Ludmila Dulskaya
I ka wā maʻi maʻi, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e noʻonoʻo hou i ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai, a ua ulu ka hoihoi i nā huahana organik. Akā i kēia manawa ua hāʻule nui ka mana kūʻai o ka lehulehu. Loaʻa i ka mahiʻai organik ka wā e hiki mai ana i nā kūlana hou? He aha nā pilikia e kū ai nā agro-enterprises ke hoʻoholo lākou e komo i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana organik? Wahi a ka luna o ka papa o ka Union of Organic Farming Sergei Aleksandrovich Korshunov.
ʻO ka Union of Organic Farming Association ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana o ka lehulehu kūʻokoʻa o Rūsia no ka mahiʻai organik a me ka biologization o ka mahiʻai, olakino, huahana kūlohelohe, kahi ʻāina palekana, kahi kumukūʻai kūpono no nā mahiʻai, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kuaʻāina. Ua noho ka Union mai 2013, hui pū ʻia ma mua o 350 mau mea mahiʻai a ma kahi o 800 mau mea komo. ʻOi aku ma mua o 70 mau lālā o ka Union i kahi palapala hōʻoia o ka ʻōnaehana Lūkini a i ʻole ka honua o ka palapala hōʻoia organik.
ʻO ka mahiʻai organik ka manaʻo e hana i nā huahana kūlohelohe a olakino. ʻO nā mea hana mahiʻai i koho i kēia kuhikuhi no lākou iho e hana pū me ke ʻano, e hoʻāʻo e hōʻemi i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke kanaka i ke kaiapuni a lawe i ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike ékological.
I ka hana ʻana i nā huahana kūlohelohe, pāpā ʻia nā mea kanu mineral synthetic a me nā huahana pale mea kanu kemika. Hoʻohana wale ʻia nā mea kanu organik a me nā ʻano mea e pale aku ai, e koi ana i kekahi mau hoʻololi i nā ʻenehana mahiʻai. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mea kanu hope loa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻono a me ka ʻala, akā ʻo kāna hua he ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea hana e hoʻohana ana i nā agrochemical.
He aha kā mākou e ulu ai?
Aia nā mea kanu hiki ʻole a maikaʻi ʻole paha ke ulu e like me nā kumu o ka mahiʻai organik. ʻO ke kumu, hana nā mea hana organik nui i ka hana ʻana i ka māla, i ka papa inoa o nā mea kanu nui: ka palaoa, soybean, oilseed flax, corn, sunflower. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻia nā mea kanu e nā mea mahiʻai liʻiliʻi i haʻalele iki i ka nui o nā pā pilikino pilikino. "Ma ka organik" he mea maʻalahi ka ulu ʻana i ka paukena, nā ʻōmato ma ka ʻāina pale a hāmama, ke kāleka, nā aniani. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī me ka ʻuala: i ka hakakā ʻana i nā meaʻeha a me nā maʻi, paʻakikī ke mālama wale ʻia me nā huahana biological. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hua o nā ʻuala organik ma mua o ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi. Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai o kēia mau huahana ma ka mākeke, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he haʻahaʻa, pono mākou e ʻae ʻaʻole pono ka hana ʻana. ʻO nā kāloti a me nā beets ʻoi aku ka nui o nā palena ma mua o ka ʻuala.
Ma waena o nā lālā o ka Union of Organic Farming, ʻekolu wale nō e ulu ana i ka uala, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Aia nā mahiʻai ma ka Teritori Perm, Volgograd a me Leningrad Regions. He ʻokoʻa loa kā lākou ʻuala - ʻo nā kikoʻī o ke aniau e pili ana.
Pehea mākou e ulu ai?
Ma Rūsia, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka honua, ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā huahana pale mea kanu. Ma kahi o 95% o nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ka home home. Akā he mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i mea e hoʻokō ai i kahi hopena, pono e hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā mea olaola, pono lākou e koho empirically - ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ma Volgograd ma Kaluga. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻike koke ʻia ka hopena o ka ʻike ʻana i kahi lāʻau olaola.
ʻO kekahi pilikia o ka mahiʻai organik no ka poʻe mahiʻai liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ma kēia wahi ʻaʻohe kākoʻo mahiʻai mai nā mea hana i nā mea palekana. ʻO nā ʻoihana loea i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana pale mea kanu kemika he limahana o nā mea aʻoaʻo e hele pū me nā agronomists: hana lākou i nā papa hana lapaʻau, pane i nā nīnau mai nā mea hana mahiʻai, a hāʻawi i nā laʻana o ka hoʻomākaukau. Loaʻa i kekahi mau mea pili i nā ʻenehana olaola ka lawelawe like.
Hiki ke ulu i nā huahana maikaʻi loa me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kemika, akā pono i kāna mea kūʻai ponoʻī.
Ke kūʻai aku nei mākou iā wai?
I kēia lā ma Rūsia, ʻaʻohe mea kūʻai kūʻai federal a kūloko paha i hōʻike ʻole i nā huahana organik. I ka makahiki 2020, ua hana ʻo ANO "Russian Quality System" i kahi noiʻi e hiki ai ke ʻike i nā mea kūʻai nui o nā huahana organik. E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ka mea mua, he mau makuahine kēia e kūʻai aku nei i nā waiwai o kēia ʻano no kā lākou mau keiki a me lākou iho, a me nā poʻe e pili ana i ke ʻano ola olakino, nona nā huahana he mea nui loa ia o ka meaʻai meaʻai.
I kēia manawa e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai. A hiki i 2020, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kanu organik ma ʻEulopa he 10-15% ʻoi aku ma mua o nā mea ʻole. Manaʻo ʻia a hiki i ka 15% ka ʻokoʻa a ke kanaka e hoʻolohe ʻole ai i ka wā e hoʻoholo ai i ke kūʻai. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ma Rusia mākou e uku hou aku ai i nā huahana organik, no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia ka mākeke no nā huahana mahiʻai i ko mākou ʻāina. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka organik, e like nō ka ʻokoʻa o ke kumukūʻai kūʻai.
I kēia lā ʻaʻohe hoʻokūkū. Inā loaʻa i ka mea mahiʻai nā ʻuala organik i nā mea liʻiliʻi, hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia hiki iā ia ke kūʻai aku iā lākou no 150 a me 250 rubles no ka kilo. ʻAʻohe analogues, hoʻonoho mākou i ke kumukūʻai, a kūʻai nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻohana i nā huahana pono.
ʻO ka hana nui a kahi mea hana organik e ʻimi i nā mea kūʻai aku e kaʻana like i kāna mau waiwai i mea e hōʻoia ai i ke kūʻai aku.
A pehea e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana aku?
ʻO nā mea kūʻai nui o nā huahana organik i ka honua ʻo ʻAmelika, nā ʻāina EU a me Kina, ma muli o ka nui o ka heluna kanaka a me ka nui o ka mākeke kūʻai. No Rūsia, ʻo ka mākeke kūʻai nui ka European Union. Hoʻokuʻu aku mākou i nā mea momona-a-ʻaila ma laila ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai, a ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hana pale - organic grain. I kēia manawa ʻaʻole i pani paʻa ʻia ka mākeke EU no mākou, akā manaʻo wau he manawa.
Hiki iā Rūsia ke hoʻolako i nā huahana kūlohelohe i Kina, United Arab Emirates. Akā ʻo ka manaʻo nui o nā mea mahiʻai āpau āpau i nā kūlana o kēia manawa, ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia ma ka mākeke kūloko - loaʻa iā mākou kahi mea nui. No nā mea kanu, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma ʻEulopa ma mua o Russia, no laila ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻokuʻu aku.
Loaʻa i ka ʻoihana nā manaʻolana?
I ka wā maʻi maʻi, ua hoʻonui ka makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku i nā huahana kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, a piʻi nui ke kūʻai aku. ʻO ka mea e hiki mai ana i kēia manawa, i ka wā o ka pilikia o ka pūʻali koa politika, paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo. ʻAʻole hiki ke piʻi aʻe ka noi no nā mea kūlohelohe i kēia makahiki - ʻoiaʻiʻo, hilinaʻi nui ia i ka mana kūʻai. ʻO ka mea nui no kēlā me kēia mahiʻai i kēia manawa ʻaʻole e nalowale i ka nui o ka hana.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, manaʻo wau e koi ʻia ʻo Rūsia e hahai i ke ala like a nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i hele ai: ma hope a ma hope paha, e lilo nā mea mahiʻai liʻiliʻi, no ka hapa nui, i ka mahi ʻana i nā huahana organik. ʻAʻole hiki i nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi ke hoʻokūkū me nā paʻa mahiʻai nui e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai hana: ua loaʻa iā lākou nā mea hana kahiko a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi, i mea e kūʻai aku ai, pono lākou e hāʻawi i ka mea kūʻai aku i kahi mea hou aʻe. waiwai. Hāʻawi ka hana organik i kēia waiwai hoʻohui.
ʻO ke kūlana i ulu aʻe i kēia manawa e hoʻololi i ka manaʻo o ka mokuʻāina a me ke kaiāulu i ke ʻano o ka mahiʻai ma ko mākou ʻāina. He ʻoiaʻiʻo, maikaʻi nā Agroholdings, aia nō lākou a e mau ana. Akā ma ka mākeke kūloko kūloko, pili hou ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi a me waena.
He aha nā mea e pono ai ka poʻe mahiʻai e hele i ka organik?
ʻO ka hana mua e ʻimi i kahi mākeke. Pono ʻoe e hoʻomaka ma ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau: "Hiki iaʻu ke kūʻai aku? Iā wai? ʻehia? E kōkua kā mākou Union a manaʻo pehea e ulu ai i nā huahana organik me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻomākaukau biological. Pono ʻoe e loiloi inā ʻae nā ʻenehana mahiʻai āu e hoʻohana ai iā ʻoe e hoʻololi i ka organik? Ua lawa nā lako, aia nā māla kūpono?
Mai ka makahiki 2020, ua hoʻokō mākou i ka Organic Agriculture - New Opportunities project a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā mahiʻai no ka manuahi ma ke kumu o nā ʻoihana mahiʻai i hōʻoia ʻia, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi haʻawina mai ka Pelekikena o ka Russian Federation no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hui kīwila.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana hōʻoia e like me GOST 33980-2016 hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia i nā hui hōʻoia i ʻae ʻia - aia ma kahi o 12 o lākou ma Rusia. Ma kekahi mau ʻāpana, uku ka mokuʻāina i kekahi hapa o ke kumukūʻai o ke kaʻina hana no nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa i nā mea hana i hōʻoia ʻia ke kuleana e kau i kahi lepili huahana organik a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka papa inoa o ka Ministry of Agriculture o ka Russian Federation. ʻO kahi hōʻailona mokuʻāina hoʻokahi - "lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo" - kau ʻia ma ka ʻeke me kahi qr-code, kahi e hiki ai i ka mea kūʻai ke hele i ka pūnaewele o ka Ministry of Agriculture a me ka ʻaoʻao o ka mea hana.
Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻomohala i kēia wahi, akā ʻaʻole e hoʻolālā e loaʻa i ka palapala hōʻoia, e hoʻopili i ka Union. Aia kekahi mau hihia ke kūkulu ʻia nā ala kūʻai aku o ka ʻoihana, a ʻaʻohe pono e hele i kahi kaʻina palapala hōʻoia paʻakikī, ʻoiai ke hilinaʻi nei nā mea kūʻai aku. ʻO ʻelua hapakolu o kā mākou mau lālā he poʻe mahiʻai e hana ana i nā huahana maoli maoli.
He aha nā pōmaikaʻi e loaʻa i ka poʻe mahiʻai ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu organik? ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai kūʻai aku a ʻoi aku ka pono o ka mea kūʻai aku. E ʻike ka poʻe e hana ʻoe i nā huahana kūlohelohe a olakino. ʻO ka makaʻu mau loa o ka mea kūʻai aku ke kūʻai aku i kahi mea me nā nitrates, hoʻopiha ʻia me nā pesticides a me nā agrochemical. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka poʻe ʻaʻohe kālā nui e kūʻai i ka mea mahiʻai ma mua o ka paʻakai paʻakai. "Makemake au e ʻai i ka 100-200 grams, akā i kahi huahana maikaʻi, ma mua o ka hapalua kilo o kahi mea kānalua," ʻo ia ke kūlana o kahi mea kūʻai aku hou. Ma kahi like me nā mea kanu. I ka hana organik, aia nā loiloi mau, ʻaʻohe mea ʻino i nā huahana.
Aia kahi hoʻololi ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hele nei?
Ma ʻEulopa, i nā makahiki he 15 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka ka hapa nui o nā mahiʻai e hana i nā huahana kūlohelohe me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika. Manaʻo wau e loaʻa nō ia ma Rusia. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, aia mākou i kahi kūlana o ka "'ōmaʻomaʻo kipi". ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻohana i nā ʻōnaehana pale i hoʻohui ʻia - nā kemika, i hui pū ʻia me nā mea olaola, a ua hakakā ʻia nā pests me ke kōkua o entomophages. Manaʻo wau ma kahi o 10-15% o kēia mau mahiʻai e lilo i mea kūlohelohe maʻemaʻe.
ʻO nā pahuhopu nui o ka mahiʻai organik ʻo ia ka hōʻoia i ka nele o nā maʻi a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pest. I kēia manawa, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea olaola o ka pale, a mākou i ʻike ai i nā makahiki 5-7 i hala iho nei, hiki ke hoʻokō iā lākou (i ka wā e ulu ana i ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu).
E hōʻike hou aku au: ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana i noho i kahi ʻāpana nui o ka nui o nā huahana organik i hana ʻia. Ma Rūsia, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻokoʻa ke kūlana - hāʻule ka nui o ka nui i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu. He mea maikaʻi loa inā ʻo ka poʻe ʻaʻole i komo i ka mahiʻai, ka poʻe i hoʻokumu ʻole i nā kaʻina hana, e hoʻāʻo e hoʻomaka i nā mea āpau mai ka ʻohi ʻana a hoʻomaka e ulu i nā mea kanu. Inā ʻoe e alakaʻi i ka mahiʻai me ka mākaukau, me ke kuleana a me ka noʻonoʻo, ʻaʻole ʻoe e noho i ka ʻulaʻula.
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