ʻO ka nematode ʻuala kahi mea ʻino weliweli. Noho kēia mau ilo microscopic i ka lepo, komo i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ʻuala ʻōpio a hōʻemi i nā hua e 70%. He mea paʻakikī hoʻi lākou e hoʻokuʻu aku: mālama ʻia nā hua i loko o ke kino o ka wahine, a lilo ia i cyst ma hope o ka make, hiki ke hoʻomau i ka lepo no nā makahiki.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi hou ʻana he ʻeke pepa maʻalahi i hana ʻia mai ka maiʻa maiʻa e pale aku i ka nematodes cyst mai ka hāʻule ʻana a mai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā aʻa ʻuala. Ua hoʻonui ke ala hou i nā hua i ʻelima mau manawa i nā hoʻāʻo ma nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi ma Kenya.
"He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi kēia o ka hana," wahi a Graeme Thiele, ka luna o ka noiʻi ma ka International Potato Center. Akā "he nui nā hana e hana ai e hoʻohuli i kēia mai kahi ʻike maikaʻi i kahi hopena maoli no nā mahiʻai ma East Africa," ʻōlelo ʻo ia.
He pilikia nā nematodes lepo no nā ʻano mea kanu. No ka ʻuala, ʻo ka nematode gula (Globodera rostochiensis) he mea hoʻoweliweli honua. ʻO nā mea kanu me nā aʻa maʻi, ʻinoʻino, he melemele nā lau wilting. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia mau ʻuala a pohō pinepine ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki ke kūʻai aku. I nā ʻāina mahana, hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ka nematode e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻuala me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, ka pīpī ʻana i ka lepo me nā pesticides, a me ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻano mea kū i ka maʻi.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ala i nā ʻāina ulu he nui, no ka mea he pipiʻi nā pesticides a ʻaʻole loaʻa nā ʻano ʻuala kūpaʻa i ka piʻi ʻana. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka poʻe mahiʻai liʻiliʻi, hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa kālā maikaʻi i ke kūʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala, makemake pinepine lākou i ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala me nā mea kanu ʻuala.
Ma Kenya, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nematode ʻuala ʻuala a ke ulu nei. "He kiʻekiʻe ka nui o nā nematode," wahi a Danny Coyne, he loea nematode ma ka International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i kahi pilikia hou o ka lilo ʻana o nā mea olaola, me ka poʻe mahiʻai ʻuala e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ululāʻau e hana i nā mahina nematode hou.
ʻO ka manaʻo e hiki i ka pepa maiʻa ke kōkua i ka poʻe mahiʻai e hoʻopau i ko lākou lepo mai nā nematodes mai 10 mau makahiki i hala. Ke ʻimi nei ka poʻe noiʻi ma ke Kulanui ʻo North Carolina State i kahi ala e kōkua ai i ka poʻe mahiʻai ma nā ʻāina ulu e hoʻopakele palekana i nā mea liʻiliʻi o nā pesticides. Ua hoʻāʻo lākou i nā mea like ʻole a ʻike lākou ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pepa i hana ʻia mai ka maiʻa. Hoʻokuʻu mālie ʻia kona mau tubular, porous fiber i nā pesticides i loko o ka lepo no kekahi mau pule ma mua o ka haki ʻana. I kēlā manawa, ua lawa ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu a inā e loaʻa i ka maʻi, e loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻōnaehana aʻa olakino.
I nā hoʻokolohua kula, ua hoʻohui nā mea noiʻi i ka abamectin, kahi pesticide e pepehi ai i nā nematodes, i ka pepa. Ua kanu lākou i ka ʻuala ma ka pepa maiʻa me ka ʻole o ka abamectin ma ke ʻano he mana. ʻO kā lākou kāhāhā, ua hana like kēia mau mea kanu me nā mea kanu i loko o ka pepa i mālama ʻia i ka pesticide. Ua haʻi ʻo Coyne i kēia hopena puʻupuʻu me kekahi hoa hana, he mea hoʻokalakupua kaiapuni i kapa ʻia ʻo Baldwin Torto, nāna e aʻo i ka launa pū ʻana me nā mea kanu ma ka International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology.
Me Juliet Ochola, he haumāna puka ma North Carolina State University, ua holo ʻo Torto i kekahi mau hoʻokolohua e ʻike i ka mea e hana nei. Ua ʻike lākou aia i loko o ka pepa maiʻa nā pūhui kī i hūnā ʻia mai nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ʻuala ʻōpiopio, a ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea e huki ai i nā microbes lepo e pono ai ka mea kanu. Ua aʻo pū nā Nematodes e ʻike i kēia mau pūhui. ʻO kekahi, e like me ka alpha-chaconin, ʻo ia ka hōʻailona no nā hua nematode e paʻa. "Inā hāʻule ka nui o lākou i ka manawa like, hiki iā lākou ke wehe i nā cysts," wahi a Ochola. Ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana, ʻike nā nematodes ʻōpio i nā pilina a hoʻohana iā lākou e ʻimi i nā aʻa ʻuala palupalu.
Hoʻopili ka maiʻa i ka 94% o nā pūhui, ʻo Ochola a me nā hoa hana i loaʻa. I ko lākou hōʻike ʻana i nā hua nematode e exudate me ka pepa, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka helu hatch e 85% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mana, hōʻike ka hui ma ka puke pai Nature Sustainability. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe he liʻiliʻi loa ka loaʻa ʻana o nā nematodes i uhi ʻia i ka pepa.
I loko o nā kīhāpai nematode i Kenya, ua hōʻike ʻo Coyne a me nā hoa hana i ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala i ʻōwili ʻia i ka pepa maiʻa maʻemaʻe i ʻekolu mau hua ma mua o ke kanu ʻana me ka ʻole o ka pepa. ʻO kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka abamectin ma ka pepa - ʻelima mau tausani wale nō o ka mea maʻamau i kāpī ʻia ma ka lepo - hoʻonui i ka hua e 50%. Malia paha, pepehi ʻia nā nematodes e kau ana ma ka ʻuala e ka abamectin.
I kēia manawa ke noʻonoʻo nei ka poʻe noiʻi i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pepa e ʻōwili a ulu i ka ʻuala i ka poʻe mahiʻai ma ʻApelika Hikina. Hiki i nā mea kanu maiʻa ma Kenya a me nā ʻāina kokoke ke hāʻawi i ka fiber, i kēia manawa ke kiola ʻia nei e like me ka ʻōpala. Hiki i nā mea hana pepa ke hana i nā ʻeke. Wahi a Coyne, ʻo ka luʻi nui loa ʻo ia ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka poʻe mahiʻai e kūʻai i ka pepa ponoʻī.
Ke ho'āʻo ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā ʻeke, ʻōlelo ka poʻe noiʻi e ʻike lākou he maʻalahi lākou e hoʻohana. "E ʻōwili wale a kanu," wahi a Ochola.
Akā ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻuala he mea paʻakikī loa ia, wahi a Isabelle Conceicao, he loea nematode ma ke Kulanui o Coimbra. Inā hoʻomohala ʻia kahi mīkini ʻuala, ʻōlelo ʻo ia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ala i nā mahiʻai nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu mīkini.