūpaʻa genetic i ka downy mildew. I kēia manawa, ke hele nei kekahi o nā hybrids, Resistor, i nā hoʻokolohua ʻano mokuʻāina. Ma ke ala, ua ʻike ʻia nā hybrids like ma waho o 10 mau makahiki i hala, akā ʻaʻole hoʻokahi o lākou i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Rūsia. Pono e mālama ʻia nā aniani i hiki i ka maʻi me kahi fungicide systemic a hiki i ʻeono manawa i kēlā me kēia kau. Ua like ka nui o ke kālā no ke kūʻai ʻana i ka pesticide e like me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo nā hui ʻē aʻe i alakaʻi i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana pale mea kanu ʻaʻole pōmaikaʻi mai ka ʻike ʻana o nā hybrids hou maikaʻi loa i kā mākou māla. No laila e huki i kāu mau manaʻo ponoʻī inā pono mākou e ʻoluʻolu i nā hoʻokō koho Western.
Irina Berg