He aha ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu i mea pono loa no nā mahiʻai
Kikokikona: ʻO Veronica Perova
Hoʻonohonoho nui ʻia ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana, a me ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ke ola papa. Hōʻoia nā loea i kēia lā ke piʻi nei ka hoihoi i ka hana ʻana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka ulu ulu nui ʻana o nā papahana hoʻopukapuka ma kēia māhele mākeke. ʻAʻole kēia he mea kupanaha - hiki i kā mākou hana hohonu hohonu ke hoʻonui i ka loaʻa pono o ka ulu ʻana i ka mea kanu a hoʻemi i nā pilikia e pili ana i ke kau o ka hana.
Wahi a Semyon Ganich, Luna Hoʻokele o ka Mea Mea Mea maloʻo (nā hopena ākea no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana mahiʻai), ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu ākea he waiwai hou i hoʻohui ʻia i ka kaula hana o kahi ʻoihana. “Aneane pau loa ma ka makeke
makahiki, aia kekahi overproduction o nā lau, i kūʻai ʻia ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa i ke kau, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka loaʻa kālā o ka mahiʻai. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka hana mua a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe e ʻae iā ʻoe e loaʻa kālā hou aʻe, "i wehewehe ai ka loea.
Hoʻopukapuka a me ka palena palena
"ʻO nā ʻoihana nui āpau e hoʻāʻo e hoʻomohala i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana mahiʻai, i ʻae iā lākou e haʻalele i ka hoʻokūkū me nā mahiʻai, ʻoiai, ma ke ʻano he hemahema e lawa ai nā manawa hoʻopukapuka, hāʻawi i nā mea kanu i kahi" lepo "i nā hui nui," wahi a Alexander. ʻO Abramchuk, Luna Nui o ka ʻoihana AgroNero (kahi wahi mahiʻai ma ka Yaroslavl Region, kahi lālā o Belaya Dachi Trading). Ma muli o ka hoʻolako ʻia ʻana o ka huahana i hana ʻia i nā hale kūʻai kaulahao, nui ka hoʻokele waiwai
ma luna, ho'ākākaʻo ia.
Eia hou, e like me kā Semyon Ganich i kuhikuhi ai, ʻaʻole pono ka hana ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā manawa āpau. Kūpono pinepine ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe.
"Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea maka i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: ʻo ka mahele mua (huahana kiʻekiʻe), ʻo ka ʻāpana ʻelua (non-standard), ʻo ke kolu o ka mahele (ʻōpala)," wahi a Alexander Abramchuk ma nā kikoʻī. "I ka manawa like, pono ʻole nā mea hana maʻamau ʻole, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka waiwai, no ka hana ʻana, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻepekema hana".
Eia nō naʻe, me ka nani o kā lākou hana ponoʻī ʻana, ʻaʻole hoʻoholo nā mea hana mahiʻai i kēia ʻanuʻu. No laila, i ka hui AgroNero ʻaʻohe hana, hoʻomākaukau ka ʻoihana i nā huahana i kahi "palapala lepo" no ka mea nui. ʻO nā mea kūʻai nui ʻo "BD Trading" a me nā mea kūʻai aku. "Kūleʻa ka noi ma muli o ka nui o nā mea hoʻokūkū. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻolālā e hoʻomohala i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, no ka mea koi ia i nā hoʻopukapuka nui, "ʻae ʻo Alexander Abramchuk. Ma ka laulā, manaʻo ʻo ia i ka fermentation, salting, kuke ʻana, hana ʻana i ka ʻuala palu i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, no ka mea ʻaʻole koi kēia i nā lako hau paʻa hohonu a me nā pahu hau no ka mālama ʻana.
He paʻakikī loa nā mahiʻai i ka hana ʻana, hōʻoia iā Semyon Ganich. Maʻalahi iā lākou e ulu a kūʻai aku. Wahi a ka loea Mea Mea Mea Mea Mea Mea maloʻo, komo pinepine nā mea hoʻopukapuka mai nā wahi ʻē aʻe i kēia ʻoihana: nā panakō, nā ʻenekini, nā kapitalista ʻimi, i maopopo i nā pono o kēia wahi.
Aia i ka hohonu o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ka palena ma kēia ʻāpana, e like me Semyon Ganich, mai 40 a 100%. "I kēia manawa, he mea hiki ʻole i kekahi agrarian kuʻuna ke wehewehe i ke kumu e pono ai ke kūʻai ʻana i nā pono ʻenehana hou, a ʻaʻole e hana i kahi papa hana liʻiliʻi e hāʻawi ʻole i ka loaʻa kālā he nui," i kākau ʻo ia.
ʻOiai ʻo ka mea i hoʻomaka koke ʻia nā papahana hou no ka hana ʻana i nā lau ākea ākea, pili kā lākou hoʻokō me nā pilikia. ʻO kahi laʻana, e like me kā Ekaterina Womanva, Luna Nui o Interagro (kahi mea hoʻomohala a mea hoʻohui o nā papahana paʻakikī no ka mahiʻai), nā papahana hana e koi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hana a me nā hoʻopukapuka koʻikoʻi i ke kūʻai ʻana mai i nā pono. Hoʻohui ʻia, kau ʻia nā kūlana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūikawā kūikawā i nā hale hana hana, kahi e hoʻonui ai a hoʻonui loa i ka uku o ka papahana ma ke ʻano he nui.
I ka manawa like, ʻo ka manawa uku o nā papahana ma kahi o 7-10 mau makahiki, ʻoiai makemake ka poʻe hoʻopukapuka e makemake e loaʻa kālā i ka wā hiki ke hoʻomau, hoʻomau ʻo Ekaterina Wanitava. Ke hoʻolālā nei i kahi papahana, pono ka mea mua e noʻonoʻo pono i ke kulekele kūʻai, hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ia. "Hiki ke hoʻokō i ka wā uku a loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā inā kūʻai ʻia ka huahana i pau i nā kumukūʻai i kau ʻia i ka papahana hoʻopukapuka," i hoʻokūpaʻa ai ka loea.
Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻo ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi huahana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ma ka ʻaoʻao, koi i nā pono kiʻekiʻe, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka wā uku a hoʻemi i ka palena makahiki.
Kūkākūkā ʻo Semyon Ganich e kūʻē i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kahi ʻoihana ma ke kūʻai ʻana mai i nā pono hana. Manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia i ka poʻe makemake wale e kūʻai i nā pono hana, i ko lākou manaʻo, e "paʻi kālā", ʻoia paha, ʻaʻole e loaʻa ka hopena i makemake ʻia.
"Pono ʻoe e hoʻomaka me ke aʻo ʻana i ka mākeke kūʻai aku a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi papahana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe," manaʻoʻiʻo ka loea. - A ke ʻike wale kahi kiʻi akāka o ka mea kūʻai mai i nā huahana i hoʻopau a mākaukau ka papahana, kahi e hana ai i kahi loiloi kikoʻī o ka manaʻo ʻoihana i kāna ʻano āpau - mai nā koho ʻenehana i kahi hoʻolālā ʻoihana hoʻomohala, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaka i ka hoʻokō , me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā pono.
Paʻahau hau
ʻO kekahi o nā hana kūpono a maʻamau hoʻi o ka hana ʻana i nā huahana ke kūʻi hau. ʻO Alexander Melnik, ke alakaʻi kūʻai a me ka hana o Ortika Frozen Foods, ʻo TM Hortex, kekahi o nā mea hana Lūkini kaulana loa o nā mea kanu hau, nā huaʻai a me nā hua me ka hoʻohana ʻole o GMO a me nā preservatives, i kamaʻilio kikoʻī e pili ana i kēia ʻenehana.
"ʻO ke kūpikipiki kolo wikiwiki ʻana o kahi huahana ke hōʻike ʻia i nā kahe ea ikaika, ka mea, e ka hōʻalili ʻana i nā mea maka i kahi mahana o -32 ... 40 ° C, e hana i kahi papa wai paʻa ma luna o kona ʻili," i wehewehe ai ka loea. - ʻAʻole like me ka ʻenehana kuʻuna, me ka paʻa ʻana o ka hau
ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā aniani liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole e haki i ke ʻano o ka pūnaewele o ka huahana, e ʻae iā ia e mālama i kāna ʻono a me nā pono. "
I ka mākeke honua, e like me kā Alexander Melnik, aia ʻekolu mau mea hana nui loa o nā tunnels haʻalulu - Unidex (Polani), Frigoscandia (Kuekene) a me Octofrost (Kuekene). Eia kekahi, ua lanakila nā mea hana Kelemania a me Kina o nā pahu hauwī i wahi kūpono i ka mākeke lako pono anuanu. Hoʻomaopopo ka loea i nā tunnels paʻahau, i hana ʻia e nā hui alakaʻi, e ʻae i ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka ʻono o ka huahana, a hāʻawi pū me ia i kahi helehelena maikaʻi me ke kiʻekiʻe.
ka hana - mai 1 a 12 t / h.
"ʻO nā mea kanu i loko o nā pahu hau e neʻe papahola ma waena o kahi ākea (ke kūpulu), a holo ke ea anuanu ma waena o nā meaʻai i loko o ke ana holoʻokoʻa," wahi a kahi haʻi ʻōlelo a Hortex.
He mea nui ia i ka ʻāpana o nā mea kanu i hana ʻia, ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu kūʻai e loli ai, e like me kāna, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 20%. "Akā inā ʻaʻole loea wale kahi ʻoihana i ka paʻahau, akā he hale waihona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka mālama ʻana i nā huahana, hiki i ka pono o ka ʻoihana ke
hoʻonui nui, "i ʻōlelo ka loea.
Hoʻohui hou ʻo ia i ke kaulahao hana ʻekolu mau pae, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea ke kuleana o kahi ʻoihana kaʻawale. No laila, komo kahi mahiʻai i ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu. Koho ʻia nā ʻano a me nā hybrids e pili ana i nā kūlana aniani a me nā pono
kahi ʻoihana e loea ana i ka hana hou (i kā mākou hihia, ʻaila) nā huahana. A ʻo ka hapanui o ka hui ʻekolu e hana nei i ka ʻūlū ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ka mea kūʻai aku hope.
Wahi a Alexander Melnik, kahi mea kanu me ka awelika hana pae o 5 tausani tone o nā huahana mea kanu paʻahau i kēlā me kēia makahiki e koi ana i nā hoʻopukapuka € 4-5 miliona.
ʻO nā mea nui no ka paʻakai a me ka ʻohi ʻana
ʻOiai nā ʻāpana nui e hoʻokō nei i nā papahana no ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka ʻāina ākea, makemake nā ʻohana mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai (nā mahiʻai) i nā hana biochemical o ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu, e like me ka pickling a me ka pickling.
Aia ma waena o lākou ka ʻoihana "Zasolych", kahi mea hana i nā huahana pickled, pickles a me nā salakeke Korea, aia ma ka moku ʻo Kirov. Wahi a ke poʻo o ka hui ʻo Nikolai Shikhov, hana lākou ma kahi o 300 mau tona o ka cabbage, 200 mau tona o nā kukama a me 150 mau tona o nā kāloti i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hoʻohui, i ka liʻiliʻi
i ka hana ʻana i nā tōmato ʻulaʻula a me ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā ʻalalā a me nā ʻano Kōlea, a me ka hui huahana hikina (kālika, kālika ʻāhiu, a pēlā aku) Hāʻawi ʻia nā huahana i nā mea kūʻai nui, nā hale kūʻai kūloko, nā kaulahao kūloko a me nā pekelala pekelala, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka moku ʻo Kirov.
ʻO Zasolych kahi hana ʻohana me nā meaʻai i hoʻoilina ʻia mai kēlā hanauna a kēia hanauna. I kēia lā, hāʻawi ʻia nā mea kūʻai i ka nui o nā huahana i nā brine a me nā marinades ʻokoʻa. I kēia hihia, hoʻohana wale ʻia nā mea hoʻohui kūlohelohe, nā mea ʻala a me nā mea kanu. ʻO kahi laʻana, hū ʻia ke kāpena e like me ka ʻenehana kahiko o ka fermentation lactic acid maoli, me ka ʻole o nā preservatives.
Wahi a Nikolai Shikhov, mālama ʻia nā papa kuʻuna maʻamau, ʻoiai ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nei ke kaʻina hana me ke kōkua o nā ʻenehana hou a me nā pono hana, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka nui a me ka wikiwiki o ka hana. No laila, nā pahu lāʻau, i hana ʻia e ka lima, i ka mea ma mua
paʻakai lākou a hāʻawi pū i nā kukama i nā hale kūʻai, pani i nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia i mea ea. Hoʻokahi pahu i 30-200 kg.
"No ke kūʻai aku kūʻai aku i kēia lā ke hoʻohana nei mākou i nā ipu ea liʻiliʻi, a me nā pūʻolo pākahi," kaʻana ke poʻo o ka ʻoihana. "Ma kahi o ka mālama ʻana i nā kukama ma lalo o ka hau i loko o nā pahu lāʻau (i ka wai puna, kahi muliwai, no ka laʻana), ua hoʻokau ʻia nā pahu hau."
Ua hoʻomaopopo pū ʻo ia inā ma mua o ka hoʻolālā ʻia ʻana o ka kāpeti me ka lima, i kēia manawa ua automated ke kaʻina hana, a piʻi ka hana a nā shredders i mau kaukani kilokika i kēlā me kēia hola. "Ua hoʻonohonoho ka ʻoihana i nā pono hana kūloko a lawe ʻia mai no ka shredding, keʻoki ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, ka holoi ʻana, ka halihali ʻana, ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka make ʻana," wahi a Nikolai Shikhov. "Ua hoʻololi hou mākou i nā mea ʻoki mea kanu Kelemania me Chinese Robot Coupe, he 3-4 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa ʻEulopa a ma ka manawa like ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa iā lākou i ka maikaʻi. Ma ka laulā, e like me ka helu ʻana o ka ʻoihana "Zasolych", ʻo nā hoʻopukapuka i nā pono hana no ka hana ʻana i kahi o 2-3 miliona rubles.
Ua wehewehe ʻo Nikolay Shikhov ʻoiai aia ka ʻoihana i kahi wahi o ka mahiʻai kūpilikiʻi me nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole o ka wā no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu ulu, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ma kahi o ʻelima mau makahiki i hala e haʻalele i kāna ulu pono ʻana i nā mea kanu. I kēia lā, kūʻai ʻia nā mea hana mai nā mahiʻai kūloko, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā pilina lōʻihi. Nui nā mahiʻai e ulu pono i kekahi mau hybrids a me nā nui o nā mea kanu no nā pono o ka ʻoihana.
"No laila, no ka pickling hoʻohana mākou i nā hybrids kukama Hōlani i kūpono kūpono i ka nui a loaʻa kekahi mau ʻono a me nā palena o ke ʻano," kaʻana like ʻo Nikolai Shikhov i kona ʻike.
ʻO kahi ʻohana ʻohana ʻē aʻe - ʻo ka mahiʻai mahiʻai (mahiʻai) ʻo "Enezh", aia ma ka Chuvash Republic, ua koho i kahi ala ʻokoʻa. Hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1999 me ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu (kāpī, kukama, ʻōmato, a pēlā aku), i ka makahiki 2008 ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe mahiʻai e hoʻomohala i ka hana. A i kēia lā ua lawe ka mahiʻai ʻo "Enezh" i kahi pōʻaiapuni piha o ka hana ʻana i nā piko, nā ʻohi a me nā salakeke.
"ʻO nā huahana paʻakai a pickled a pau i hana ʻia mai nā mea kanu i ulu i kā mākou māla, ka nui o nā wahi ma mua o 700 hectares. ʻO kāna mau mea makaʻu e ʻae iā mākou e kaohi i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana i nā pae āpau, "wahi a ʻIvan Semyonov, ke poʻo o ka māla ʻo Enezh.
Lawe ʻia ke kanu ʻana o nā kukama ma kahi o 16 hectares i ka mua o Iune. I ka manawa like, alakaʻi ʻia ka māla e ka ʻike Kelemania a me ka ʻenehana hoʻoulu. "Ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi hybrid kukama o kahi hui ʻē aʻe, a laila ua hoʻololi mākou iā Leaf F1 mai ka mea hana Dutch ʻo Rijk Zwaan, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi
ua hōʻoia ʻo ia iā ia iho i kā mākou kūlana anilā, - hāʻawi ʻo ʻIvan Semyonov i kona ʻike. - ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka lau kukama F1 no nā hybrids i hoʻopili ʻia no ka ulu ʻana i ka honua ākea a ma lalo o nā hale kiʻi ʻoniʻoni māmā. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i loko o ka mahiʻai "Enezh" uhi ʻia nā kukama me kahi mea "hanu" kūikawā e ʻae ai i ka māū e hele pono i loko, kahi e ʻae ai iā ʻoe e hoʻomaka i ka ʻohi ʻana i hoʻokahi pule ma mua.
"Eia hou, ʻo ka hybrid a mākou i koho ai he helu liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o nā lau, kahi e kōkua ai i ke kaʻina hōʻiliʻili, a kūpaʻa hoʻi i nā maʻi," hoʻomau ʻo Semyonov. "Hoʻohui ʻia ka hua kiʻekiʻe me nā kūlana maikaʻi loa o ka pickling a me ka pickling kukama (ʻo ka caliber optimum he 8-12 cm, nā kala, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe)".
I ka mahiʻai "Enezh" ulu kāpī keʻokeʻo e like me nā hybrids mua loa a me nā mea hou loa, ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana o nā huahana mai ka waena o Iune a ʻApelila i ka makahiki aʻe. ʻO ka hybrid lohi kaulana o ke kāpeti keʻokeʻo, e like me ka ʻōlelo a ʻIvani Semyonov, ʻo Muksuma F1.
ʻAʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi lā mai ka ʻohi ʻana ʻana a i ka paʻakai ʻana, kahi e ʻae ai iā ʻoe e mālama i nā ʻano āpau o kahi huahana hou. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili e kahi pae o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka holoi ʻana, a laila paʻakai ʻia nā mea kanu i nā pahu e like me ka ʻōlelo Lūkini kahiko e hoʻohana wale ana i nā mea kanu, nā lau, a me ka paʻakai. Mālama ʻia ka palekana o sauerkraut e nā huahana fermentation maoli, ka paʻakai a me ka horseradish.
"I ka makahiki 2018, ua paʻakai mākou i nā kukama he 800 a kokoke i ka nui o ke kāpeti," e ʻōlelo ana ke poʻo o ka māla ʻo Enezh. Ma ke ʻano he kumu, hōʻiliʻili ka mahiʻai i 70 mau tona o nā kukama ma ka hectare. Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 2019, ma muli o ke ʻano maikaʻi ʻole o ke aniau no kēia mea kanu tropical, ma kahi kikoʻī, kahi mahana o ka lewa no Iune, he 43 t / ha wale ka hua.
"Pono nā kukama, e like me kou ʻike, i ka mehana. ʻO nā mahana ma lalo o 10 ° are kahi pōʻino no lākou, - wahi a Semyonov. "Akā ʻike mākou i ka ulu ʻana o nā kukama i ko mākou wahi e hāpai i kahi makaʻu kūikawā. No laila, i ka ʻākau o Saratov, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe mea e ulu iā lākou i nā nui kalepa ma ke kula ākea ”. Kākoʻo ʻo ia i ka hana mahiʻai, nā kūlana anilā ka mea nui e hilinaʻi ai nā hoʻohua a me nā loli i nā kumukūʻai huahana.
I ka manawa like, huki ke poʻo o Zasolycha i ka ʻike i ka hoʻokūkū ma ka ʻāpana o nā huahana mea kanu paʻakai a paʻakai i ulu nui i kēia mau lā, e pili ana me ka puka ʻana o nā mea pāʻani hou a me ka hoʻomohala qualitative o nā mea hana i hala ma mua. ka mākeke. "Hiki i kēia ke wehewehe ʻia e ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka entrepreneurship ma Rūsia, ka loaʻa o ka ʻike no ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kahi ʻoihana a me ka loaʻa o nā hoʻopukapuka manuahi i ka mākeke ʻoihana meaʻai. ʻAʻole hoʻohilahila ʻia nā mea hoʻopukapuka e ka hilinaʻi pololei i ke ʻano o ke aniau a me nā hōʻailona hāʻawi, kahi e hoʻololi ai i kēlā me kēia kau, "i manaʻoʻiʻo ai ʻo Nikolai Shikhov.
Helu ʻia ka holomua
Hōʻike ka hana i kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu ākea ākea i kāna mau nuances ponoʻī e pono ai e noʻonoʻo i ke komo ʻana i kēia niche. "ʻO ke koho o ka koho ʻoi loa ka hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma ka ʻāina a me ka huahana e ulu ana," hoʻokūkū ʻia ke poʻo o Interagro, ʻo Ekaterina Wanitava.
Wahi a Semyon Ganich, hiki i kēlā me kēia ʻenehana hana ke nani i nā mahiʻai. Akā pono e helu ʻia ka papahana, a pono e kālailai ʻia ka mākeke no nā huahana i pau. "No ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻoihana, kūpono ke noʻonoʻo i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano huahana like ʻole," aʻoaʻo ʻo ia.
Ma ka laulā, e like me nā wānana o ka Mea Mea ʻai maloʻo, e hoʻomohala ka mākeke ʻenehana i ka ʻoi aku o ka automation, ka lolouila a me ka hoʻolauna ʻana o ka ʻike kuʻuna, i hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ke kaʻina hana ʻenehana āpau me ke kōkua ʻole o ke kanaka. Akā i kēia manawa he prospect wale nō kēia.