ʻO Boris Anisimov, Ke Kūkākūkā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā papahana ʻepekema a me ke alakaʻi - ulu o ke kahua hoʻonaʻauao o ka All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Scientific Research.
Wahi a nā pōkole FAO (2011), ʻo ka ʻai honua o ka ʻuala a me nā huahana hua i ka pahi ma ke kāpita he 35 kg i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoiai ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa i ka pae o 85 kg ma kahi kapita. a ma Rūsia - 90 kg o kēlā me kēia kanaka.
I ka Lūkini Lūkini, ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka nui o ka makahiki o ka ʻuala i hoʻohana ʻia no nā meaʻai meaʻai ma ka 13-14 miliona tons. No ka hana hoʻomohala hohonu, ma kahi o 1 miliona mau lilo i hoʻopau ʻia i nā huahana o ka pālala (french fries, chips, kering mashed pateta). Ka pono o ka hua kanu no nā māla o nā hui ʻoihana mahiʻai (ʻoihana mahiʻai), nā mahiʻai a me nā pāmu mahiʻai (pāmu mahiʻai) a me nā mea hana pilikino (SP) me ka nui o ke kanu ʻana i kahi o 300 tausani ha ha i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka mea he 1 miliona tons. He mea paʻakikī loa ka nānā ʻana i ka helu maoli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻuala no nā hua a me ka mea hānaiʻai i nā ʻano o nā hale, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma ʻehā mau miliona miliona. ʻO ka poho o ka wā mālama i loko o nā mahiʻai o nā helu āpau hiki ke helu ʻia ma ka 5 miliona mau tonona, hoʻopuka aku nei i nā mea hoʻihoʻi - 6-1,5 tausani tons.
No laila, ma Rūsia, ʻo ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai uʻi ma lalo iho he 22 miliona mau tona. ʻO ka emi ʻana o kēia pae ka mea e alakaʻi ai i ka hemahema o ka nui o nā koina o ka ʻai, a, no laila, he māhuahua o ka ʻāpana o nā import. Kuhi ʻia nā kaomi lawe ʻia ma ka nui o ka ʻai ʻuala i koho ʻia ma ka 300-350 mano kau. Kuhi nui kēia ma mua o nā "ʻōpio" mua, no ia mea ke koi a kūʻai aku nei i nā kūloko kūʻai i ka wā o ka wā kūʻai, i ka manawa o ka noho o nā waihona o nā makahiki o ka makahiki i hala aku nei (ma Mei), a nui wale ka nui o nā ʻuala hou i loaʻa no ke kālepa ua emi maiʻelua mau mahina.
ʻO ʻAmelika home o ka ʻuala o ʻAmelika Hema, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai kēia "moʻomeheu" a hiki i ka makahiki 12500 BC. e. ma ke komohana komohana o Peru. Mai ʻAmelika a ʻAulopa (Sepania), ua hānai ʻia nā mea kanu i ka mea kanu, i ka makahiki 1565. Ua hoʻouna ʻia ka mea kanu mua i Lūkia mai Netherlands e Peter. Ⅰ i kona huakai ana i Eulopa. ʻO ka hana mua ʻana e hoʻolaha i nā ʻuala ma Lūkini i loaʻa pinepine ʻole ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka umu i ka wā o ka hoʻouna. No kēia kumu, i 1769, ua hoʻouna ʻia kekahi komisina lapaʻau i nā hua Siberia i ʻohi ʻia i loko o kahi māla lapaʻau o St. Petersburg no ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana i nā "bourgeois" a me nā "mea hana hale maikaʻi". Ma Ilimsk, ua lawe ka keʻena voivode i 15 g mau huaʻaina iā A. Berezovsky, nāna i ulu i nā mea kanu a loaʻa i nā kūpapa. Wahi a V.S. ʻO Lekhnovich, A. Berezovsky, me ka ʻole o ka ʻike, ka mea i lawe i ka koho mua o nā ʻuala ma Siberia, a ʻaʻole paha ma Rusia.
Kūpono nui ka mea kūʻai mai i kēia mau hale i nā ʻuala me nā kūleʻa maikaʻi e loaʻa i kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi, a, me ke ʻano la, he ʻano ʻāpana ʻinipiki. Ma ka manawa like, ka nui a me ka nui o ka tubers, ka hohonu o nā maka, ke kala o ka ʻili a me ka pulp, ke kuhi ʻole o nā ʻū a me waho a ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ulu lua (hoʻonui), ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu, ka hollowness, a me ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka pulp (discoloration) he mea nui nō hoʻi. nā maʻi kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hele i loko o nā kōpala ma muli o nā hopena olakino hiki i ka wā e ulu ana i ka ulu lāʻau a i ʻole ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka mīkini, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, transpor irovki a me ka hoʻomaopopoʻana.
Hiki ke ʻano o ka ʻano o nā puna o ka papa pālola hua mai ka ʻalihi a elongated, ka nui o ka maʻamau no ka halihali halihali ka nui: 40-60 mm, hohonu hohonu: liʻiliʻi i ke kiko, ʻili o ka ʻula: keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula, ʻula pulima: keʻokeʻo - ʻoniʻala - ʻeleʻele.
ʻO ka paʻakikī o kēia mau kuhikuhi i ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana i nā papa pākela papa a me nā mea hiki i ko lākou makemake ke hoʻohana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā kīʻaha like ʻole, a e hoʻoholo no nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano like ʻole a me ke koi no lākou ma ka mākeke home o nā meaʻai meaʻai, ʻo ia ke kūʻai ʻia aku ia no ke kūʻai aku ma nā kaulahao kūʻai o kēia manawa.
Nānā Mea Ola
I kēia mau makahiki i hala, ua loli nui ka manaʻo o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka ʻuala ʻo ka mea waiwai nui loa i kaʻai o ke kanaka, ʻo ia ka mea nui ma ka ulu ʻana o ke koho i ke koho i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waiwai o ka pāu, a me nā noiʻi hohonu i loko o ke kula o kāna mea hoʻomohala biochemical.
ʻAʻole i ʻike koke ʻia ka waiwai o ka ʻuala. ʻO nā hihia huhū he pili me kēia. No ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 1586, ua hāʻawi ʻo English Admiral Francis Drake i nā ʻuala o ʻEnelani iā Pelekane a hāʻawi akula i kāna mea hānai iā ia e kanu i ka ʻāina maikaʻi loa a e mālama pono i nā mea kanu. Hoʻohana ʻo ka mea hānai i ka hāʻawi me ka ikaika loa. Ua puka a ʻōpala, ua pua nā pua, ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā pihi. Ua hoʻāʻo, ʻo ka māla mea kanu iā lākou no ka hua. Ma ka ʻike ʻole ʻia ua ʻano maikaʻi ʻole lākou, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia me ka makeʻe: "Ua pau kaʻu mau hana i ka hana." Hōʻike ka mea hānai i nā huaʻai i ka admiral, nāna i kauoha iā ia e huki i ka mea kanu me ke kumu a i ʻole pilikia lākou i ka māla. ʻO kona pīhoihoi, ʻike ka mea māla ma lalo o kēlā me kēia lāʻau i ka nui o nā pānaʻi āna i kanu ai. Ua hoʻolapalapa ʻia nā kōpune a hāʻawi ʻia i ka māla mea e hoʻāʻo ai. "ʻAe! Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, "he lāʻau maikaʻi nui kēia." Ma hope o kēlā, ʻaʻole ulu ka māla i ka ʻuala ponoʻī iā ia, akā ua kōkua pū nō hoʻi i ke kanu i nā mea ʻē aʻe.
I nā makahiki i ka 50-100 i hala aku nei, ua hoʻonui iki ko mākou ʻike i ka pūnaehana kemana o ka meaʻai a me ka waiwai o ka physiological o kāna mau mea ponoʻī (a me nā mea paʻakikī). He mea nui kēia e noʻonoʻo i loko o ka papa o ka manaʻo o kēia wā e pili ana i kaʻai o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole wale ka mea e hōʻoluʻolu i ka pōloli, akā mai ka hoʻomakaʻana i ke ʻano olakino olakino. Ma kēia ala hiki i ke loiloi hou aku i nā mea momona o nā mea kūlike i nā kōpī kō.
ʻO ka waiwai momona o ka ʻuala ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka pae kaulike maikaʻi o nā mea nui e pono ai (ka mōʻī, ka protein, nā momona, nā huaora, nā minerale, antioxidants o ka anthocyanin a me ke ʻano carotenoid a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) i ka kō.
Ma ka manawa like, ma ka moʻoʻōlelo o ka honua, ka ʻikepili i ka ʻike o nā mea pono pono i loko o ka ʻuala ʻana ʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kumu kēia mea pili i nā ʻano biochemical o nā kōpī: nā ʻano, ka ʻāina a me nā kūlana o ke aniani, nā kolu, ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻenehana, ke ʻano o ka ʻūhū ʻana, nā kūlana o ka waiho ʻana, a me nā ʻano e like me ka wā o ka loiloi (wai a i ʻole ka puna) i pili pū i nā hopena.
Ua ʻae ʻia nā poʻe loea o ka honua i loko o ke kālele o ka Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) i nā ʻōmole awelika no ka ʻike o nā mea kanu pilikino a me kā lākou hiki ke hiki i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka papa (table 1).
ʻO ka mea nui o ka ʻuala i ka ʻai kanaka no ka mea i loaʻa i nā mea like e like me ka huaora, nā minela, nā waikawa organik (papaʻa 2).
Loaʻa i ka hiki ke kūpono i ke ʻano o ka waikawa ascorbic a me nā mea waiwai koʻikoʻi - nā antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids), hiki i nā ʻuala ke hana koʻikoʻi i ka pale ʻana o kekahi mau maʻi a ma kēia ʻike kekahi o nā huahana koʻikoʻi i loko o ka meaʻai olakino o nā kānaka.
Wahi a nā mea lapaʻau mai UK, i ka meaʻai o ke kanaka o kēia wā, he hoʻohālikelike kūpono ʻana o kekahi mau huahana o ka nui. Eia kekahi, ma kahiʻai palaka kūpono, ʻike ʻia ka pae maikaʻi loa inā ke kaʻana o nā ʻuala, a me nā hua a me nā hua ʻē aʻe he 33%, huamala me nā hua - 33%, waiū a me nā huahana pāhana - 15%, ʻai, ʻai a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe - 12 %, nā huahana e loaʻa nā lewa a me nā puna - 7%.
ʻO ka protein pākōnaʻu he 8 o 20 o nā mea nui a amino amino. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hapa nui o ka pono i kēlā me kēia lā no ka vitamona C e nā ʻuala. Ke ʻai ʻana i ka 100 g o ka mau ʻuala, kāleʻa i loko o ka ʻili a hoʻolele ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana, loaʻa i ke kino o ke kanaka ma kahi o 20 g o nā mea kalama, 2 g o ka palaka, 0,1 g ka momona a me 2 g o ka fiber, ʻoiai kēia mau ʻōuli e like ʻokoʻa i ka ʻano o ka ʻano ʻano, ulu nā māla a me ka mauʻu ʻē aʻe.
Ma ka hoʻomakaʻana o nā ʻike a me nā manaʻo hou, ʻike nui ʻia ka nui o nā ʻokoʻa o nā mea kū hoʻokahi o ka hui o nā biochemical o nā ʻuala mai ka ʻike o kahi kīlapa olakino like ʻole.
Ua lilo ia i mea nui loa i loko o ka pākī kōu wai i nui ka wai (75% a ʻoi aku paha) a me ka ikaika o ka ʻikepili iā ia iho (i.e., ke kūlike o nā mea kolo i kēlā me kēia 100 kcal) i haʻahaʻa loa. I loko o nā ʻuala, ua pili kēia ʻōpala i kahi mea e pono ai ke kino o ke kanaka i ke kaʻina hana o ka a me ka hoʻohuihui o ka meaʻai. Wahi a kēia kuhikuhi, kūpono i nā ʻuala i ka pono o ka pākeke e hoʻohālikelike i nā meaʻai o nā mea kanu a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana holoholona.
ʻO Starch. ʻO kēia ka mea nui i ka pāu a me kāna meaʻai ʻai a me nā ʻoihana ʻenehana (waiwai). I loko o kahi pālaʻi hou, ma ka awelika, ʻo ka hapa nui o ke kōpaʻa ma kahi o 17,5% (ana i ka palena o 8,0-29%) a i ka 75-80% i ka mea maloʻo.
ʻOi ka lua o ka pau a me ka hoʻāokeo ʻia e nā kānaka. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o ka mālama wela (no ka laʻana, kuke), ʻike nui ʻia kona hoʻomanoke - a hiki i ka 90%. Pono e noʻonoʻo i ka gastrointestinal tract pēpē a ke kanaka, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka pākahi (stepwise) i wāwahi ʻia e ka amylolytic enzyme i ka glucose, a ʻo ka mea wale nō i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pōʻai metabola o ke kino o ke kanaka.
ʻO ka pauʻai ʻoki ma ka ʻōpū kūwaha o ke kanaka ʻaʻole i ʻuʻ atoa ʻia i ka puna maʻalahi; hapa ʻāpana o ia i ka palapala kuhi hewa i komo i loko o ka ʻōpū nui. ʻO kēia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "aliʻi aliʻi palekana". Wahi a ka ʻike olakino hou, ʻo kēia moʻokāki kahi papa waiwai nui loa no ka microbiota o ke kino kanaka.
Ma waena XVIII c hoowela. ua hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻuala ma ʻEulopa, a i ka wā i noho aliʻi ai ʻo Catherine II Hoʻomaka ia e ulu i Lūkini ma nā wahi nui ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻāina.
Ua aʻo maikaʻi nā ʻEulopa i ka ulu o ka mea kanu huaʻai, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka ʻElepalena. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no nā māla ʻilihune a me nā kamaʻāina e noho mau, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā makahiki o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea kanu, hoʻolako iā lākou iho a me kā lākou ʻohana me ka meaʻai. I ʻEulopa, a ma hope aʻe ma Rūsia, ua lilo nā ʻuala i ʻano ʻano o ka mea e mālama ai i ka palekana o ka meaʻai. Ua hoʻolohe ka mea kākau moʻolelo Lūkini nui ʻo L.N. i kēia kūlana i kāna mau hana ʻatikala. Tolstoy, i kona aʻo ʻana i nā kumu o ka pōloli ma Rusia ma ka hopena XIX c hoowela. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ka ʻuala i ka meaʻai o nā māi Lūkini i hoʻololi i kahi berena a kōkua iā lākou e ola i nā makahiki pōloli.
Eia kekahi, nui nā demographers e hōʻike nei i ka wikiwiki o ka ulu o ka lehulehu ma ʻEulopa a ma Rusia hoʻi XVIII-XIX mau kenekulia me nā ʻuala. ʻO kēia moʻomeheu, i ko lākou manaʻo, ua hoʻopakele i nā miliona o nā ola ʻaʻole wale i nā makahiki o nā hōʻola o ka huaʻaiʻai, akā i ka wā o nā kaua ma ʻEulopa i nā makahiki he ʻekolu i hala.
ʻO ka hopena pilikino o ka "starch protection" ʻo ia ka hoʻopoka ʻia ʻana e nā microflora peʻā ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kūlohelohe, a, me ke ʻano, me nā mea i kapa ʻia nā balastogen, kālai ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o nā selamene carcinogenic i ka pōʻai. He mea koʻikoʻi ka mea hope loa no ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi o kēia ʻōpū.
Pāmua (ka protein momona). He haʻahaʻa ka haʻahaʻa o ka protein crude i loko o ka ʻuʻu a i ka nui o ka 2% (0,69-4,63%). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia wale no ka nui, akā, ʻo ka protein kalepona. ʻO ka haʻawina o nā mea nui a me nā ʻaina amino nui i loko o ia mea nui loa (ʻo ia ka pili ma ka like me ka protein holoholona), no laila, manaʻo ʻia ka protein kalaie he mea waiwai nui loa, e hoʻokokoke ana i ka 80% o ka ʻōnaehana hua manu ma ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā hoʻopalike. Digestibility protein potato i loko o ka papa gastrointestinal tract ma mua o 90%. I waena o nā mea kanu mea kanu mai nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia, ʻo ka protein kalaiwa ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka waiwai olakino, ma kāna kumukūʻai pākuʻi aia ka lua wale nō i nā protein holoholona (ʻai, waiū, hua manu. I kēia lā ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka momona o ka pālato i ka momona o ka lysine a me ka kōkeke-pili i ka waikawa amino pono.
Pono ka lōʻihi ua hoʻoholo ʻia i ka lūlū ʻana o ka heluna kanaka ma ʻEulopa i nā makahiki XVIII-XIX. no ka mea i loko o kēlā mau makahiki i ka manawa o kaʻai o ka poʻe ʻEulopa, ua piha a 400 kg o ka ʻuala (ma kēlā me kēia makahiki) a lawa ka waiū a me ka huahana pānaʻi. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau huahana ʻelua ua hōʻoia i ke olakino o ka heluna o ka heluna kanaka.
Ka momona. He waiwai nui nā ʻike momona i loko o nā mea kanu, aia ka mea nui i ka papaʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai i loko o ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano kīʻaha like ʻole a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā meaʻai. Eia naʻe, he waiwai nui ka ʻike ʻana o nā momona momona - ʻo ka mea mua loa, mahalo i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e like me ka linoleic unsaturated ʻelua (e pili ana i ka 50% o ka momona momona kāʻai) a me ka linolenic (unsure 20%).
I ka 1902, ua hoʻokumu ka physiologist o ka Kelemānia a me hygienist M. Rubner i ka piha o ka protein kalepa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, me ka manaʻo o ka waikawa amino e pono ai. Ma hope mai, ua hōʻoia hou ʻia kēia mau ʻike. ʻO ka hōʻike mahalo loa a kā lākou makemake i hāʻawi ʻia i ka makahiki 1965 e nā kahu maʻi Kelemania ʻo E. Kofrani lāua ʻo F. Jackat, ka mea i ʻike i kēlā ʻO ka ʻuala a me nā hua holoʻokoʻa e like me ka maikaʻi o ka protein, a ma kā lākou hoʻokolohua ōlaila ma luna o nā kānaka, ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ke olakino o ka nui o ka protein i ka hoʻohana ʻana o kahi kāwili o ka ʻuala a me ka ʻalopiha hua manu ma ka meaʻai (ratio 65:35, i.e. kahi hui o 500 g o nā ʻuala me kahi huaʻala hoʻokahi ʻōlelo noiʻi Pelekane ʻo A. Jones i ʻike ka ʻōlelo o ka protein i loko Hoʻololi nui nā kīʻaha o ka uala ma muli o ke ʻano o kā lākou hoʻomākaukau: ma nā ʻala ʻala i loko o ka ʻala - 1,5%, i loko o ka palaoa - 2,8, i loko o ka palaoa - 3,8, a i loko o ka palaoa kālai ʻia - a hiki i ka 6%.
Nā mea waiwai a Ballast. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua hoʻowahāwahā ʻia nā mea kanu mea kanu. Hoʻomaopopo nā mea a Ballast, ka mea mua loa, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā membran cell cell e like me nā kākāʻā (cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, lignin), ka mea e hana nui ai, he ʻokoʻa nā hana ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kaʻina hana, a hoʻopili i ka metabolism. Hoʻokani lākou i ka mea nui i ka ʻai maikaʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia mau mea ʻano he loina huapuni o ka microbiota o ke koloka kanaka. ʻOiaiʻo ia he "ʻōpū lua"; ka huinaolaola i hana ʻia ma muli o nā kaʻina o ka microbiological i hoʻoikaika i ka metabolism i nā kānaka. Hoʻohana ʻo nā hua kanu mea hoʻokauwā e like me ka adsorbent no ka wai, kaʻaila a me nā mea pono ʻole ʻē aʻe, e kōkua ana e wehe iā lākou mai ke kino. ʻOiai ka haʻahaʻa o ka hapa o kēia mau mea i nā kōpuleka (2,5%), kahi hapa o 200 g o nā ʻuala i ʻoluʻolu e pili ana i kahi hapaha o ka pono o ke kanaka i kēia mau lā.
Nā waiwai wai. ʻO ka pākī pāpaʻu he nui o nā makro- a me nā microelement, he mea nui ka hana i ka metabolism. Me ka hoʻohana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā he 200 g o nā ʻuala, ua māʻona ka pono o ke kanaka i kēlā me kēia lā: i ka paʻakai - e ka 30, magnesium - 15-20, ka phosphorus - 17, keleawe - 15, hao - 14, manganese - 13, iodine - 6 a me ka fluorine - 3%.
ʻO nā huaora. ʻO nā ʻuala ka piha o ka nui o nā huaora e pono ai no ke kanaka, ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka wai hoʻomehana, akā ke kūpaʻa nei ko lākou helu i nā kūmole. ʻO ka mea nui nui ka ʻike nui loa o ka nui o ka nui o ka hua C C (10-20 mg / 100g kaumaha wai), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā hua āpau (10mg / 100g kau kaumaha). Ke kuke ʻia, 10-20% kēiaʻai a nalowale. Me ka ʻai o kēlā me kēia lā he 300 g o nā ʻuala, hiki ke māʻona i kēlā me kēia lā: vitamina C - e 70, B6 - 36, B1 - 20, pantothenic acid - 16, ma B2 - e 8%.
ʻO nā Anthocyanins a me nā carotenoids. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā manaʻo hou e pili ana i ka hana o ka meaʻai o ka meaʻai i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke ola o ka poʻe, ʻo ka ʻuala i manaʻo ʻia he mea nui ia o nā mea kanu nui me ka hiki ke kūpono i nā kiko o nā antioxidants, ka mea nui ka anthocyanins a me nā carotenoids, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka pakanui o ke kanaka (Anisimov 2006, Simakov 2012).
I loko o nā ʻuala, nona kēia mau flavonoid no ka uliuli, violet, ʻulaʻula, ka ʻulaʻula, nā kukui melemele ʻoniʻoni a me ka pulp o nā kūmai. ʻO kēia mau pigments ka waiwai nui e like me nā kumu kumu o nā antioxidants, ma muli o kā lākou hiki ke hoʻokuʻi i nā paladika oxygen hāwaho i ke kino o ke kanaka. Ke kaulana nei no kēia mea i ka momona o nā mea momona antioxidant e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka atherosclerosis, kekahi mau maʻi o ke kanesa, nā loli e pili ana i ka ʻili o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, cataract, etc.
Ua hoʻohālikelike nā loiloi hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano like me ka melemele kukui, ʻulaʻula, nā ʻulaʻula a me ka puleta pulima nui ka nui o nā ʻano me ka pulpika keʻokeʻo o nā kōpī ma ka pau o nā anthocyanins a me carotenoids (papaʻa 3).
ʻO ka pae o ka fluctuations i loko o nā kiko o nā anthocyanins i loko o nā pua pigment he ma ka pae o 9,5-37,8 mg ma 100 g o ka nui o ka paona o ka puna. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo no ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona ma kēia kuhikuhi e hiki ai ke waiho i nā ʻuala me ka pulpula i waiho ʻia ma ka pā me ka nui o nā mea kanu hua like me ka broccoli, ke kīwī ʻulaʻula a me ka spinach, i ʻike ʻia no kā lākou waiwai antioxidant. ʻO nā kulu me ka ʻiole melemele ua lilo nui ia i kaulana ma nā ʻāina he nui o ka honua ma muli o ka ʻike nui o nā carotenoids.
Hoʻoikaika nā haʻawina hou i ka hiki ke hoʻonui hou i kēia mau ʻōuli e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano me ka hua melemele, ʻulaʻula a me nā puliki ʻulaʻula, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā carotenoids (500-800 mg no 100 g o ka paona wai). ʻOiai ka pōpilikia kūwaho loa o ke koho ʻana i kēia kuhikuhi hiki i ke koʻikoʻi nui i ka meaʻaiʻai a nā kānaka a hāʻawi i kahi impetus hou i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hoʻomohala huaʻai ma ke ʻano he mea nui o ka honua nui.
I ka manawa pōkole, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i kēlā nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā melemele, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula a me ka pulpula ka lilo nui i kaulana, a e hoʻonui ka huaʻa i ko ke kanaka meaʻaiʻai.
No laila, ʻo ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana o nā ʻuala i ka meaʻai o ke kanaka o kēia wā, ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻohiki i ka haʻi ʻana i nā ʻuala lālani ʻaʻole wale ka meaʻai akā nā ka lāʻau. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ia a hoʻohuihui lākou, hana pilikino lākou i nā maʻi ʻalaʻawa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā kīʻaha protein kūikawā, i loko o nā kīʻaha i pono ai e hoʻemi i ka waikawa, etc.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole poina mākou e lilo i ka ʻohana i ka ʻohana nighthade, i hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻike o kekahi mau alkaloid e pili kino i ka olakino o ke kanaka. ʻO ka potitis kekahi ka nitrates, nā metala kaumaha a me ka acrylamide. Pono kēia mau mea āpau e noʻonoʻo i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka ʻuala ʻohi no ka meaʻai.
Nitrates. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, aia ka nui o nā pāhau i ka hapa liʻiliʻi o nā nitrates. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻiliʻili ka ʻepekema i ka nui o nā ʻikepili e hōʻoia nei i ka hoʻohanaʻana i kaʻelele e ka nitrates me ka meaʻai he mea pōmaikaʻi nō i ke olakino kanaka. Ma ka manawa like, ma ke kino o ke kanaka, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka nitrates i ka nitrites, a ua hōʻole ka hope i ka pūpū ma ka waha a me ka gastrointestinal tract.
Eia naʻe, e hana ana kēia me ka manaʻo maʻalahi nitrate. Akā i ka hana, ʻano pinepine, kahi kiʻekiʻe o nitrates i loko o ka ʻuala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Aia i ka nui o nā mea i: ka like, ke ʻano o ka wā a me nā kūlana e ulu ana, ka nui o nā koina, nā mālama ʻāina, a me nā mea i hōʻemi ʻia i nā mea kanu i ka wā o ka kuke ʻana, ka ʻale ʻana, a me ka hoʻōla ʻana i nā hana (frying, drying, chips).
ʻO nā mea lapaʻau o nā hua kanu. I ka mea pono, ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻuala ma ʻEulopa, ua nalowale nā maʻi scurvy. Hoʻohana ʻia nā wai ʻala wai e mālama i ka ʻōpū o ka gastric a me nā ulī duodenal. ʻO ka pālato kekahi o nā meaʻai meaʻai no nā maʻi me nā maʻi a me nā maʻi puʻuwai. I nā pua a me nā ʻuala o nā ʻuala, ua loaʻa i kahi mākeke hoʻoikaika hoʻoikaika o ka capillary.
ʻO ka tōmato glycoalkaloid i loko o nā kōpala he hana antibiotic e kū'ē i kekahi mau fungi pathogenic a me nā mea maʻi, a me ka hana antihistamine, ka mea nui i ka mālamaʻana i nā alerē.
I nā lāʻau lapaʻau kānaka, kālai ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻāpala i pili ʻia i nā wahi i pili ʻia o ka ʻili me ka pau ʻana o ka ʻenekona, eczema a me nā maʻi ʻeha ʻē aʻe. Ma ka hoʻopā ʻana i ka mahu momona, mālama ʻia ka catarrh o ka ʻōpū hanu o luna.
Solanin. I nā lālā āpau o kahi mea kanu kanu, e komo pū ai i loko o nā kōpune, aia nā mea momona o ka glycoalkaloid hāpana, i hoʻokumu ʻia he-solanine a a-hakoin. Akā haʻahaʻa ka mālamaʻana o kēia alkaloid: 2-60 mg / kg o ka nui o ka pā momona. Kūkulu iki ka solanine o 300-500 mg no 1 kg o ka pākī huaʻai i manaʻo ʻia he pōʻino i ke ola kanaka. No ka mea he mea nui ka solanine no ka mea kanu ponoʻī e pale aku i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, ua paʻa loa ia ma ka ʻili. ʻOkoʻa nā pae kukuna i nāʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa. I ka wā o ka mālama a me ka hōʻino ʻana i nā kūhā, e hoʻonui iki ka lohi o ka solanine. Akā e pono e makaʻala i ka wai i nā ʻulaʻula a kua kū aʻe i ka pōʻeleʻele. I loko o lākou, lilo ka manaʻo o ka solanine i ka olakino maʻi kanaka. Pono e noʻonoʻo i ka kuke ʻana, ʻaʻole luku ʻia ka solanine.
Hoʻopili Enzyme (enzyme) - E like me ka solanine, mālama lākou i ka palekana no ka wai o ka pālo. No nā kāne, ʻaʻole lākou pōʻino, no ka mea ua maʻalahi e luku ʻia e ka ʻike ʻana i ke kauwela.
He metala koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā pilikia olakino ke kumu mua a me ke alakaʻi. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā mea i loko o ka ʻuala ma mua o ka paepae i nā ʻae ʻia makemake ʻia. Ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka ʻenehana alakaʻi i nā huaʻai e 80-90%, cadmium - ma 20%. I ka kuke ʻana, hoʻemi ka pae cadmium e kekahi 25-30%; ʻaʻole ka emi o ka alakaʻi i ka wā kuke.
Acrylamide. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Acrylamide i nā huahana o ka huaʻai mai nā ʻaina amino manuahi a mai nā paʻakai maʻalahi (glucose, fructose) i ka wā wela ka maʻi (ma luna o +1200C) me kahi moena wai haʻahaʻa. Me ka hoʻonui nui o ka mahana i ka wā o ka hoʻōlaʻana o ka wai lālani, ua hoʻonui ka nui o ka acrylamide.
Hoʻomaopopo nā ka poʻe mea hoʻoponopono i kēia mea, a no laila e lawe i nā pōkole hou a hoʻohana i nā ʻano ʻenehana hana hou e hōʻemi ai i ka ʻili o ka acrylamide i nā huahana o ka huina hope (chips, french fries)
ʻO nā huaʻolima maʻa
Ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻai koʻikoʻi nui e hoʻoholo i ka ʻano kulinā o nā hua kanu, ka nui o ka hoʻowalewale ʻana, ka pāpaʻa pulp, ke kōpili mealy a me ka ʻike o ka wai o nā kōpae nui loa (Bukasov, 1975; Anisimov et al., 2012). Wahi a kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano kālala i loko o 4 mau ʻanoʻauʻau: mai kāla non-digestible (culinary type A) i nā ʻano mea ʻae ʻā a me ka crumbly ʻē aʻe (B, C, D), i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kīʻaha ʻūlū ʻāwili (kumuhana 1,2).
Kahi A - ʻuala i kāwili ʻole, ʻaʻole ia i nahalo, noho paʻa ka pipi ma ka wā e kuke ai, kīwī ka pulp, ʻaʻole palā, ka wai.
ʻAno B - hoʻolapalapa ʻia me ka nawaliwali, ua maʻalahi ka pulp, mealy liʻiliʻi, wai iki. Piha holoʻokoʻa nā paipu, ʻoluʻolu i ka ʻono. He maʻalahi ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meaʻai homemade no ka hana ʻana i nā kopa a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao no nā papa ʻelua wela (ʻo kaʻuala i hoʻolapalapa ʻia i ka wai a i ʻole i hoʻomoʻa ʻia, nā ʻuala i hoʻomoʻa ʻia a hoʻomoʻa ʻia i kahi peel, nā uala i hoʻomoʻa ʻia a i nā fries homemade, a pēlā aku.).
ʻAno C - ka huluhulu maikaʻi loa, ʻo ka pulp me kahi ʻula, hoʻoluʻu (palupalu), maloʻo, maloʻo ka puna umu, ʻaʻole hoʻi e wāwahi i ka wā e kuke ai. Hoʻohana nui ia ma ka ʻoihana meaʻai.
ʻO ka ʻano D - ʻo ka ʻuala i hoʻomoʻa ʻia, ʻami loa, ʻaʻole wai.
ʻO kekahi helu nui o nā ʻano hua kanu e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano waena ma waena o nā ʻano kulina ʻelua (AB a me BC). Ma kēia hihia, hōʻike ka leka mua i ke ʻano o ka papa ʻaina.
ʻO ke ʻano kumu mua o ka pānaʻi o ka ʻuala i noi ʻia e Permantier. Hoʻokomo ʻo ia i nā ʻuala ma waho o ka pā o Palisika a hoʻonohonoho i ka māla ma ka māla. I ka hopena o ke kauwela, i ka wā i hala ai nā ʻuala, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe kiaʻi e haʻalele i kā lākou mau pou i ka pō. Ma lalo o ka uhi o ka pouli, ua nānā aku ka ʻakaʻaka, me ka hopohopo e nānā aku nei, hemo i ka moena a lawe aku i ka ʻuala. Ua lanakila ke ʻepekema mai kāna mea hoʻowalewale - kahi hōʻike hoʻōla i ka dictum: "He hua ʻono ka hua i pāpā ʻia."
Ua ʻāpono ʻo Permantier i ke aliʻi Wīwī Louis XVI ka lāʻī ma kou umauma i kahi puʻu pua o nā pua mua i ʻike ʻia ma nā lāʻau ʻokala. Hana kēia i ka lekiu i loko o ke alo aliʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pua ʻuala ma nā buttonholes i lilo i kapa. Hoʻomaka nā kānaka kīwila e noho ana ma kahi kokoke i Palisika e ulu i nā kalupeka e kūʻai aku i nā pua.
ʻO Prussian King Frederick William I hāʻawi i kahi kauoha kūikawā e huki i nā ihu a me nā pepeiao no nā mea ʻaʻole i kanu i nā ʻuala.
ʻO ka ʻaʻole e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea ʻuala i mea kūʻai ʻia e pili ana i ka kipi "ʻuala" ma Rūsia.