I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua laha ka maʻi anthracnose (kahi ʻeleʻele, kiko ʻeleʻele), i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka fungus Colletotrichum coccodes, ma nā wahi ulu ʻuala. Ua manaʻo lōʻihi nā mea hana a me nā mea noiʻi he maʻi liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi nui. Akā ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka pōʻino i kū mai i ke ʻano o nā koi nui no ka maikaʻi o nā ʻuala ma ke ʻano hou a me ka ʻoihana hana ua hoʻoneʻe i ka anthracnose i loko o ke ʻano o kahi maʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi e hoʻopiʻi nui ai ka waiwai. Wahi a nā puke ʻepekema (Kuznetsova M.A. et al., 2020), ma Rūsia a hiki i ka waena waena o 1950s, ʻaʻole laha ʻia ka anthracnose ma ka ʻuala. A laila ua piʻi mālie ka maʻi. I ka makahiki 1980-1985, ʻo ka pōʻino i nā mea kanu ʻuala e ka anthracnose mai 5 a 25%, ma 1986–1987 mai 10 a 35%, i ke kauwela wela a maloʻo o 1988, ʻo ka pōʻino o ka piko mai 10 a 70%, i ka makahiki 1989 - mai 5 a 40%, ma 1990–2000 - mai 3 a 35%, ma 2001–2009 - mai 2 a 55%, i ke kauwela wela a maloʻo o 2010 mai 5 a 100%, ma 2011–2019 - mai 3 a hiki i ka 65 %. Ua ʻae ka poʻe noiʻi ʻo ke kumu nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pōʻino o ka anthracnose ʻo ia ka lawe ʻana mai o nā mea kanu i hoʻopōʻino ʻia, hoʻolaha ʻia me nā hua, hōʻino i nā ʻuala i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu mechanized a me ka emi ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana o nā mea kanu i ke kua o nā kūlana ulu maikaʻi ʻole. Hiki i ka Anthracnose ke hōʻemi pololei i ka hua ʻuala e 12-30%, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana ma muli o nā kiko o waho o ka ʻili, ka discoloration o nā ʻiʻo o loko, a alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka mākeke o ka hua i ka wā mālama.
Nā hōʻailona o ka anthracnose. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka haʻuki Colletotrichum coccodes ma nā ʻuala ʻuala, nā stolons, nā aʻa, nā ʻōpala a me nā lau. Ma nā ʻāpana o luna o nā mea kanu, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona mua o ka anthracnose e like me ka melemele a me ka maloʻo o nā lau. I ka manawa like, noho mau ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka manawa lōʻihi (photo 1). ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka anthracnose ma ka melemele o nā lau wale nō. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā lau ʻuala ʻaʻole wale e ka anthracnose, sclerotinia, pectobacteria, akā ʻo ka cercospora blight, alternaria blight, a me verticillium wilt. Ma muli o ka hōʻike pū ʻana o nā ʻano maʻi hou, ʻike nui ʻia ka hoʻomaloʻo mua ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻuala i ka hana.
I ka hapa lua o ka wā ulu, pili ka maʻi i nā kumu. ʻO ka mua, ʻike ʻia nā wahi keleawe liʻiliʻi ma kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā lau maloʻo (photo 2). A laila hoʻonui ka wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia (photo 3). A laila, hoʻonui nā kiko i ka nui a ʻike ʻia kahi uhi keʻokeʻo o ka mycelium ma luna o lākou. Hoʻololi ka ʻiʻo kumu ma lalo o ka mycelium mai ke keleawe a ʻeleʻele (kiʻi 4,5). Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pāpaʻi keʻokeʻo ma nā ʻōpala e ka rhizoctonia, sclerotinia, a me ka pala hina.
Kiʻi 2,3. Ka ulu ʻana o ka anthracnose ma nā ʻōpala
Kiʻi 4,5. Ka uhi keʻokeʻo o ka mycelium anthracnose ma nā kumu
Hoʻopilikia pū nā kiko Anthracnose i ka ʻāpana lalo o nā kumu. Ua like ko lākou kala me ka hōʻike ʻana o rhizoctonia (kiʻi 6). Eia nō naʻe, i ka rhizoctonia, ʻaʻole like me ka anthracnose, maopopo loa ka palena ma waena o ka ʻiʻo i hoʻopilikia ʻia a me ke olakino.
Me ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka anthracnose ma ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ka mea kanu ma ke kahua o ka pōʻino i nā kumu, stolons, a me nā aʻa, pala ka ʻili, ʻili a maʻalahi ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (kiʻi 7). Ke kiʻekiʻe ka haʻahaʻa, lawe ka pōʻino i kahi hue poni māmā.
Huki koke ʻia nā kumu ʻino mai ka lepo. Ma ke kahua o ka maʻi o nā ʻōpala, nui nā microsclerotia ʻeleʻele i hoʻokumu ʻia (photo 8). No laila ka inoa Pelekane o ka maʻi - ʻeleʻele dot (black dot). Akā ʻaʻole kēia he hōʻailona kūʻokoʻa; ua hana ʻia ka sclerotia e verticillium a me ka pala keʻokeʻo.
ʻOkoʻa loa nā hōʻailona o ka anthracnose ma nā ʻōpala. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana he mau kiko hina kēia ma ka ʻili. I ka wā e mālama ai, ʻike ʻia kahi kala kala (kiʻi 9). ʻAʻole like me ka scab kālā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kiko anthracnose mai ka ʻili olakino a ʻike ʻia ka microsclerotia ma nā kiko (kiʻi 10). Hōʻike ʻia kahi wahi ʻeleʻele maʻamau me nā kikoʻeleʻele kala ma ka ʻili o ka tuber me ka saturation o ka microsclerotia ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi i loko o ka ʻiʻo maʻi. ʻO nā ʻōpala i hoʻopilikia ʻia e wrinkle, ua maʻalahi ka ʻili mai ka ʻili, kahi i hana ʻia ai ka sclerotia liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole kūlike ka ʻili o nā ʻuala. Ma kahi ʻokiʻoki o nā ʻōpala i hoʻopilikia ʻia, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻiʻo ʻulaʻula i kahi hohonu o 0.5-0.8 cm; i ka wā lōʻihi, ʻike ʻia nā wahi paʻakikī paʻakikī. I ka wā lōʻihi o ka incubation i loko o nā kūlana mālama, hoʻolaha nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi i loko o ka ʻōpala holoʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻia ka ʻiʻo uē, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka mucus a me ka luku piha ʻana o ia mau ʻuala.
Kiʻi 9. Nā hōʻailona a me ka sclerotia o ka anthracnose ma nā ʻōpala
Me ka hoʻomohala ikaika o ka anthracnose, nā wahi depressed, ʻoki ʻia i ka ʻili, ʻike ʻia ka pōʻino ʻeleʻele i ke apo vascular a me ka pulp o nā ʻōpala, he ʻano like ʻole ia mai nā maʻi ʻē aʻe (late blight, phomosis, fusarium, ditylenchosis), akā ʻaʻole. kū hoʻokahi. ʻAʻole lawa nā hōʻailona ʻike ma kēia pae e ʻike ai i ka pathogen (kiʻi 11).
Nā kumu o ka maʻi a me nā kumu no ka ulu ʻana o ka anthracnose. ʻO ka maʻi o ka ʻuala me ka C. coccodes hiki ke hana ʻia e ka lepo, ka ʻuala a me ka inoculum ea. ʻO ka inoculum lepo, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻoi aku ka ʻino ma mua o ka inoculum tuber. I loko o ka lepo, hiki ke ola ka haʻuki ma ke ʻano he sclerotia a i ʻole conidia ma nā pae ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ua ola ka sclerotia i ka lepo ma mua o 4 mau makahiki, aia i kēia manawa ua hoʻonui ʻia kēia manawa i 8-15 mau makahiki. Hoʻopau ka pathogen i ke ʻano o ka sclerotia ma ka ʻili o nā ʻōpala i hoʻopilikia ʻia, ma nā ʻōpala mea kanu a me ka lepo. I ka pūnāwai, hoʻokumu ʻia nā spores ma nā ʻōpala o nā mea kanu, nā ʻōpala a pālahalaha ʻia me nā kulu o ka wai ma ka lepo a ma luna o ka mea kanu. I ke kauwela, hoʻoulu ʻia nā spores i ka wai kulu-wai a hiki ke hoʻopili i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka mea kanu. Loaʻa ka maʻi hou ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā manawa he nui i ke kau; hoʻolaha ʻia nā spores e ka makani, nā inike, a me nā kulu ua. Hoʻouka pinepine ʻo C. coccodes i nā kumu ʻuala a me nā ʻiʻo ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā ulu, akā ʻo nā hōʻailona o ka chlorosis a me ka lau necrosis, a me nā hōʻailona o ka pathogen i ke ʻano o ka sclerotia, ʻaʻole i ʻike pinepine ʻia a hiki i ka hopena o ka wā ulu.
'O ka ma'i 'o ka ma'i 'o ia ke kumu mua o ka ma'i lepo a he kumu nui o ka ma'i no ke a'a, stolons a me ke kaikamahine. Hiki ke loaʻa i kekahi ʻāpana o ka ʻili o ka ʻōpuʻu i ka maʻi C. coccodes a hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi ma hope o ke kumu. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike i nā maʻi a pau i loko o kahi pūʻulu, no ka mea, hiki i ka haʻiki ke noho i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka ʻili a i ʻole i loko o ka tuber. Hiki i nā hua me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā coccodes C. Hoʻopili mālie ka haʻuki i ka lepo mai ka mea kanu, e neʻe aku ana mai ka ʻōpala i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka wikiwiki o 1 mm i kēlā me kēia lā. He hopena mau ka ma'i o ka hua a ka makuahine i ka ma'i o ka hua, a ho'omaka koke keia ma'i mai ka hua a ka makuahine ma hope o ke kanu. ʻO nā ʻuala hua me ka maʻi o waho e hoʻopuka i nā ʻuala kaikamahine me ke alapine kiʻekiʻe a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka maʻi, a me ka maʻi kumu a me ka helu o nā ʻuala i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka hopena stolon. Hoʻoulu ʻia nā pae like o ka maʻi ma luna o nā ʻuala a me nā kumu o nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia mai nā ʻuala maikaʻi akā kokoke i nā hua kanu me ka maʻi o loko a i waho paha. Ke neʻe nei ʻo Anthracnose mycelium i ka lepo mai nā hua ʻano maʻi a i nā ʻōpala kaikamahine o nā mea kanu kokoke. ʻAʻohe pilina ma waena o ka maʻi ma ka ʻili o ka ʻuala a me ka maʻi o loko. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ʻuala a pau me nā maʻi o loko, ua loaʻa nō hoʻi nā maʻi o waho. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi o C. coccodes i loko o nā ʻōpala hua he mea hopohopo nui no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia nā maʻi vascular e ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻuala i hoʻopili ʻia me nā fungicide i kau ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka ʻuala.
He aha ke kumu o ka poino - anoano haumia, lepo haumia, lawe ea? Hiki ke hoʻoholo i kēia e kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka lesion. Ua like ke ano o na lei ea me Alternaria blight, aka, aole i hanaia na apo concentric i loko o ka lesion. Ma nā ʻāpana e pili ana i ka ʻino lepo, nui ka pilikia o ka maʻi lau ma kēia ʻano, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻeha one e hāʻawi i nā wahi komo no ka haʻiki. ʻO ke alapine kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi o nā ʻuala ma ka hopena stolon e hōʻike ana i ka maʻi mua o nā ʻuala kaikamahine ma muli o ke komo ʻana o ka pathogen ma o nā stolons, i.e. mai ka makuahine opu. Ma kahi noiʻi, kanu ʻia kahi māla me nā hua maʻemaʻe i ka lepo hou, akā ua ʻike ʻia ma waena o 15 a me 88% o nā ʻuala kaikamahine i haumia.
Inā he lepo ke kumu nui, a laila e ulu ana ka microsclerotia ma luna o nā ʻuala ma luna o ka ʻili āpau o nā ʻōpala. Hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona ʻeleʻele me ke alapine kiʻekiʻe i ke kino o ke aʻa (60 a 90%) i ka lā loiloi mua 5 mau pule ma hope o ke kanu ʻana, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka inoculum (haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe paha), akā ma nā kumu ma lalo o ka lepo ʻike ʻia ka maʻi i kēia manawa liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole loa. . Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina like me ka nānā ʻana i ka inoculum i lawe ʻia i ka tuber e hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona ma nā aʻa a me nā stolons a puni ka manawa o ka puka ʻana o ka hua, akā ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona ma nā kumu ma kahi o 7 a 10 mau pule ma hope o ka inoculation. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina i mālama ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana ulu ʻoihana ma Wakinekona State (USA) ua ʻike ʻia nā C. coccodes ma mua o 15 mau lā ma hope o ka puka ʻana ma luna o nā kumu o ka honua, a ma hope, 22 mau lā ma hope o ka puka ʻana, ma nā kumu o lalo; akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā maʻi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā kumu o lalo o ka honua i nā lā hoʻohālike ma hope.
I loko o kahi hoʻāʻo ʻāina ma Scotland, ua like ka C. coccodes colonization o nā ʻiʻo aʻa i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu micropropagated maʻi ʻole me nā aʻa i loaʻa mai nā ʻano ʻano ʻano maʻemaʻe a me nā hemahema i ka wā i loiloi ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau ulu ʻana, akā ua haʻahaʻa loa ma hope. lā hoʻohālike. Ma nā hoʻokolohua Idaho, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka noho ʻana o ka ʻiʻo kumu e C. coccodes ma luna a ma lalo o ka lepo ma mua o ka pinepine o ka noho ʻana o nā stolons a me nā aʻa. Ua hoʻomau ʻia kēia ʻano me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ka hopena o ka maʻi ma muli o ka haumia lepo, nā ʻano hua, a i ʻole ka inoculation foliar. He ʻokoʻa kēia me nā haʻawina mua i hōʻike ʻia e ʻike mua ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi ʻeleʻele i loko o ka ʻiʻo aʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe i loiloi ʻia. Ua loiloi nā haʻawina ʻokoʻa i nā kumu like ʻole: ke koʻikoʻi o nā hōʻailona a i ʻole ka noho ʻana o ka ʻiʻo e ka haʻakai, ʻo ia ke kumu nui loa o nā ʻokoʻa. Ua ʻae ʻia ka noho paʻa ʻana o nā maʻi C. coccodes no ka manawa lōʻihi ma nā kumu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā aʻa a me nā stolons.
Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena o ka lepo a me nā hua i ka maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka lepo i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kiko ʻeleʻele ma mua o ka maʻi i lawe ʻia i nā hua. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kula ma ʻEnelani, ʻokoʻa nā pae like ʻole o ka inoculum tuber hua i hoʻonui ʻia i ka maʻi anthracnose ma nā kumu kumu a me nā aʻa, akā ʻaʻole i like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi o ka maʻi tuber hua, akā ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka lepo i wānana i ka pae o ka maʻi anthracnose. ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka nui o ka inoculum lepo e hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka maʻi, e like me ka necrosis lau a me ka chlorosis, a me ka uluʻana o ka sclerosis ma nā aʻa a me nā kumu.
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka haumia ʻana o nā māla me ka inoculum kikoʻeleʻele e kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana e pili ana i ke koho ʻana i kahi kahua, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahiʻai fungicidal, a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e ulu ai ma kahi māla. No ka anthracnose, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ala hoʻāʻo pololei, e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i ka PCR DNA, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka pae o ka inoculum i ka lepo a me ka pilikia o ka maʻi ʻuala. ʻO ke kaʻina hana laʻana lepo no ka hoʻāʻo anthracnose e like me ka hoʻāʻo nematode. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka DNA anthracnose target e ka PCR a hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he pg DNA/g lepo (pg - picogram a i ʻole trillionth o ka gram). Hoʻokaʻawale nā hopena hoʻāʻo lepo i ka pilikia ma ke ʻano haʻahaʻa (0-100 pg DNA/g lepo), waena (101-1000 pg DNA/g lepo) a me ke kiʻekiʻe (>1000 pg DNA/g lepo) ma muli o nā hopena i hoʻoholo ʻia o ka lepo. hoʻohaumia i ka ʻuala. Inā haʻahaʻa ka waiwai o ka paepae, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka pilikia o nā pae pathogenic o ka anthracnose e pili ana i ka mākeke. Inā kiʻekiʻe ka paepae, nui ka pilikia e hōʻemi ʻia ka mākeke o kahi hapa nui o nā ʻuala ke ʻole e lawe ʻia nā hana hoʻēmi pilikia (Figure 13). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka anthracnose i nā haʻawina he nui i kūʻē ʻole, a ʻo ka maʻi o ka lepo a i ʻole nā mea hua ʻaʻole e hoʻohaʻahaʻa mau i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi o nā ʻuala. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka hopena o ka maʻi anthracnose e hilinaʻi mau i ka hui kūʻokoʻa o nā kūlana o waho a me nā hiʻohiʻona agrotechnical i nā kūlana hana.
ʻO ka mahana kūpono no ka ulu ʻana o C. coccodes hyphae he 24 оC. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka sclerotia a me ka maʻi ma hope o ka ʻiʻo o ka mea kanu ma luna o kahi ākea ākea. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona ma nā ʻuala ma kahi mahana o 15 оC, akā i kēia mahana ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā kumu i hoʻopilikia ʻia. Hoʻopilikia pū ka ʻae a me ka māmā i ka germination o ka sclerotia. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Conidia i nā helu he nui ma luna o ka honua sclerotia.
Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ʻo Anthracnose me nā lepo one māmā, nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka wai maikaʻi ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ka pōʻino o nā mea kanu koʻikoʻi he mea paʻakikī ke ʻike i nā ʻano i ka mana o nā mea abiotic a me nā mea biotic i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi. I ka US, ʻo ka nui o ka ua, ka irrigation a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau i ukali ʻia e ka maloʻo lōʻihi i alakaʻi i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi. Ma ʻEnelani, ua hoʻemi ka irrigation i ka maʻi o nā kumu, nā aʻa a me nā ʻōpala a hiki i 18 mau pule ma hope o ke kanu ʻana, akā hoʻonui ʻia i nā pae hope. I loko o ka ʻIseraʻela, kahi i hoʻoulu pinepine ʻia nā mea kanu a pau, ua ʻike ʻia ka maʻi maʻi a me ka nalowale o nā hua i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a me ka lepo maloʻo.
Hiki ke maʻalahi nā ʻano ʻuala a pau i ka C. coccodes, akā i nā pae like ʻole. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina haole ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā ʻano ʻili lahilahi i ka anthracnose ma mua o nā ʻano ʻili mānoanoa. Aia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ʻano ʻano i ka pinepine o ka colonization stem a me ka paʻakikī o ka pōʻino i ka ʻili o nā ʻuala. Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻōpala a me nā ʻōpala i kekahi mau mea kanu, no ka laʻana ʻo Desiree ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻomake ʻana i ke kumu lāʻau akā ʻo kekahi o nā helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka maʻi i nā ʻano mua no ka mea e pili ana nā ʻuala me ka inoculum lepo no ka manawa lōʻihi. Loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano mua a me nā ʻano hope, e hōʻike ana i ka mana genetic. I ka Russian Federation, ua hana ʻia nā haʻawina ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā ʻano ʻuala i ka anthracnose. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka nānā ʻana e ka All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection o nā mea tuber o nā ʻano elite ma ka North-West region i hōʻike ʻia ʻo nā ʻano mea liʻiliʻi loa i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka anthracnose ʻo Gala, Lomonosovsky, Eurasia, Labadiya a me Sudarynya, a ʻo ka mea maʻalahi loa ʻo Nevsky. , Red Scarlett, Charodey a me Alouette.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka anthracnose ma nā ʻuala me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻuala i hoʻokahi a ʻekolu mau makahiki. Ke emi nui nei ka nui o ka anthracnose i ka piʻi ʻana o nā makahiki ma waena o nā mea kanu ʻuala. Loaʻa ka C. coccodes ma nā māla me ka ʻuala ʻole no 10 a me 15 mau makahiki, akā e emi ana ka nui o ka maʻi ma hope o 6 mau makahiki a ʻoi aʻe me ka ʻole o ka hana ʻuala. Nui nā ʻano mea kanu i hoʻoulu ʻia a me ka mauʻu i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka anthracnose, hana i mea kanu hoʻokipa a kōkua i ka hoʻomau lōʻihi o ka maʻi i ka lepo. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe he nui ka nui o nā mea hoʻokipa, aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 58 mau ʻano a me nā ʻohana 17, ʻo ka mea nui nā mea kanu mai ka ʻohana nightshade - ʻōmato, eggplant, ʻulaʻula, paka. Akā ʻo nā kāloti, nā aniani, ka broccoli, ka letus, ka papaʻaina a me ke kō, ka rapeseed, a me ka sinapi melemele. ʻO ka palaoa, ke kulina, ka soybeans, ka sunflowers, cereals, beans, a me ka peas ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i ka maʻi. ʻO nā huahana palaho i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e kekahi mau ʻano mea kanu - nā mea kanu cruciferous, clover momona, lupine, sorghum-sudanese hybrid - hoʻemi i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano haʻi pathogenic. ʻO ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā mea kanu biofumigant e hōʻemi i ka paʻakikī o ka anthracnose.
Nui nā mauhele (ʻeleʻele nightshade, field bindweed, puaʻa keʻokeʻo, ʻeke kahu hipa, ʻupena maʻamau, knotweed, heliotrope ʻEulopa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka inoculum a hiki ke lilo i kumu no ka inoculum mua no ka uala. Ke ola nei ka inoculum C. coccodes ma ka lepo ʻaʻole wale ma luna o nā ʻano mea kanu ʻē aʻe, akā ma nā ʻuala ʻuala e waiho ana ma ke kula ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana. Hoʻoulu lākou i ka makahiki aʻe a hōʻiliʻili i nā maʻi he nui. Noho mau ka ʻuala weedy no kekahi mau makahiki ma hope o ka ʻohi mua ʻana. Manao o ka mea manawalea, i.e. He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻuala manawaleʻa e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka inoculum anthracnose mua i ka lepo.
Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o nā mea kanu ma muli o ka hemahema o ka meaʻai a i ʻole ke kaulike. Ma nā hoʻokolohua hoʻomalu, ua hoʻolako ʻia ka nitrogen ma 5, 40, 160, a me 640 ppm e hoʻoulu ai i ka nele o ka nitrogen a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka nitrogen i nā mea kanu. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kanu aʻa me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o nā spores C. coccodes. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka noho ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana kumu ma ka pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (5 ppm). Ua emi iho ka noho 'ana o ke a'a i ka pi'i 'ana o ka naikokene i ka 160 ppm, 'o ia ka pae N maika'i loa, a laila ho'onui i ka pi'i 'ana o ka naikokene i 640 ppm. I ka ho'āʻoʻana no ka pāhare pāpaʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka colonization aʻa ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa pāpaʻa pae (0 mg K) a emi i ka wā i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka pāpaʻi pāpaʻi i ka 80 mg K (ʻoi loa ka pae K), a laila hoʻonui iki ʻia e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka potassium i ka 160 mg K. Same. Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ai i ka phosphorus. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke aʻa i loaʻa ma ka pae P haʻahaʻa loa (0,032 mL) a laila hoʻemi ʻia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka manaʻo P i ka pae P maikaʻi loa (1,00 mL). No laila, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā aʻa ʻuala e ka haʻi ʻeleʻele i ka wā e koʻikoʻi ai nā mea kanu e nā hemahema a me ka nui o ka nitrogen, potassium, a me ka phosphorus ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pae kūpono o kēlā me kēia mea kanu.
ʻO ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana o nā poʻo e hoʻonui i ka pinepine a me ka paʻakikī o ka pōʻino o ka tuber e ka anthracnose ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻelua manawa. Ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi o ka tuber a me ka nui o nā ʻuala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka hope o ka stolon i nā ʻuala i ulu ʻia mai nā mea kanu i hoʻoinu ʻia i luna e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea kanu i lalo. He mea nui ka wai e neʻe ana i lalo i ka lepo i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka inoculum mai ka hua ʻōpuʻu i maʻi ʻia i nā ʻuala kaikamahine.
Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka noiʻi e piʻi aʻe ka maʻi a me ka paʻakikī o ka anthracnose i nā ʻōpala i holoi ʻole ʻia ke mālama ʻia ma 15. оC hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 5 оC a ʻo ka ʻohi mua ʻana a me ka mālama maloʻo ʻana o nā ʻuala hiki ke pale a hōʻemi paha i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka maʻi. Hoʻemi ʻia ka ulu ʻana o kahi ʻeleʻele ma luna o nā ʻuala i ka wā e hoʻomaʻalili koke ʻia ka mea kanu e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻuala i mālama ʻia ma 12 ° C no 10 mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana. Eia naʻe, he mea nui e hoʻomaloʻo pono i ka mea kanu e pale i ka ulu ʻana o ka pala. I ka wā mālama lōʻihi, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke ʻano o ka maʻi ma luna o nā ʻuala i mālama ʻia ma kahi mahana o 2,5 ° C a i ʻole 3,5 ° C.
ʻO nā koho mālama anthracnose ʻuala ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana pale a me ka pale ʻana me nā fungicides. ʻO kekahi o nā loina koʻikoʻi o ka mālama ʻana i nā kiko ʻeleʻele ʻo ia ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka inoculum i ka lepo ma o ka hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka wehe ʻana i nā koena hua, nā ʻuala weedy a me nā nāhelehele. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ka hoʻololi ʻana me nā mea kanu ʻole (no ka laʻana, nā kīʻaha, soybeans a i ʻole kānana) ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka lepo (no ka mea, hoʻomau ka anthracnose microsclerotia i ke kula a hiki i 8-15 mau makahiki), akā e hoʻemi ana ia i ka pae inoculum. he mau manawa.
No ka pale ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o kēia maʻi, pono e lawe ʻia kēia mau hana:
1. Ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka anthracnose, e pale ana i ka mahi ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano maʻalahi i nā māla i hoʻopilikia ʻia;
2. E hoʻohana i nā hua i hōʻoia ʻia mai nā mea hana kaulana a e hoʻāʻo iā lākou ma ke kula a i ʻole ka waiho ʻana ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana. E hōʻalo i nā ʻanoʻano haumia o nā ʻano ʻano maʻalahi. ʻAʻole i hāʻawi ʻia nā kānāwai hōʻoia o ka ʻuala hua o nā ʻāina āpau i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka anthracnose, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe pilina pololei ma waena o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka tuber makuahine a me ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi i nā ʻuala kaikamahine. ʻO nā haʻawina o nā laʻana me nā hōʻailona o ka anthracnose ma nā lau i lawe ʻia ma ka Russian Federation me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano PCR i hōʻike ʻia mai loko o 96 mau mea hoʻohālike, ʻo 5 wale nō i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka anthracnose. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka US a me UK, ʻo ka nui o ka C. coccodes i loko o nā ʻōpala hua i hōʻoia ʻia mai 0 a 90% a me 0 a 75%, kēlā me kēia. ʻO nā hua i lawe ʻia mai i hoʻohaumia ʻia ke ala nui no ka laha ʻana o ka anthracnose i nā ʻāina ulu ʻuala o ka Russian Federation;
3. E ho'āʻo i nā mea kanu no ka C. coccodes e hoʻoholo ai i ka pono o ka lāʻau fungicide. Mai kanu i nā hua maʻi ma nā māla maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻohe anthracnose;
4. E pale i ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma ka lepo maikaʻi ʻole;
5. ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka mahi ʻai ʻana o ka papa moldboard e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hoʻokomo hohonu ʻana o nā koena mea kanu a me ko lākou palaho;
6. Ke kaulike a me ka lawa pono o ka hoohana ana i na fertilizers;
7. E pale i ka wai nui, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me nā ʻano ʻano hope. Hoʻemi i ka nui o ka wai ma waena o ka maloʻo a me ka ʻohi ʻana
8. ʻOhi koke i nā ʻuala ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana o nā piko;
9. ʻO ka hoʻoluʻu wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻuala i ka waiho ʻana. Ka hoʻomalu pono ʻana i ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa i ka wā mālama. ʻO nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka condensation ma ka ʻili o ka tuber e kōkua i ka maʻi;
10. ʻO ka biofumigation lepo me ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka sinapi keʻokeʻo, ka ʻaila ʻaila, ka clover momona, ka sorghum-sudanese hybrid.
Inā ʻike ʻia ka maʻi anthracnose ma nā ʻōpala a ma ka lepo, pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā fungicides kūikawā.
ʻO ka pale kemika mai ka anthracnose. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo nā fungicides me ka azoxysrobin wale nō ke ala e pale ai i ka maʻi lepo. I nā hoʻāʻo he nui, ʻo azoxystrobin i hoʻohana ʻia e ka noi in-furrow i ke kanu ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana i loko o ka lepo ua hōʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka anthracnose. Hoʻopaneʻe kēia lāʻau i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi no kekahi mau pule. No ka mea he strobirulin ka azoxystrobin (ka papa FRAC 11), hiki ke hana i ke kū'ē, i.e. ke kū'ē i nā pathogens i loko o ia mea, ke kūkākūkā ikaika nei kēia kumuhana, ʻoi aku hoʻi e nā mea hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū o nā huahana pale mea kanu.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka papa inoa o nā molekala ikaika i hoʻohana ʻia e kūʻē i ka anthracnose, no ka mea, ua maopopo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi ʻuala i ka wā ulu. Noho ʻo Azoxystrobin i ka hōʻailona no ka maikaʻi e kūʻē i ka anthracnose, akā ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia kau. ʻO ka papa inoa nui loa o nā fungicides e kūʻē i ka anthracnose i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma USA (Papa 14). Manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻopili ʻana i loko o ka lua i ka wā kanu, ʻo ke koena - i ka wā ulu ʻuala.
Papa 14. Ka papa inoa o nā fungicides no ka mālama ʻana i ka anthracnose potato, USA, 2021
Pōhaku Black | hikixystrobin | 6.0 – 15.5 fl oz Aframe, Equation, Quadris Flowable, Satori, Willowood Azoxy 2SC | 14 |
Mai ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi noi ʻana o kahi fungicide Pūʻulu 11 ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana me kahi fungicide i loaʻa kahi ʻano hana like ʻole Quadris a me Headline ua ʻO ka hui 11 fungicides.
ʻO Quadris Opti kahi hui 11 a me ka hui M fungicide. |
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azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil | 1.6 pt Quadris Opti | 14 | |||
azoxystrobin + difenoconazole | 8.0 - 14.0 fl oz Quadris Top | 14 | |||
pyraclostrobin | 6.0 – 9.0 fl oz Poʻomanaʻo SC, EC | 3 | |||
azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr | 0.34 – 0.5 oz Elatus/1,000 kapuaʻi lālani | 14 | E hoʻopili i ka in-furrow i ke kanu ʻana ma kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma luna o ka ʻāpana hua. Mai ʻoi aku ma mua o 9.5 oz/a ma ke ʻano he noi banded. | ||
mālamalama | 1.0 – 1.5 pt Bravo Weather Stik Echo 720 1.5 – 2.25 pt Bravo Zn, Equus 500 Zn 0.875 – 1.25 lb Echo 90DF, Echo Zn 0.9 – 1.36 lb Bravo Ultrex 82.5WDG, Equus DFG |
7 7 7 7
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E nānā i nā palena hoʻohana kau ma ka lepili. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i kēia manawa no ka hoʻohana makahiki ʻana i nā huahana chlorothalonil ma Wisconsin e ʻae i nā huahana 11.2 lb ai/a Bravo (Ultrex, WeatherStik, Zn) (e pau ke kau inoa W! kūikawā i ka 12/31/17, akā naʻe ke hana nei ka hana hou - e ʻoluʻolu e nānā i nā papa inoa inoa inoa kūikawā DATCP ) a me 16.0 lb ai/a Nā huahana Echo (Zn, 720, 90DF) (hoʻopaʻa inoa kūikawā WI 12/31/20). | ||
chlorothalonil + cymoxanil | 2.0 pt Ariston | 14 | E noi ma 7- a 14 mau lā. E hoʻohana i ka wā pōkole ke ulu wikiwiki nā mea kanu a paʻakikī nā maʻi. | ||
cymoxanil + famoxadone | 6.0 – 8.0 oz Tanos | 14 | Hoʻoponopono i kekahi mau maʻi ʻē aʻe. E hahai i nā kulekele hoʻomalu kū'ē. No ke kaohi ana. | ||
difenoconazole | 5.5 – 7.0 fl oz MP kiʻekiʻe | 14 | E hahai i nā kulekele hoʻomalu kū'ē. | ||
kiko ʻeleʻele (hoʻomau) | fenamidone | 5.5 - 8.2 fl oz Kumu | 14 | Hoʻoponopono i kekahi mau maʻi ʻē aʻe. E hahai i nā kulekele hoʻomalu kū'ē. No ke kaohi ana. | |
fluopyram + pyrimethanil | 11.2 fl oz Luna Tranquility (hoʻopiʻi) | 7 | E hoʻomaka i nā noi fungicide me ka pale. Mai hoʻohana ma mua o 43.6 fl oz/a i kēlā me kēia kau. Mai hana ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mau hoʻohana ʻana o kekahi hui 7 a i ʻole 9 fungicide ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana me kahi fungicide mai kahi hui ʻē aʻe. | ||
fluoxastrobin | 0.16 – 0.24 fl oz/1,000 ft lālani Aftershock, Evito 480 SC 6.1 – 9.2 oz/a Tepera | 7 | E hahai i nā kulekele hoʻomalu kū'ē. | ||
flutolanil | 0.71 – 1.1 lb Moncut 70-DF | ma ke kanu ʻana | E kāpīpī pololei a puni a i ʻole ma luna o ka ʻāpana hua i loko o kahi kāʻei 4-8-inihi ma mua o ka uhi ʻana me ka lepo. | ||
fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin | 4.0 - 8.0 fl oz Priaxor | 7 | ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 3 mau noi/a i kēlā me kēia kau. E noi ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 24.0 fl oz/a i kēlā me kēia kau. | ||
mankozeb | 0.4 – 1.6 qt Dithane F45 4F 0.5 – 2.0 lb Dithane M45, Penncozeb 80WP, Penncozeb 75DF 1.0 – 2.0 lb Dithane 75DF Rainshield NT, Koverall, Manzate 200 75DF |
3
3
3 |
Mai ʻoi aku ma mua o ka huina o 11.2 lb ai/a EBDC i kēlā me kēia kau ulu. Aia nā mea EBDC maneb, mancozeb, a me metiram. | ||
mefentrifluconazole | 3.0 – 5.0 fl oz Provysol | 7 | Mai noi ma mua o 5.0 fl oz (0.13lb) / no ka ʻeka no ka noi. Mai kāne ʻoi aku ma mua o nā noi ma 5.0 fl oz a i ʻole | ||
kiko ʻeleʻele (hoʻomau) | 5 mau noi ma 3.0 fl oz no ka ʻeka i kēlā me kēia makahiki. | ||||
metaconazole | 2.5 - 4.0 oz Quash | 1 | Mai hana ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 mau noi i kēlā me kēia kau. Mai hoʻopaneʻe ma mua o 2 mau papa hoʻonohonoho. Mai hoʻohana ma mua o 16.0 oz/a i kēlā me kēia kau. | ||
penthiopyrad | 10.0 - 24.0 fl oz Vertisan | 7 | Mai ʻoi aku ma mua o 72.0 fl oz/a i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mau hoʻohana ʻana o Vertisan ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi fungicide me kahi ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. | ||
pydiflumetofen + fludioxonil | 9.2 - 11.4 fl oz Miravis Prime | 14 | Kāohi i ke kiko ʻeleʻele wale nō. Mai noi aku ma mua o 2 mau noi i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka lewa. Mai noi aku ma mua o 34.2 fl oz no ka ʻeka i kēlā me kēia makahiki. | ||
pyraclostrobin + metiram | 2.0 – 2.9 lb Cabrio Plus | 3 | Mai hoʻopaneʻe ma mua o 2 mau noi ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi fungicide non-Group 11 a i ʻole M3. | ||
zoxamide + chlorothalonil | 32.0 – 34.0 fl oz Zing | 7 | Mai hana i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mau noi ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. |
I ka makahiki 2023, ua ʻae pū ʻia nā mea hana pentachloronyltrobenzine, mandipropamide + difeconazole, azoxystrobin + mancozeb, mefentrifluconazole + pyraclostrobin ma United States. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lāʻau i helu ʻia a me nā hui pū ʻana o nā moleke ikaika e ʻae ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia i ka Russian Federation e kūʻē i ka hope blight a me alternaria.
ʻAʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka luku ʻana o ka anthracnose me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pale fungicidal. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia e ka pōʻaiapuni o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka maʻi a me ka maʻi mai nā kumu like ʻole: ma o nā ʻanoʻano, lepo a me nā kulu lewa. He mea nui naʻe ka emi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi—e ka hapalua (Papa 15). ʻO ka hua o ka ʻuala ma kahi ʻano mahiʻai kiʻekiʻe i nā koho palekana maikaʻi loa (ka lāʻau lapaʻau me ka noi ʻana i ka lepo) e hoʻonui ʻia e 11-14 t / ha.
Papa 15. Ka hopena o ka lepo a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lau o nā fungicides i ka ulu ʻana o ka anthracnose, ʻano like ʻole Russet Burbank, 2012
lapaʻau IF=infurrow F=lau @20 knm | Huahana / ha | Nānā % ʻeleʻele kiko- lalo 10cm o ke kumu | C. coccodes o ka DNA/g ka ʻuala | Hua mai MT/ha |
Quadris IF | 639 ml | 48.2ab | 1798.4ab | 58.68ab |
ʻO Quadris IF Mancozeb F | 639 ml 2.2 kg | 41.0 b | 900.7cd | 62.52 i |
ʻO Quadris IF Priaxor F | 639 ml 426 ml | 31.7 c | 622.1 d | 54.36 bc |
Priaxor IF | 480 ml | 50.0 i | 1542.6ab | 54.72 bc |
Priaxor IF Bravo ZN F | 480 ml 1135 ml | 35.8 bc | 892.6cd | 54.60 bc |
ʻO Priaxor IF Quadris F | 480 ml 639 ml | 25.6cd | 1332.0ab | 60.00ab |
ʻO Priaxor IF Poʻomanaʻo F | 480 ml 426 ml | 28.3cd | 789.0cd | 65.76 i |
ʻO Quadris IF Fontelis F | 639 ml 1.1 kg | 22.7 d | 595.1 d | 56.04 bc |
ʻO Vertisan IF Quadris F | 1646ml 639 | 35.5 | 2249 i | 57.36 bc |
Mālama ʻole ʻia | 51.5 i | 2072.9 i | 51.96 c |
Hōʻike maopopo ka ʻikepili i loaʻa (e nānā i ka Papa 15) ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā fungicides strobirulin i ka lepo i ke kanu ʻana i kēia maʻi. Ma Kanada, manaʻo lākou he kūpono ʻole kēia koho; ʻo nā fungicides e kūʻē i ka anthracnose e pili ana i ka azoxystrobin, difeconazole, mefentrufluconazole, benzovindiflupyr a me fluopyram + pyrimethanil e ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana wale ʻia i ka wā ulu. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka maikaʻi e kūʻē i ka anthracnose i ka wā e hana ai i kahi ʻōnaehana no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻuala mai nā maʻi nui (alternaria, late blight) i ka wā ulu. ʻO ka manawa, hoʻokahi pule ma hope o ka desiccation, hāʻawi i kahi hopena koʻikoʻi o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pōʻino i nā ʻōpala.
ʻO ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu mai ka anthracnose i kēia manawa ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole pono, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o nā mea hana (difeconazole, pyraclostrobin, imidazole) kokoke loa e hoʻopau i ka inoculum ma ka ʻili o nā ʻōpala (kiʻi 16). Akā, he hopena pōkole kēia, ua hoʻoneʻe koke ʻia kona hopena, i loko o hoʻokahi mahina, no ka mea aia ka maʻi i loko o nā ʻōpala.
ʻO ka hope loa. Ua piʻi nui ka pōʻino o ka anthracnose; ua lilo kēia pathogen i pilikia koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka fungus Colletotrichum coccodes, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka anthracnose ma ka ʻuala, he paʻakikī ke wānana a paʻakikī hoʻi. He latent ka ma'i mua. ʻO ka maʻi o nā aʻa, nā stolons, nā kumu lalo a me nā kumu ma luna o ka honua e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka wā ulu, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona a i ʻole nā hōʻailona o ka pathogen (microsclerotia) i nā mea kanu a hiki i ka wā ʻohi. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻuala ma ke kula akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike i nā hōʻailona maopopo a hiki i ka waena o ka manawa mālama. ʻAʻole laha ka maʻi mai ka ʻōpuʻu a i ka ʻōpuʻu i ka mālama ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi, akā hoʻomaka nā maʻi huna i ka wā e mālama ai a piʻi aʻe ka pōʻino i nā ʻuala. ʻAʻole ʻike pinepine ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka anthracnose, ʻike ʻole a pili pū me ka wilting mai Alternaria, verticillium, ʻelemakule maoli, nele i ka nitrogen, etc. ʻO ka hopena, paʻakikī ka ʻike ʻana i ka maʻi a me ka loiloi ʻana i kona hopena i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana. ʻAʻole hiki ke wānana ka hopena o ka maʻi i ka hua ʻuala, no ka mea, he nui nā kūlana a me nā kumu, ʻo ka biotic a me ka abiotic, e hoʻopilikia i ka pōʻino o ka pathogen.
He paʻakikī ka mālama ʻana i ka anthracnose. Noho ka inoculum i loko o ka lepo no nā makahiki he nui, laha me nā mea kanu a me ka ua, a hoʻomau ka maʻi i ka wā ulu. ʻAʻole hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka lepo ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻuala, a ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻuala me nā mea kanu e like me kā kāloti, beets, aniani, ka sinapi melemele a me ka rapeseed (no nā hua) alakaʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili o ka maʻi. Hiki ke hōʻemi i ka pōʻino mai ka anthracnose ma muli o ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i nā hana hoʻonohonoho a me nā ʻenehana a me ka hoʻohana kūpono, anti-resistant o azoxystrobin a me kekahi mau mea hana ʻē aʻe o nā fungicides. Pono e nānā pono i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi o ka mea kanu a me ka lepo. He mea nui ka hoʻomomona piha a me ke kaulike a me ka wai ʻuala, e hōʻiliʻili koke a mālama pono i nā huahana, e hoʻopau pono i nā nāhelehele, me nā ʻuala weed, a hoʻohana i ka hopena fumigant o ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Pono e hoʻololi a hoʻohana ʻia nā fungicides maikaʻi i ke kanu ʻana i ka lepo, i ka hapa mua o ka wā ulu a ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana. ʻO ke ʻano kemika no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka anthracnose he mea pono ia o ka ʻōnaehana pale ʻuala hou.
Ka mea kākau o ka mea: Sergey Banadysev, kauka o ka ʻepekema mahiʻai. ʻepekema, "Doka-Gene Technologies"