Sergey Banadysev, Kauka o nā mahiʻai mahiʻai, Doca-Gene Technologies LLC
Pau ʻO ka hoʻomaka o ka ʻatikala i loko o ka puke pai ʻo "Potato System" Helu 2 (2020)
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāpana mua o kēia ʻatikala, i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻanoʻano ʻuala, pono ia e kaohi pono i nā maʻi viral ma muli o ko lākou koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi. I Lūkia, ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā hoʻomanawanui koʻikoʻi no ka maʻi ahulau latent, i hoʻoholo ʻia e nā hana diagnostics molekiola. Pono kēlā me kēia ʻoihana e mālama i ka hoʻomau o ka nānā ʻana i nā vector aphid o ka maʻi viral a me ka loiloi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ukana laha, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa ke ʻano ʻino o nā ʻano aphid like ʻole. Hoʻohana maikaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka helu heluna i ka hana ʻana i nā hua, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka hopena o ka hopena i ka hopena infectious.
Pakuhi 4. Nā Dynamics o ke kauwela a me nā ʻano laha o nā aphids ʻēheu e hāpai ana i nā mea ʻino, kahua VNIIKH
Ka inoa (ʻano) o aphids | 2003 | 2005 | 2007 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pcs. | % | pcs. | % | pcs. | % | |
ʻŌmaʻomaʻo Peach | 116 | 26.1 | 58 | 50 | 54 | 49.5 |
ʻO Buckthorn | 35 | 7.9 | 6 | 5.2 | 4 | 3.7 |
ʻUala maʻamau | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4.3 | 3 | 2.6 |
Pi ʻeleʻele | 230 | 51.7 | 32 | 27.6 | 36 | 33 |
ʻUala nui | 16 | 3.5 | 5 | 4.3 | 5 | 4.8 |
ʻO Pea | 39 | 8.8 | 10 | 8.6 | 7 | 6.4 |
Hōʻuluʻulu: | 445 | 100 | 116 | 100 | 109 | 100 |
I nā kumuwaiwai o VNIIKH a me VIZR (Zeyruk V.N. et al., 2017), ʻike ʻia ua hoʻololi ʻia ka biology o ka phytofauna i kahi piʻi nui i ka helu o nā ʻano ʻino o nā aphids - nā peach ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Inā ma 1970-1971. (Ka moku ʻo Ramenskiy, ka moku ʻo Moscow) aia kēia cosmopolitan ma ka hā o ka wahi ma waena o nā ʻano i ʻike ʻia, a laila ma hope o 35 mau makahiki ua lilo ia i kumu nui (Nā Papa 4, 5).
Ma ka moku ʻo Leningrad, ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā aphids ma kaʻuala mai ka waenakonu o Iulai a i ka mua o ʻAukake, a ʻo nā ʻano e like me ka buckthorn a me nā mea kanu leguminous (Berim M.N., 2017). Loaʻa nā aphids ʻuala nui a nui i nā komohana a me nā komohana hema o ia wahi. Wahi a nā kuhi o nā loea VIZR, ma nā wahi waena a hikina ka nui o nā aphids i hōʻea i 300-600 kanaka ma 100 mau lau (ke hoʻonui ʻia he 40-70% o nā mea kanu), he pae awelika o ka heluna kānaka; i nā ʻāina komohana - 1000-1400 kanaka (a i 100% o nā mea kanu i noho ʻia) - kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka lehulehu. Ke aʻo ʻana i ka lele o nā aphids ma ka hema (ʻĀpana Kotlassky) a me ke kūkulu ʻākau (Apana Kholmogorsky) Arkhangel
ʻāpana i 2017-2018 ma ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻuala hua (Popova LA A. et al., 2019) hōʻike i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka peach aphid a, ma ka laulaha, kahi haʻahaʻa infectious haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā palena ʻEulopa o ka IVD no ke kau (Papa 6).
ʻO ka hana ʻana i kaʻuala hua ma nā wahi me ka hoʻoilo nui, ka ua nui, nā mahana haʻahaʻa e hoʻemi ana i ka makaʻi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi viral. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻoi loa ma Netherlands, kahi kai a me ka hopena o ka makani ikaika i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea maikaʻi. ʻAe, hoʻonui nui ʻia nā aphids lele ke emi ka wikiwiki o ka makani ma mua o 3 m / s. Akā inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i nā pua rose o ka makani i nā wahi like ʻole (Fig 6), maopopo leʻa ua lawa ka manawa o ka Dutch aphid e paʻi i kaʻuala me kahi tailwind: ʻaʻole hiki ke emi ma lalo o 35%. ʻO ia, ma ka awelika mau lā ʻelua e pā maoli ka makani ma luna o nā pā mai ke kai, a i kēlā me kēia lā ʻekolu - mai ka hema a mai ka hikina paha. E waiho iā ia me ka maikaʻi, hana ka aphid ma kahakai e like me ka papa kuhikuhi: ʻelua mau lā ma hope. "Pā mai ka makani mai ke kai mai" kahi ʻano mākaukau hoʻolaha maikaʻi, he wikiwiki ʻole ia e hilinaʻi wale iā ia i ka kaohi o nā maʻi viral.
Pakuhi 5. Nā Dynamics o ke kauwela a me nā ʻano laha o nā aphids ʻēheu e hāpai ana i nā mea ʻino, 2016
Ka inoa (ʻano) o aphids | Ka helu o nā aphids, huina | Me nā mahina, mau makahiki | ||||
ʻO Iulai | Auhea | |||||
I | II | III | I | II | ||
EB "Korenevo", ʻĀpana ʻo Lyuberetskiy, ʻāpana ʻo Moscow. | ||||||
ʻŌmaʻomaʻo Peach | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Buckthorn, buckthorn | 12.4 | 0.8 | 2 | 6 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
ʻUala maʻamau | 1.6 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0 |
Pi ʻeleʻele | 2.9 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
ʻO Cicadas | 48 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 31 |
Hōʻuluʻulu: | 22.9 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 9.9 | 3.9 | 4.6 |
ʻO Eb "Ilyinskoe", ka moku ʻo Domodedovsky, ka moku ʻo Moscow | ||||||
ʻŌmaʻomaʻo Peach | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Buckthorn, buckthorn | 4 | 0 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
ʻUala maʻamau | 1.2 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
Pi ʻeleʻele | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 |
ʻO Cicadas | 17 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Hōʻuluʻulu: Aphids | 7.9 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0 |
ʻO Cicadas | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Pakuhi 6. Nā ʻano aphids i hopu ʻia e nā hei melemele i ka makahiki 2017-2018.
Nāʻano | Apana ʻo Kotlas | Apana o Kholmogorsky | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | |||||
Huina, pcs. | % | Huina, pcs. | % | Huina, pcs. | % | Huina, pcs. | % | |
ʻO Aulacorthum solaniKalt. | 43 | 30.71 | 21 | 12.72 | 34 | 40 | 13 | 12.15 |
Aphis fabae Scop. | 25 | 17.86 | 44 | 26.67 | 7 | 8.24 | 19 | 17.75 |
ʻO Hyperomyzus lactucae L. | 17 | 12.14 | 23 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 13.08 |
Aphis nasturtii Kalt. | 14 | 10 | 12 | 7.27 | 33 | 38.8 | 8 | 7.48 |
ʻO Macrosiphum rosae L. | 10 | 8.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ʻO Rhopalosiphum padi L. | 9 | 6.43 | 26 | 15,76 | 2 | 2.35 | 25 | 23.36 |
ʻO Sitobion avenae F. | 8 | 7.51 | 15 | 9.1 | 7 | 8.24 | 9 | 8.41 |
Capitophorus elaeagni Guerc. | 6 | 4.29 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aphis sambuci L. | 4 | 2.86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ʻO Rhopalosiphoninus ribesinus Goot. | 2 | 1.43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Anoecia corni F. | 2 | 1.43 | 4 | 2.42 | 1 | 1.16 | 11 | 10.28 |
ʻO Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2.42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Brachycaudus cardui Kalt. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ʻO Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ʻO Cinara costata Zett. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.36 | 2 | 1.87 |
Rhopalosiphum insertum Walk. | 0 | 0 | 8 | 4.85 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 5.61 |
Hōʻuluʻulu | 140 | 100 | 165 | 100 | 86 | 100 | 107 | 100 |
ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka neʻe iki ʻana o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻuala ma ka Lūkini Hui Pū ʻIa i nā ʻāpana ʻākau ʻoi aku me ka haʻahaʻa vector pressure. Ke hana nei nā ʻoihana hou i nā ʻāina ʻo Kostroma, Novgorod, Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Karelia. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena Primorsky ma ka ʻāina Kaliningrad. Me ke kanalua ʻole, ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kumu pae a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ākea ākea i ka hakakā ʻana me nā maʻi viral e hāʻawi i nā ʻoihana ʻākau i nā mea nui. I ke alo o ia mau manawa kūlohelohe, ke hoʻomau nei i ka hana ʻana i ka hua ʻuala ma ka Central ChZZ, ka moku ʻo Volga, a ʻoi aku ka hema. Ma ka laulā, i koʻu manaʻo, pono e kau ʻia ka hana ʻana ma ka ʻuala ʻoihana ma luna o 54 kaulike, kahi o ka awelika o ka mahana mahana ma mua o 20оС, a ʻo ka nui o ka ua i ka wā ulu e ʻoi aku ana ma mua o 260 mm. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā kūlana anuanu hōʻoluʻolu e kahi haʻahaʻa infectious haʻahaʻa o nā aphids, akā hōʻoia pū nō hoʻi i ke ʻano o nā ʻano hua kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻanoʻano. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kaʻuala a hana maikaʻi ʻole i nā keiki i ka ea kiʻekiʻe a me ka mahana o ka lepo a me ka nele o ka wai. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūkulu ʻākau? ʻAʻole, aia he mau kapu mai ka ʻākau a me ka hikina - pono ma ka liʻiliʻi he 100 mau lā o ka hau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mahana hana ma mua o 1200 kekelē. ʻO ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka hua ʻākau e kaupalena ʻia e nā pilikia o ka loiloi, hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka hana, ka nele o ka hana a me nā lepo kūpono. He mea naʻauao e kuhikuhi i nā kumuwaiwai o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ʻuala a me ka papahana hoʻomohala hua kanu no 2018-2025 e hana i hoʻokahi ʻāina no ka hua ʻākau e ulu ana i kahi ʻāina o ka pae kiʻekiʻe, eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hiki i kēia papahana ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike i nā pilikia o kēia manawa a me nā wahi holomua o ka ulu ʻana.
Ke kuleana o nā moʻomeheu pale
Pono e hoʻohana i nā mea kanu papaha i ka hana ʻana i nā hua ma nā pae o ke kaomi vector. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea kanu a me ka lepo ʻōlohelohe i mea e ʻumeʻume ai i nā aphids, e hoʻonui ana i nā aphids e pae ma nā mea kanu loa. Ma ke ʻano he pae pae, noʻonoʻo nā aphids i nā wahi lepo ʻole i hana ʻia - hana ʻia, kīnā, hemo ʻana o nā mea kanu ma mua o ʻekolu i ka lālani i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka miko, nā tramlines o ka sprayers a me nā pono pono o ka pīpī. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka lepo ʻōlohelohe a puni a ma waena o nā mea kanu ʻuala e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i ka helu o nā aphids i lele i loko. No laila, ke waiho nei i nā wahi i noho ʻole ʻia e nā mea kanu ma nā lūlū hua, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā lālani, nā wēlau o nā māla, nani, akā hoʻonāukiuki ia i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi viral (kiʻi 11).
Pololei ke kau ʻana i nā mea pale a kokoke i nā mea kanu o kaʻuala, a waiho i nā māhu ʻeleʻele, nā ala ma hope o lākou (kiʻi 12, 13). I kēia hihia, hana ka aphid i ka ʻokoʻa kala a kau i nā mea kanu o ka moʻomeheu pale. I ka wā hānai a hoʻokolokolo paha
hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia kāna mea hana waha i nā mea viral. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā mea hoʻomaʻi i nā mea pale, lilo ka aphids i "maʻemaʻe" a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka maʻi i ko lākou neʻe ʻana i kaʻuala. Hana maikaʻi kēia no ka nui o nā maʻi viral, koe wale ʻo FLRV.
ʻO kahi e ulu ai ka mea pale āpana i lilo i pahele kūpono no nā aphids inā he mau mika wale nō ka laulā, hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau hele o ke kalai. ʻO ke koho ʻana o nā mea kanu ua ākea ka lawa, ʻo ka mea nui ʻaʻole ia he hāpai i nā virus ʻuala. ʻO nā cereala i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he palaoa, rai, bale, millet, sorghum, ryegrass, a pēlā aku. (kiʻi 14). Kūpono, akā koi pono i ka mālama kūikawā ʻana i nā wahi lūlū hua, nā koho no ka hana ʻana i kahi pale no nā aphids ke kanu nei kokoke i nā kula a me nā māla mauʻu (kiʻi 13) a me ke kanu ʻana i kahi māla a puni ka perimeter me kaʻuala (kiʻi 15). Eia naʻe, pono e makaʻala kekahi ʻaʻohe mea makaʻu o ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i nā ʻano wale nō inā kau ʻia nā ʻanoʻano he nui ma ka māla like.
Inā hoʻohana ʻole ʻia nā mea pale, a laila he mea kūpono e mahi i ka pā hua o nā huahana pale mea kanu ma ke anapuni ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka lālani nui a hoʻohana paha i ka mea kanu mai nā lālani o waho no nā papa ʻaina. I ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻuala ʻokanika, hana nui ʻia kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka pale kala - mulch i ka lepo me ka ʻoka a me ka wili millet (kiʻi 16) Hoʻopau ke kala keʻokeʻo aniani i nā aphids a pale iā lākou mai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka pale kala ma waena o ka lepo lepo a me nā mea kanu potato. Maopopo leʻa hiki ke hoʻohana i kēia hana ma nā kahua liʻiliʻi wale nō.
Nā mea ulu
Ka hale o nā mea kanu no ka pale ʻana mai nā aphids e hāpai ana i nā maʻi viral i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻanoʻano ʻuala ʻaʻole laha. ʻOiai ʻike ʻia nā leka ma kēia kumuhana, a loaʻa ʻelua mau ʻano o ka uhi ʻana i hiki ke kūʻai aku ʻia. Hoʻopili ka mea mua i nā ʻupena i hana ʻia i nā pae lula (kahi ʻano o ka ʻupena namu, kiʻi 17), ma ke ʻano o nā aʻa ākea. ʻAʻole hiki i nā aphids lele, leafhoppers, psyllids ke komo i loko o nā pūnaewele ma lalo o 0,6 mm. I ka manawa like, mahalo i nā makahiki he nui o ka noiʻi ʻana e nā ʻepekema o Nūhōlani (Merfield CN 2014, 2017, 2019), ua ʻike ʻia aia ma lalo o ka mesh me nā pūnaewele 0,3 mm, he nui nā aphids. Pehea? Ikaika loa ka manaʻo ʻai o ka ʻenekia. Loaʻa nā Aphids i kaʻuala ma lalo o ka uhi. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke komo iā ia iho, ʻae, aia kekahi mau keiki - nymphs o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (kiʻi 18), ka mea a ka aphid e hānau ai e ola koke a pololi. Kolo lākou i loko o nā huna liʻiliʻi. A ma lalo o ka uhi hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻonui wikiwiki. Pēlā lākou e ʻumeʻume ai i nā mea ʻaihue i ka huli. ʻO wai hoʻi e noʻonoʻo pehea e lanakila ai i ka puʻuhonua. Kiʻi 19 - nā hua manu lacewing, i waiho ʻia ma o ka hana hoʻomalu.
ʻO kekahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hei ulana ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ke kelepona, ʻo ka piʻi aʻe ka mahana. Ma 0,3 mm, ʻo ka mahana ma lalo o ka uhi he 30% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hope kūlohelohe. ʻO ke kumu ʻekolu ʻaʻole i piha i ka penetration ma lalo o ka malu o nā huahana pale mea kanu. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hoʻomohala a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa i kēia ʻenehana e koi i ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o nā insecticides granular me kahi hopena fumigant. E hoʻolauna iā lākou, pono ʻoe e hoʻāla i kahi e puʻuhonua ai, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole no kahi manawa, kahi e paʻa ai ke ʻano o ke kaʻawale.
ʻEhā, ʻaʻole ʻae ka puʻuhonua i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a ke ulu nei i ka ʻuala hua, pono lākou, ʻoiai i nā mahele kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ka lima, ka hana nui o ka hana. Me ke kōkua o ke ʻenehana, hiki iā ʻoe ke hemo a hoʻi hou i nā mea (kiʻi 20). Akā pono ʻoe e hoʻolōʻihi, paʻa a uhi me ka lepo. Uhi ka hui o 10 poʻe i ka nui o 3 hectare no ka hoʻololi. ʻOiai paʻakikī ka hana honua, ʻo ka maikaʻi o ka pauka e pili ana i ka ʻike o nā limahana. Inā hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ka lepo, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi, a laila ma muli o ka nui o ka makani mai ka makani ikaika, huki ʻia ka mea, a pono e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka hopena o ka puʻuhonua. A ʻo ka mea hope loa - ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kelepona, mai ka 5 a i ka 10 tausani kālā no ka hectare, me kahi wā hoʻolaha o 10 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā mea uhi ʻole i ulana ʻia - hulu hipa, spunbond, agrospan - ʻaʻole i kūpono iki no ka hana ʻana i ka hua uala. ʻO kā lākou kumu nui e pale aku i ka hau a hoʻonui i ka oʻo o nā mea kanu mea kanu. Hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i ka pale kūpaʻa i nā aphids, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe o lākou keena. Akā ʻoiai ke mālama nei i ka kūpaʻa, kahi paʻakikī e mālama. ʻO ka mea me ka mānoanoa o 17-40 microns e haehae maʻalahi ʻia e ka makani, ka huahekili, nā holoholona hihiu, nā kaʻa kaʻa (kiʻi 21). ʻO nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku a i ʻole like paha me nā mea a mākou i kamaʻilio ai e pili ana i ka uhi ʻana o ka cellular. No ka mea he disposable ka uhi nonwoven uhi, kona kumu kūʻai no kēlā me kēia kau e like me ke kumu kūʻai o ka hei - $ 600-700 / ha. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o ke ʻano hoʻomehana a me ka permeability no nā huahana pale mea kanu. I ke kauwela, hiki i ka mahana ma lalo o kahi malu ke lanakila i ka pā o 40 kekelē, kahi e nīnau ʻole ai i ke kūlana maʻamau o nā hua ʻuala, kūmo ka tuberization a me nā hōʻiliʻili hua. Aia kekahi ʻano i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea uhi ulana ʻole wale ʻia i ka hoʻomaka mua o ke kau ulu - ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā kualono a me ka hoʻolauna ʻana o kahi lāʻau lāʻau, uhi ʻia ia, ke lawe ʻia ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka stolon hoʻokumu. No laila, pale pale ʻia nā mea kanu mai ka maʻi i loko o ka wā koʻikoʻi loa, akā hiki ke pale ʻia i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka puʻuhonua i ka tuberization, nā waiwai hua a me ka maikaʻi o nā hana pale. ʻOiai 90% o nā mea kanu hua e noʻonoʻo pono ʻole i kēia hana mahiʻai, ʻoiai e noho mau nā mea kanu ma lalo o ka uhi no 20-25 mau lā wale nō.
ʻAila Minelala
Ua noi mua ʻia ka ʻaila minela e pale i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi i nā makahiki 60 a hoʻohana nui ʻia ia e nā mea kanu ʻuala hua a puni ka honua (Prasad R. et al., 2011). Hāʻawi ka aila mineral Paraffinic i kahi mea ʻoi loa ka pāpā ʻana i ka lawe virus. ʻIke ʻia nā mana he nui ma ka mākeke (Sunoco 7E, Sunspray Ultrafine 85%, Sunspray 850 EC, Glacial Spray Fluid, Organic JMS Stylet Oil, Purespray / 13E), ua ʻae ʻia kēia mau huahana āpau no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahiʻai.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā aila Minerala e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka hiki i nā aphids e hāpai i nā mea hoʻomaʻi kū ʻole ʻole i ʻekolu mau ala: ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana hānai ʻana; Loaʻa i kahi hopena insecticidal pololei a hoʻololi i ka pilina o ka maʻi me nā aphids i mea e hoʻopilikia ʻia ai ka lawe ʻana o ka maʻi.
1. Ka hopena i ka lawena o aphids. Hoʻoneʻe ʻia ke komo ʻana o ke kaila i ka mea kanu ke pīpī ka mea kanu me ka aila mineral. Inā mālama ʻia nā mea kanu me ka aila mineral, hoʻemi ʻia ka helu o nā aphids e hoʻomaka ana e hānai i nā 30 kekona mua o ka mea kanu e 50%. Eia hou, ʻo nā aila he lāʻau aphid, akā holo wale ma kahi o 30 mau minuke ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana.
2. Hoʻokele i ka hana insecticidal ma aphids. Ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi i ka luku pololei ʻana o nā aphids ma lalo o ka mana o nā aila mineral. E like me kēlā me kēia insecticide, pili ka pono o ka aila mineral i ka lōʻihi e hoʻohana ʻia ai. Inā kāpīpī ʻia ka aila ma nā lau ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia o ka ʻōpili peach ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka make mai 11,7 a 20,8% (Martin et al., 2004). Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻehu ma hope o ke kolone ʻia ʻana o nā lau e ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo peach aphid i hopena i ka make ʻana o 80% (Martin et al. 2006). ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā aila ke haʻahaʻa ka heluna lehulehu o ka aphid.
3. Hoʻoemi i ka lawe ʻana o ka maʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia ka pale ʻana o nā aila minamina i ka paʻa ʻana o ka maʻi ma ka waha o nā aphids a ma ke kaila. ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki i nā ʻāpana PVY ke noho ma ke kaila o kahi ʻāpana peach ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ma kahi o 17 mau hola ma hope o ka hānai ʻana i kahi mea kanu maʻi. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka aila i nā mea kanu ke alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka manawa paʻa o ka virus he 2 mau minuke wale nō (Wrobel B., 2009), kahi e hoʻemi ai i ka nui o ka maʻi e 50-70% hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia (Powell et al., 1998; Boiteau et al. , 2008).
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau kumuhana e hana i ka aila mineral kekahi o nā pono hana i ke kaua kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā virus. I kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hopena ʻoi loa me ka hana maʻamau o ka māla holoʻokoʻa.
Nui nā pae hoʻohālikelike no ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā aila. ʻO ka mea mua, hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia i ka hapa mua o ke au e ulu ana, ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā tubers. ʻO ka mahele lāʻau kūpono he hoʻokahi lita i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ia hoʻi inā hoʻolālā ʻia ka pale no 5 mau lā, a laila ʻo 5 l / ha ka helu, inā no 10 mau lā, a laila 10 l / ha. Akā me ka helu nui, ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā i ka palena o ka palena aʻe - ʻo ka hoʻonui kūpono kūpono i ka wai ʻo 1,0-1,5%. Ma luna o 2% ʻaila ʻaila, ʻike ʻia nā wela lau nui, like me nā ʻōuli o Alternaria (Nā kiʻi 22, 23).
Loaʻa ka laulā o nā aila i loaʻa ma ka Russian Federation. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā aila paraffin kahiko e nā māka hoʻomākaukau 30 Plus (NPF Sober) a me Olemix (Sumitomo), nā ʻaila rapeseed - Mero (Bayer) a me Rapsol (Elite Agrosystems) a aia kahi hoʻomākaukau like e pili ana i ka malathion a me ka aila mineral - Prophylactin ( Aukake). ʻAʻohe o lākou i ʻae pololei ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i mea pepehi ma nā ʻuala hua. A ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano he pale, akā ma ke ʻano he adjuvants - nā ʻūlū hamo e hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi o nā pesticides. Akā i kēia hiki ʻaʻohe kapu no ka hoʻohana.
ʻO ke kauoha o nā kumukūʻai no ka aila mineral mai kēia lā mai 150 (Hoʻomākaukau 30 Plus) a i 700 (Mero) rubles / lita. Hoʻohui maikaʻi lākou me nā huahana pale mea kanu, akā aia kekahi ʻike e pili ana i nā hopena i makemake ʻole ʻia ke hui ʻia me Ranman Top, Shirlan fungicides, nā mea fungicides keleawe a me sulfur a me nā mea momona micronutrient, me ka insecticide Biscay. No ka mālama mau ʻana i nā aphids, hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ka aila ma kahi hoʻokahi a i ʻole me ka hui pū ʻana me nā insecticides pili, ma waena o ka noi o fungicides a me nā insecticides systemic.
ʻO nā mea hoʻomake insecticides
No ke kūkulu ʻana i ʻōnaehana kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenekini kemika e hakakā i nā véktor o nā maʻi viral, pono e hoʻomaopopo pono i nā koho ʻelua no ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā virus e nā aphids. Hoʻouna pinepine ʻia ka maʻi wili lau ʻuala. Komo ia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana holo o ka aphid, noho infectious ka pepeke i kona ola holoʻokoʻa. Pono kēia ʻano hoʻoili i kahi manawa hānai lōʻihi. Lawe ka lawe pono ʻana i nā mea kanu i loko o ka aphid ma kahi o 10-20 mau minuke, a koi ʻia kahi manawa like no ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi i kahi mea kanu olakino. A ʻo kahi hopena, pono e noho nā aphids ma luna o ka mea kanu no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. ʻO nā aphids ʻelua mauʻuala nui, ʻo ka peach potato aphid Myzus persicae a me ka potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae, ʻo ia nā mea lawe nui o ka maʻi hoʻomau. Eia kekahi, he 10 mau manawa ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hiki ke lawe ʻia ka peach aphid ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka ʻapu aphid. Maʻalahi ke kaohi i ke ʻano hoʻomau o ka lawe ʻana. Kūpono nā insecticides āpau i kēia hihia. No laila, ua nalowale ka hanana o VSLV i nā hua uala.
Hoʻomau ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka mīkini pono, nā ʻano maʻi ʻē aʻe āpau e hoʻolaha i ka mosaic lau: A, X, M, S, Y. Lawe ʻia kēia mau mea ʻino i ke kaila (hānai ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka waha) o nā aphids mai nā mea kanu ʻuala i loaʻa a me nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole me ka wikiwiki, i loko o hoʻokahi minuke. Ke lele ka aphid mai kekahi mea kanu i kahi kanu ʻē aʻe, hoʻāʻo ia iā lākou, ʻono iā lākou, a inā ʻaʻole e loaʻa iā lākou ke ʻoluʻolu, hoʻomau ka neʻe ʻana. Ma muli o ka hōʻiliʻili pōkole a me nā manawa hoʻoili o ka maʻi, hana nui nā aphids transit non-colonizing i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi mosaic. No kēia kumu, hiki i nā virus ke pālahalaha ma ke kahua holoʻokoʻa i ka wikiwiki ma mua o FLRV. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o kahi insecticide kākaʻikahi wale ka loaʻa ʻana o ka kaohi mau ma luna o kēia mau maʻi. Kū'ē i nā inikua hoʻokolokolo, kipa pōʻino i kaʻuala, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā insecticides knockdown. Kapa ʻia nā lāʻau i koho ʻia i nā mea koho mea koho (pymetrozine, flonicamide) i nā aphids e hoʻāʻo e hānai. ʻAʻole hana nui nā ʻōnaehana, translaminar insecticides i ka pale ʻana i ka lawe ʻana ma o nā ʻano transiting. Akā noho mau lākou i ʻāpana ʻāpana o ka papahana pale no ka nui o nā mea kanu ʻuala hua, ʻoiai lākou e kaupalena nei i ke kula kiʻekiʻe, nā mea kanu a nā mea kanu, hoʻolaha ʻia nā mea ʻino e ke kaohi pono ʻana i nā lāhui aphid.
ʻO ka papa inoa o nā insecticides i ʻae ʻia no ka kaohi aphid ma ka Russian Federation waiwai a ʻano ʻokoʻa. Hāʻawi ʻia ka hopena knockdown e nā mea hana: deltamethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin. Hōʻike ʻia nā lāʻau Neocotinoid e nā molela hana o acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia d. Ma nā mokupuni me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe: bifenthrin, pymetrozine, spirotetramate, chlorantraniliprol, dimethoate, flonikamide. Hāʻawi ʻia ka hopena suppression e nā lāʻau me nā hui o lambda-cyhalothrin + acetamiprid, spirotetramate + imidacloprid, thiacloprid + deltamethrin, thiamethoxam + chloranthraniliprole.
ʻO ka laulā o nā insecticides apicidal mai nā mea kanu hua Lūkia ka mea hou loa a me kahi palena e ʻae ai e hāʻawi i kahi pale kūpono. I ka EU like, pāpā ʻia ka hapa nui o nā neonicotinoids ma muli o ka makaʻu o ka pi. He aha nā hoʻolālā maikaʻi loa? ʻO kahi laʻana, hāʻawi nā ʻoihana ʻo Syngenta lāua ʻo Bayer i kā lākou mau papa hana pale aphid ponoʻī, no ka mea, he mau insecticidal d āpau lākou i loko. Akā i kēlā me kēia hihia pono ʻoe e koho me ka ʻike, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā huahana mai nā mea hana ʻokoʻa. Ke hana nei i kahi ʻōnaehana o ka pale kemika, pono pono e nānā i nā loina i ʻike nui ʻia: mai ʻae i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina o nā mea āpau, nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe me kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka hana. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau e ulu ana, lawa nā insecticides pyrethroid; i ke ʻano he lau lau mānoanoa a piʻi ka piʻi ʻana o ka vector, hoʻololi i nā mea hana translaminar a me nā huahana hui pū ʻia. No nā pyrethroids, ʻo ke kaupaku mahana no ka pono he 25оC. Ka wā o ka hana kūpono o pyrethroids - a i 7 mau lā, ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana a hui pū ʻia - 14 mau lā.
Aia kekahi ʻike e pili ana i ka puka ʻana o ke kūpaʻa o ka peach aphid ma ʻEulopa e deltamethrin, acetamiprid, a me esfenvalerat. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻaʻohe mea like i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Mai hoʻohana i nā insecticides weliweli (d.v-va: deltamethrin, flonikamide, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, pymetrozin) i ka manawa o nā nalo meli e hana nei i ka nāhelehele pua, a i ʻole inā ʻae ʻia ka ulu ʻana o nā kolone aphid a hana ʻia ka meli e ʻumeʻume ai i nā pi. Hiki i kekahi d.-va, inā ʻaʻole lawa ka helu noi a i ʻole kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka noi ʻana, ʻaʻole e make ka aphids, akā he hopena ʻona a hoʻonui i ka hana, ʻo ia hoʻi aia paha i kahi paradoxical hoʻonui i ka pae o ka maʻi viral ma muli o ka hoʻohana o nā insecticides. He ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e lawe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau wale nō ke hiki i ka paepae hoʻopōʻino. Pono pono e noʻonoʻo i ka hopena ma nā aphids i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau ulu me nā insecticides i hoʻopili ʻia i ke kanu ʻana i ka hua. E hoʻomau ʻia ka pale ʻana a hiki i ka maloʻo loa ʻana o nā lau. ʻO kona ulu hou ʻana e alakaʻi i kahi piʻi nui o ka maʻi virus.
I ka hopena, hōʻike hou mākou i ka nui a me ka hoʻonui mau ʻana i ka hōʻino ʻia o nā maʻi viral ma muli o ko lākou ʻano biological a me ke kū ʻana o nā ʻano o ka hoʻolaha. I nā kūlana o kahi kūlana infectious kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻi vector, nā mea āpau
ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea ola ke pale i ka hoʻohaumia o nā mea kanu ʻuala me nā mea hoʻomaʻi kū ʻole ʻole. No ka hoʻopaʻa pono ʻana i nā maʻi viral o kaʻuala i ka hana ʻana i ka hua, pono e hoʻohana i nā mea kanu me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā virus, e ʻimi i ka hana ʻana i kaʻuala ma nā wahi me kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka paʻi vector, e hoʻohana i nā mea kanu pale, hana i ka nānā mau ʻana i ka dinamika o ke kauwela a me nā ʻano o nā aphids, hoʻokō i kahi papahana e kāohi i nā aphids ke ke kiʻi nei i ka paepae hoʻopilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka aila mineral a me kahi koho noʻonoʻo o nā insecticides.