Sergey Banadysev, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema Mahiʻai, Doka Gene Technologies LLC
ʻO ka ʻuala minitubers (MK) ka hua mua o nā mea kanu ʻuala sterile. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mini-tubers ka makahiki mua o ka ʻano hua ʻuala ma nā ʻāina āpau me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻuala. Hoʻoulu wale ʻia ka ʻuala mini-tubers i nā kūlana ʻāina i pale ʻia, ka mea e haʻalele ai i nā pilikia o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻana i nā mea kanu me nā maʻi viral, fungal a me nā maʻi bacterial (inā ulu nā ʻōpala mai nā mea kanu sterile ma ka ʻāina ākea, a laila ʻaʻole loaʻa nā mini-tubers ma ke ʻano he ka hopena, akā ʻo ka hanauna kahua mua).
Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo ke anawaena o kahi mini-tuber ma kahi o 10 mm, ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi he micro-tuber.
ʻO ka pono o nā mini-tubers no ka hana ʻana o 10 tausani tons o ka elite ʻo ia: me kahi hoʻolālā ʻelima makahiki o OS a me ES (ka hana kumu a me ka elite hua) - 50 tausani mau ʻāpana; me kahi papahana ʻehā makahiki o OS a me ES - 400 tausani mau ʻāpana; me kahi hoʻolālā makahiki ʻekolu - 3 miliona mau ʻāpana.
Loaʻa i ka Russian Federation kona kahua ʻepekema paʻa a me nā mea hou i kēia wahi. ʻO ka hoʻolauna nui ʻana o nā ʻenehana hou loa no ka ulu ʻana i nā mini-tubers i ka Russian Federation i hana mau ʻia ma mua o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala: no laila ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻenehana substrate 40 mau makahiki i hala, 15 mau kikowaena biotechnological i hana ma luna; hydroponic - 30 makahiki aku nei, ua hoʻohana ʻia e Doka - Gene Technologies, Meristematic Cultures; aeroponic - i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ka All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology) i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2000s, mai 2010 ua hoʻolaha ʻia kēia ʻenehana e ka International Potato Center a hoʻolaha ikaika a puni ka honua. I ka Russian Federation, hana ʻia nā mea kanu ʻoihana no ka ulu ʻana i nā mini-tubers: Potato Tree a me Meristem. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana e ulu ana i nā hua kanu e hana mau i nā mini-tubers i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, i loko o nā palena o ka pono no kahi papahana ʻelima makahiki no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka elite. ʻO ka hui FAT-Agro wale nō i hiki ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 2 miliona mau ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ua lawa ia e hoʻololi i kahi papahana ʻekolu makahiki.
ʻO ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka hana ʻana i nā mini-tubers i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻolālā hua a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana he ala hoʻolālā e hoʻomohala ai i ka hua ʻuala. Me kēia manaʻo i ka noʻonoʻo, nui nā hoʻāʻo i hana ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o nā hana hou ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mini-tubers e like me ka hiki i kēlā me kēia mea kanu in vitro a me kēlā me kēia wahi o ka hale kōmaena. No ka hoʻokō ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana he nui, akā ʻaʻole nā hopena āpau i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i nā hopena o ka noiʻi ʻepekema e hāʻawi i nā hopena i ka hana ʻoihana.
Nui nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana minituber kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe he ʻike-pehea. Ua hana mau ʻia ka hana Lūkini o nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi ma ke kumu ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana. A i kēia manawa ua loaʻa ka ʻāina i nā ʻenehana i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka pae honua.
ʻO ke kūlana mua no ka hana kūpono o nā mini-tubers ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā lula a me nā lula o kēia manawa. ʻO ke kaʻina hoʻoponopono o ka Russian Federation e pili ana i kēia kumuhana he ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ma ke ʻano, i ka hoʻoponopono o kēia manawa e pili ana i ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā mea kanu mahiʻai, no ka laʻana, ʻaʻohe huaʻōlelo e pili ana i nā lula no ka hana ʻana a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā ʻuala mini-uala. I kēlā ʻano kūlana, pono e nānā i ka ʻike honua. I nā ʻāina āpau me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hua ʻuala, ua ʻae ʻia nā koi koi no ka hui, ʻenehana a me ka maikaʻi o nā mini-tubers i hana ʻia, ʻae ʻia a mālama pono ʻia.
Pono e lawe ʻia kēia mau koi ma ke ʻano he kumu e nā ʻoihana kūloko i ka hana ʻana i nā mini-tubers, i ke ʻano o nā kūlana ʻoihana, no ka hoʻomalu ponoʻī ʻana, a hiki i ka mokuʻāina i hoʻokumu i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻoponopono mana ma kēia wahi. No ka laʻana, ma ka Russian Federation aia nā loina no ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana o nā paʻakikī hānau a me nā hale hoʻoulu hou NTP-APK 1.10.09.001-02. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo nā mea hoʻomohala o ka NTP i ka palapala i kahi ʻāpana e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona pono o nā hale i manaʻo ʻia no ka ulu ʻana i nā mini-tubers. A he nui nā hiʻohiʻona like, no ka laʻana: pono e loaʻa i kahi hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo he ʻelua puka me kahi lumi ʻaʻahu no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā lole. Pono e hoʻolako ʻia ka wahi hoʻololi me nā pā wāwae a me ka mea holoi no ka holoi ʻana a me ka holoi ʻana i nā lima. Pono e uhi ʻia nā puka komo a me nā puka ventila a pau me ka mīkini pale aphid (ka nui o ka mesh he 0,5 a 0,9 mm ka nui). Pono e mālama pono ʻia ka lumi no ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa (no ka hale aniani). Pono e hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano lepo ʻole no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu sterile. Inā hoʻohana ʻia kahi hui ʻāina a me ka lepo, pono e mālama ʻia/sterilized kūpono e hōʻoia i ka nele o nā pathogens lepo.
Pono e kiʻi ʻia ka hua minituber mai nā microplants i hōʻoia ʻia a i ʻole microtubers i ulu ʻia i loko o kahi kaiapuni aseptic mai ka meristematic tissue o ke kumu kumu, i hoʻāʻo ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻole o nā maʻi, viroids a me nā maʻi bacteria e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻuala i loko o kahi keʻena hoʻāʻo i ʻae ʻia.
ʻO nā ʻano, nā kaʻina hana, ka pinepine o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka mea i nā pae āpau o ka hana ʻana i nā mini-tubers ua hoʻoponopono paʻa ʻia.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka nui o nā ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka optimization o nā protocol micropropagation potato. Hōʻike ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi i nā manawa kūpono e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea kanu ma muli o nā loli i ka ʻike a me ka ratio o nā meaʻai. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā regulators ulu i ka moʻomeheu meristem potato, akā ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o kekahi mau mea, ʻoiai ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻonui a hoʻonui i ka hana o ka mea. He mea nui e hoʻonui i nā kūlana incubation o nā mea kanu ʻuala micropropagated me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu kukui like ʻole, nā ʻano kukui a me ka ea lumi lumi. Me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā kukui LED, ua hoʻomaka ko lākou hiki ke aʻo ikaika e pili ana i ka micropropagation potato. Hoʻonui ka ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻulaʻula mamao i nā ʻano ulu; akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻulaʻula + uliuli + ʻulaʻula mamao/keʻokeʻo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka tuber a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metabolites mua.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻenehana no ka ulu ʻana i nā mini-tubers i ʻelua mau pūʻulu nui: substrate (ʻano nui) a me ka non-substrate (moʻomeheu wai a me nā aeroponics). ʻO nā ʻenehana nui no ka hana ʻana i nā mini-tubers: ma nā substrate kūlohelohe (80% o ka nui), hydroponic a me aeroponic. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā microtubers e pili pū ana i ke kumuhana o MC a hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana hou ʻana o ka mea kumu. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā microtubers a me nā minituber aia ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano (ua ulu wale ʻia nā microtubers ma lalo o nā kūlana sterile in vitro a me nā minitubers wale nō ma lalo o nā kūlana ex vitro i pale ʻia) a me ka nui o ka tuber. ʻO nā hopena a me nā hopena i loaʻa i nā hoʻokolohua kūpono i nā hihia he nui ʻaʻole i kūpono i nā postulates theoretical e pili ana i nā hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka tuberization i loko o ka moʻomeheu in vitro. Pili kēia i nā meaʻai ʻelua, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu, a me nā kūlana ulu a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu koʻikoʻi. Inā hiki i ka lehulehu ka ʻike e pili ana i nā lula ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i nā microtubers, i ka hapanui o nā hihia, e loaʻa i nā hopena mediocre - e pili ana a i ʻole a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o hoʻokahi microtuber ke kaupaona ʻana he 200-400 mg no kēlā me kēia mea kanu, a laila hoʻoponopono ʻoihana o ka ʻenehana e pili ana i kahi kikoʻī. hoʻonui nā kūlana hana i ka pono o ke kaʻina hana i kekahi manawa. Ma ka Russian Federation, aia ka ʻike ma kēia wahi me ka hana ʻana o ʻekolu mau microtubers ma mua o 0,5 g mai kahi mea kanu i loko o kahi pahu hoʻāʻo maʻamau.
No ka mahiʻai ʻana i nā microtubers a puni ka makahiki a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ko lākou maikaʻi, ua hana ʻia nā ʻano hoʻolālā like ʻole o nā bioreactors ma ka honua. ʻO kēia mau ʻōnaehana semi-aunoa e ʻae iā ʻoe e hōʻemi i ka hana lima lima a no laila e hoʻonui i ka huahana a hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana. ʻO nā microtubers i loaʻa i nā bioreactors ka nui o ka nui a me ke anawaena. ʻO ka ʻenehana hou loa ma kēia wahi ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻepekema Kepani a me nā mea hoʻolālā.
Hoʻopuka maikaʻi ka ʻōnaehana hana microtuber nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻeke moʻomeheu plastik ma waena o 100 a me 300 microtubers i kēlā me kēia ʻeke, ma muli o ke ʻano. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā meaʻai e pili ana i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka sucrose, nitrogen, hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka potassium phosphate i ka waena i hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka helu a me ke kaumaha o nā microtubers. Hiki i ka ʻenehana Iapana ke hana i 250 microtubers i kēlā me kēia makahiki (i ʻekolu mau ʻohi ʻohi ʻana) i loko o kahi lumi mahiʻai 000 m.2. a ʻo 80% o nā microtubers i loaʻa i kēia ʻenehana i ka nui o ka nui ma mua o 1 g, i.e. kūpono no ke kanu pololei ʻana ma ke kula.
Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, lanakila ka hana ʻana o nā mini-tubers ma nā substrates kūlohelohe. ʻO kēia ʻenehana, ʻoiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia. ʻO Genotype, lōʻihi a me nā kūlana o ka mahiʻai in vitro, ka nui o nā mea kanu, ka ʻike ʻana i nā meaʻai a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu e hoʻopilikia nui i ka hana minituber. ʻO ka makahiki a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka wā kanu, nā kūlana a me ka wā paʻakikī, ka manawa o ke kanu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana, ke ʻano o ka ʻāina o ka lepo, ke ʻano o ke kanu ʻana, ka nui o ka waiho ʻana i nā mea kanu, nā mea momona, a me nā kukui e pili pū kekahi. ka ikaika o ka hana mini-tuber.
Nui nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā mea kūpono i mea kūpono no ka ulu ʻana i nā ʻuala mini-uala. ʻO ka mea nui o nā substrates greenhouse ka peat maʻamau. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe - e like me ka perlite, vermiculite a me ka vermicompost - ua loaʻa ka kaulana i kēia mau lā ma muli o ko lākou ʻae ʻia ʻana a me ka hiki ke paʻa wai.
I ka hapanui o nā hihia, i ka wā e ulu ana i nā mini-tubers i kahi moʻomeheu substrate, pono e hoʻopili i nā macro- a me nā microfertilizers. Ma waena o ka poʻe loea, ʻo ka ʻenehana e hoʻohana ana i ka wai wai a me ka fertilizing infertile substrates me nā meaʻai i kapa ʻia ʻo hydroponics. ʻO nā ʻenehana Hydroponic no ka ulu ʻana i nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi he mau ʻano like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā substrates inert (ke one, ka ʻili lāʻau, ka niu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) a me ka moʻomeheu wai maʻemaʻe.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōlelo a pau o ke kumumanaʻo o ka meaʻai ʻuala e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻomalu i ka tuberization i ka mahi hydroponic, akā aia ka ʻike i ka pono o ka hoʻololi nui ʻana i ka neʻe a me ka ratio o nā meaʻai no kēlā me kēia ʻano a ma nā pae like ʻole. ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka tuberization a me ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻuala mea kanu. Hāʻawi ʻia nā haku mea hoʻonā meaʻai ma ka hapa nui o nā puke. I ka manawa like, ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā ʻuala i loaʻa mai kahi mea kanu a mai kahi ʻāpana. E pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hopena nutrient e hoʻonui nui i ka nui o nā ʻuala (a ʻo kēia ka pono o ka hydroponics) he liʻiliʻi loa ka ʻike. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua paʻi ʻia he mau puke liʻiliʻi wale nō me nā kuhikuhi i nā haku mele kaulana o nā makahiki i hala, akā me nā mea kumu.
ʻO ka mea hou loa - aeroponic - ʻenehana no ka ulu ʻana i nā mini-tubers he nui nā hiʻohiʻona kumu. I kēia lā, ua hana ʻia nā ʻanuʻu a pau o ka hoʻokō ʻana, akā hoʻomau ka noiʻi ʻimi ʻana. ʻO ka waiwai kūikawā o ka ʻike loea e pili ana i ka aeroponics ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻike i ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mini-tubers a puni ka honua i kēia lā. Pili kēia mau hoʻomohala ʻana a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe no ka ulu ʻana i nā mini-tubers.
ʻO ke koho ʻana o ka ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i nā mini-tubers no nā kūlana kikoʻī pono e hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka nānā ʻana i nā hōʻailona hana, ke kiʻekiʻe o nā pilikia, ka pono o nā kumuwaiwai hana, ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻopukapuka, nā kumukūʻai a me ka loaʻa kālā. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻenehana nā koho hoʻokō a me nā loli koʻikoʻi i ka hana hana ma muli o nā kumu he nui. Hoʻohana a hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻenehana āpau i nā mea kanu mua mai kahi moʻomeheu sterile a i ʻole microtubers. ʻO kēia kaʻina kahi kokoke i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he maʻamau. I ka ʻenehana nui o ka ulu ʻana i nā mini-tubers, pono ʻoe e koho mai kahi nui o nā ʻano.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana hua nui i kēia manawa ke ulu nei i nā mini-tubers i loko o ke aniani a i ʻole nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo lepo kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma nā substrates organo-mineral kūlohelohe me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka peat. ʻO kēia ʻenehana ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa o kahi mini-tuber. Ma keʻano he kūlana, hoʻokahi hua i ulu i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I ʻEulopa, manaʻo ʻia he mea maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o 4-5 tubers mai kahi mea kanu. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻokoʻa ʻana o nā microfertilizers, nā mea hana biologically, PPP e ʻae e hoʻonui i ka helu hoʻonui a hiki i 8-10.
ʻO nā ʻōlelo hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka bioreactor he sterility, ka hua kiʻekiʻe o nā micro-tubers ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. ʻO nā hemahema o ka bioreactor ka mea e pono ai ka nui o nā mea kanu, ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻuala, ka pilikia o ka oʻo ʻana a me ke kanu mechanized i ke kula.
ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o ka hydroponics he manufacturability, kahi hiki maoli ke hoʻoulu i ka tuberization, nā mea hana ʻoihana; cons - ka hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana kumu, ka pilikia o ka maʻi e laha ana ma o ka hopena nutrient, laboriousness. Pono ka Aeroponics i kahi ākea a me ka malu piha no ka ʻōnaehana kumu, ma muli o ka hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ea, hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka nui o nā ʻuala i ka hydroponics. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻenehana aeroponic ka mea koi nui loa, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopau ʻia ka lako mana no ka hapalua hola.
Hōʻike kēia loiloi pōkole i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā ʻekolu makahiki no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala elite me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o nā mini-tubers he ʻoiaʻiʻo. Loaʻa ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka hana ʻana ma ka loaʻa ʻana o ka helu kiʻekiʻe o nā mini-tubers i kēlā me kēia wahi me ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea kanu mua. He kumukūʻai ka lepo i uhi ʻia a me nā kumu kumu, no laila ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o 2-3 tubers mai kahi mea kanu he koho maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o nā mini-tubers i ka honua e hana mau ʻia i kēia ala. Me ka ʻenehana substrate, manaʻo ʻia ka pae maoli o ka hana e like me nā ʻāpana aʻe: maʻamau - 100 mau ʻāpana / m2, maikaʻi - 200 mau ʻāpana / m2; kiʻekiʻe - 300 mau ʻāpana / m2 no ke kau ulu. Hiki i ka ʻenehana Hydroponic ke hana i 500 mini-tubers, aeroponic - 1000 mini-tubers i kēlā me kēia sq. m. o kahi hoʻokomo no ka wā ulu. No ka ʻike ʻana: ʻo ke kumukūʻai o nā mea kanu no ka ʻenehana substrate ma 2021 he 50 tausani mau rubles. no ka mika square, no ka hydroponic - 100 tausani rubles, no ka aeroponic - 150 tausani rubles.
ʻO ka pilikia nui o ka ulu ʻana i nā mini-tubers i loko o ka hale, ʻo ia ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ikaika me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka tuber ikaika. Hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ikaika o ka tuberization ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka microclimate (ka mahana, ka haʻahaʻa, photoperiod), ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka meaʻai mineral; ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻouluulu tuberization, nā kaohi i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mini-tubers i nā puke nui he hana paʻakikī a me ka ʻenehana. ʻO nā nuances o ka ulu ulu ʻana o nā mini-tubers he ʻike ʻoihana no nā makahiki he 20. ʻAʻohe hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono i ka lehulehu, ʻo ia ka ʻike o kēlā me kēia ʻoihana.
I ka lua o ka hapaha o 2022, e paʻi ʻia ka puke "Mini Potato Tubers", e hōʻike ana a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike ʻepekema a me nā ʻoihana kalepa e pili ana i ke kumuhana, a me ka manaʻo nui i nā ala kūpono no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika o ka hana mini-tuber. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ma mua o 400 mau ʻaoʻao. E loaʻa ka puke ma ke kau inoa ʻana. E hoʻouna i nā noi iā: s.banadysev@dokagene.ru
