E. D. Mytsa, L.Yu. Kokaeva, S.N. ʻO Elansky
Oomycete ʻO Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary ke kumu o ka hopena o ke ahi, kahi maʻi weliweli o kaʻuala a me nā ʻōmato. ʻO kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka inoculum mua P. infestans nā mānoanoa reproductive hale - oospores.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā oospores hybrid ma muli o ke keʻa ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa genetically makua i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka genotypic i ka heluna kanaka, a ʻo ia ka hopena o ke kaʻina o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano i nā ʻano hou a me nā fungicides i hoʻohana ʻia.
ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana ʻo Oospore P. infestans i ka māla i kaulana i nā ʻāina he nui o ka honua: Russia (Smirnov et al., 1999), Nolewai (Hermansen et al., 2002), Kuekene (Strömberg et al., 2001), ka Netherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻāpana. Hiki i nā Oospores ke ola ma mua o 2 mau makahiki i ka lepo i kahi kūlana kūpono (Bødker et al., 2006) a hana i ka maʻi o nā mea kanu ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana (Ulanova et al., 2010; Lehtinen et al., 2002).
I ka wā ma mua ua hōʻike ʻia i nā lau o nā mea kanu o nā ʻanuʻu like ʻole o ka lau ʻuala i nā ʻokoʻa i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka hopena o ke ahi. hoʻonui ia mai nā lau lalo a i nā mea kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole pili kēia ʻano i ka makahiki lau, ka makahiki kanu, a me nā ʻano ʻuala (Vesper et al., 2003). I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i nā ʻokoʻa o ka ikaika o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka oospore i nā lau o nā papa like ʻole o ka lau ʻuala i nā puke. Eia nō naʻe, inā aia kēlā mau ʻokoʻa, a laila pono lākou e noʻonoʻo i ka lawe ʻana i nā laʻana lau no ke kālailai ʻana i ka oospore a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena i loaʻa i nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia hana e aʻo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā oospores i nā lau kaʻawale o nā papa like ʻole o kahi mea kanu uala, kau ʻia i nā ʻano like i nā keʻena humuhū.
Nā meahana a me nā ʻano hana
Ua hoʻohana mākou i 5 mau kaʻawale P. infestans hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka male ʻana mai nā ʻāpana i hoʻopili ʻia i lawe ʻia mai Moscow, Ryazan a me Leningrad. ʻO kēia mau mea, ua koho ʻia he mau pai pālua o nā ʻano moena like ʻole, e hāʻawi ana i nā oospores he nui ke hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka agar oat agar.
No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā mea kanu ʻuala manuahi o nā ʻano aʻe e ulu ana i ka hale kōmaʻomaʻo (i kahi peat substrate): Sandrin mua, Zorachka, Uladar, Osiris, Ilyinsky waena, ke kau waena ʻo Yanka.
Ua wae ʻia nā lau maʻalahi mai nā pae like ʻole o ka ʻuala no ke kālailai. Ua koho ʻia ʻekolu mau lau mai ka pae o lalo (4 mau lau hui i lalo), ʻekolu mai ka luna (3-4 mau lau hui ma luna), a ʻekolu mau lau mai ke kikowaena o ka laʻalāʻau. Ua kaupaona ʻia nā lau maʻalahi, paʻi kiʻi ʻia ma ka pepa hoʻohui (e hoʻomaulia i ka nui a me kahi), a laila kau ʻia i luna o ka ʻili o ka wai sterile, ninini ʻia 25 ml i loko o nā ipu Petri. A laila ua maʻi ʻia kēlā me kēia lau me kahi kulu o kahi kāwili hoʻohui o zoosporangia e hoʻokaʻawale iā A1 a me A2 o ka ʻano moʻa. No ʻekolu mau lau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai kēlā me kēia pae, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi inoculum o ʻekolu mau hui kaʻawale. Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi lau me ka hui inoculum o hoʻokahi pā kaʻawale.
No ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi hoʻomaha o ka zoosporangia, ua ulu nā kaʻawale o nā ʻano moena like ʻole ma ka ʻola oat agena no 7 mau lā, a ma hope iho ua holoi ʻia ka zoosporangia me ka wai pulu. ʻO ka hoʻouluulu inoculum he 5-7 zoospores i ke kahua o ka ʻike o ka microscope ma 80x hoʻonui. Ua pālahalaha ʻia kēlā me kēia lau me kahi kulu o kahi kāwili hoʻohui o zoosporangia e hoʻokaʻawale iā A1 a me A2 ʻano moʻa.
I nā hoʻokolohua āpau, hoʻohana ʻia he 3 mau lau ʻuala i kēlā me kēia ʻano. Ma hope o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana no 20 mau lā ma 18 ° C, ua homogenized kēlā me kēia lau i kahi puna me 2 ml o ka wai pulu. Mai ka hopena hopena, lawe ʻia he 3 mau laʻana, kahi i hoʻomākaukau ai no ka microscopy.
I kēlā me kēia ʻano, ua nānā ʻia nā māla o ka hihiʻo 180, a ma hope iho ua helu hou ʻia ka nui o nā oospores no 1 mm2 ʻili lau. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hopena helu no kēlā me kēia ʻokoʻa.
E hoʻomaulia i ka wā hilinaʻi (μ) no kahi pae nui o 0,05, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana
ma hea ʻo ka hoʻololi maʻamau, ʻo n ka helu o nā ana, ʻo ia ka t-test hoʻomau no kahi pae koʻikoʻi o 0,05. Hana ʻia nā helu āpau ma Excel (pūʻulu Microsoft Office).
Nā hopena a me nā kūkā kamaʻilio
ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā lau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā papa like ʻole o ka nahele ʻuala a hoʻonoho ʻia i nā ʻano like i nā keʻena humuhumu i hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻokoʻa i ka nui o ka oospore. I nā ʻano like ʻole i aʻo ʻia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka nui o nā oospores i ka wā o ka inoculation o nā lau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā papa haʻahaʻa a me waena o ka nahele. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā oospores ma nā lau lalo a waena.
ʻO ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā oospores i hana ʻia i nā lau o ka papa luna (Fig 1).
I nā lau o ka papa haʻahaʻa a me waena, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka nui o nā oospores i nā ʻano Sandrin, Ilyinsky, Zorachka, Uladar a me Osiris. Ua hana liʻiliʻi ʻia lākou i nā lau o ka ʻano Yanka. ʻO ka nui o nā oospores i nā lau o ka papa luna i ʻike ʻia i nā lau o ka ʻano Uladar, a laila Zorachka, Osiris, Yanka, Ilyinsky, Sandrin i hele i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kauoha, akā ʻaʻole nui nā helu āpau.
Kiʻi: 1. Ke hoʻokumu ʻana i nā oospores i nā lau o nā papa like ʻole o ka lau ʻuala. ʻO nā mea lalo nā lau o nā pae haʻahaʻa ʻekolu o ka laʻalāʻau, ʻo ka mea kiʻekiʻe he 3-4 mau lau paʻakikī mai ka piko o ka mea kanu, ʻo ka waena ma waena o ka nahele.
Hōʻike nā kī kīnā i ka wā hilinaʻi no kahi pae koʻikoʻi o 0,05.
I ke kula, hāʻawi pū nā kūlana microclimatic i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā oospores i nā lau o lalo a me waena o ka nahele: ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa, hoʻemi i ka insolation o ka lā, a me nā hoʻololi wela o kēlā me kēia lā (Harrison, 1992). ʻO nā hua nui e pīpī i nā hopena o nā pesticides liʻiliʻi ma lalo a ma waena o ka nahele. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā oospores, pono e hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana e ʻae maikaʻi i ka lawe ʻana i nā fungicides i nā ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa a waena o ka nahele. Hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā sprayer air turbulent a me nā fungicides ʻōnaehana i hiki ke pālahalaha i nā ʻāpana i hana ʻole ʻia o ka nāhelehele.
Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia hana e ka Russian Science Foundation (papahana No. 14-50-00029).
Ua paʻi ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma ka puke pai "Protection Potato" (No. 2, 2015)