Ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻepekema Italia i nā pono o Ierusalema artichoke i loaʻa ʻole. Ke hoʻohuli nei ia i kēia ʻano ʻano hana like ʻole no ka hana o ka ikehu hou.
Ma kāna hana ʻepekema, kahi hui o nā kānaka ʻepekema Italia mai ka Faculty of Agricultural and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tushia, e wehewehe pono ana i ke kumu o artichoke a maikaʻi loa a koʻikoʻi.
ʻO kēia manawa, ua lilo nā biofuels i kumu kuhikuhi no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā hoʻoiho mai nā kaʻa. Akā i ka manawa like, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana biofuel ma ke ʻano o kāna mau hopena maikaʻi ʻole, no ka mea, ʻo nā mea nui e pono ai no kēia mau kumu, e like me, no ka laʻana, huehue, palaoa a ʻūlū, e koi ana i ka hana nui o ka mahiʻai a me nā mea kanu momona, ua haʻi nā mea kākau. (ʻO nā Biofuels nā kumu ikehu e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka ʻenemi mai loko mai o ka mea ola.
ʻOiai ʻo ka EU helu ʻĀmelike i helu hou i nā biofuels ma kahi huahana me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā hoʻololi ʻole i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina, loaʻa mai nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma nā ʻāina kākela me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai.
No kēia kumu, liʻiliʻi wale nā mea kanu ma Europa e hiki ke hoʻokō i nā hua kiʻekiʻe me kēia koi.
He mea hānai holoholona ʻo Jerusalem artichoke, biofuel a me ka pia hua ʻai.
Mai kēia wā mai, Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L) ʻoiaʻiʻo, he ʻano kūpono e makaʻala ai, no ka mea nona ia mau ʻano āpau i pono e hoʻokō ai i nā pahuhopu o ka EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED II).
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Ierusalema artichoke i kahi ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa hoʻi no nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, a he kūpono hoʻi ke kūpono.
He hana nui kahi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohana kanaka (pololei i loko o nā wai a i ʻole ka momona), no nā lāʻau lapaʻau, no ka hana o biomass a me ka bioenergy (bioethanol a me biogas).
Eia kekahi, e like me nā mea kanu'ē aʻe asteraceae, e like me ke chicory a me ka waiwai hoʻopiha, ua loaʻa ʻo Artichoke o Ierusalema i ka mea e pono ai kahi hua ʻai.
ʻO ka mahalo, mahalo i nā hana hou i ka hana o ka pia, hoʻohana ʻia nā kūmato e hana i ka wai momona a me ka hua.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kumu lāʻau a me nā pā o Ierusalema artichoke e kahi moʻo inulin kiʻekiʻe me ka hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ka ethanol no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka biofuel.
I ka ʻōlelo kūikawā, ua hoʻolioli ʻia nā mea kanu ((e like me ka inulin a me cellulose) a me nā honi e hana ai i ka ethanol e ka fermentation a me ka distillation.
I kēia mau makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, ua hana ka hana nui e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka biomass i ka wahie. Eia nō naʻe, lawe ʻia nā biofuels mua o nā makahiki (bioethanol a me biodiesel mai nā mea ʻai ʻai) nā mea kanu wale nō me nā hana kūpono i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka radiation o ka lā i ka ikaika o ka mīkini (biomass).
ʻO keʻano kūikawā, nā meaola biofuel i hoʻouluulu ʻia, nā pāpaʻa a me nā soybeans no ka biodiesel; a kalala, palaoa, sugar beets, a me ka sorghum momona no bioethanol.
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole kūpono nā biomass no ka hōʻiliʻili (i.e., ke ʻano o ka mea kanu o ka mea kanu ma lalo o ka lepo e waiho mau ana i ka lepo), no laila ke hōʻemi ʻia ka loiloi wai net, a hoʻonui ʻia ka hana pono ʻole.
No kēia mau kumu, hoʻomaka ʻia nā mea kanu no nā ʻōnaehana loiloi o nā biofuel e pili ana i kekahi o kēia mau palena, ʻoiai inā he mau huahana loea nā mea kanu (i.e. a i ʻole a me nā kūmole).
Hoʻopili ia, ʻo ka hoʻohana mua ʻana i ka ʻāina me ka mahiʻai i ka nui o nā wahi o ka honua, pono ke hoʻomōhala pono ʻia nā hua bioenergy e pale ai i ka hopohopo hou ʻana ma ka biodiversity ahonui, lepo a me nā wai wai.
Keʻimi nei nā ʻepekema i nā hua bioenergy o ka wā e hiki mai ana
Ke hana ʻia nei ka noiʻi ma ke ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana no ka hoʻolele ʻana i ka ikehu mai ka hanauna hou o nā biofuels me ka hopena ʻole o ke kaiāulu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka huahana a me ka nui o ka hoʻemi ʻana, a me ka ʻike pū ʻana i ka hoʻokūkū me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāina me ka meaʻai a me ka mea ʻai.
ʻO ka lignocellulosic biomass mai ka huaʻai bioenergy o kahi a me nā mea mahi ʻai o ka mahiʻai ʻana ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he waiwai hoʻomau no ka hoʻopili bioenergy, akā ʻo ka hydrolysis e hoʻohana ai i nā cellulolytic enzymes he hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a ma mua o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā starch a i ʻole molass biomass.
Ma kēia hiʻohiʻona, ma waena o nā pūnaha biofuel hoihoi maikaʻi loa o nā hanauna hou he mea leʻaleʻa algae a me Jerusalem artichoke, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka pā, kahi e hiki ai ke ulu a ʻoki ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana o nā mana a me nā hana i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea kanu like (tuberous plant).
No ke aha e pono ai ʻo Artichoke o Europe
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e hana ai iā Ierusalema artichoke kahi hua maikaʻi kūpono i ka ulu ʻana: ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, ka nui o ke kalapona, ke kiko piha ʻono maloʻo no ka ʻāpana ʻāpana, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwauwaola nui, ʻae ʻana i ka pathogen / ʻoluʻolu, hiki ke ulu maʻalahi me ke kumu kūʻai ʻanalulu liʻiliʻi ma waho ma nā ʻāina kahawai.
ʻO kēia ʻaoʻao hope e hoʻohiki i ke kī o ka wā e hiki mai ana o biofuels ma Europa.
Koho ʻia e ka loiloi hou (RenEDable Energy Directive (RED)) i ʻāpono ʻia e ka European Parliament a me ke Council (Directive 2018/2001), ua hana hou ke Komisi Komisina i kahi hana i koho ʻia e kuhikuhi ana i nā palena no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hoʻololi kūhelu ʻāina maʻamau.
He kahu hānai weliweli ʻo ILUC me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka hakahaka hana ma ka ʻāina me nā mālama kalapona kiʻekiʻe, a me ka palapala hōʻoia no nā biofuels ILUC haʻahaʻa, nā biofluids a me nā wahie biomass.
Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia ka hōʻoia inā hoʻokō ʻia ka wahie iā kēia mau kumuhana e kō ai kēia.
(i) ke hālāwai nei i nā pae hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ia hoʻi hiki ke ulu wale ʻia nā mea maka ma ka ʻāina hoʻohana ʻole waiwai ʻole ʻia i ke kalapona;
(ii) ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā mea hou e like me ka hopena o nā ana e hoʻonui ai i ka hana ma ka ʻāina i hoʻohana mua ʻia a i ʻole nā mea ulu e ulu ana ma nā wahi i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia no ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu (ʻāina hoʻohana ʻole ʻia) ulu ʻia e kahi mea liʻiliʻi;
(iii) nā hōʻike koi e hōʻea ana nā pae mua ʻelua.
ʻIke pono, e like me nā koi o ke kuhikuhi, pono e hoʻokō i nā lako maka ʻokoʻa i nā koi no ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā wahie haʻahaʻa ʻokoʻa inā loaʻa lākou i kahi ala kūloko.
No kēia kumu, ʻo Hiruharama artichoke he koho hoʻohiki e maʻalahi e hoʻololi i nā mea kanu e like me ka palaoa a me nā sugar beets.
Ke ulu nui nei nā biomass no nā biofuels
ʻO ka kinetics ulu ulu o nā mea kanu i hōʻike i kona hiki ke hoʻopuka i nā hua maikaʻi loa ma Europe.
ʻOkēkēkolu i kolu ka hapakolu o ka malo maloʻo o ka lewa e hōʻike ʻia ana e nā kumu lāʻau a me nā lālā, aʻo nā lau a me nā pua pua he hapa haʻahaʻa ka haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka hapa iki o ka lawe ʻana i ke kau maloʻo e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā kumu he nui: ʻano ākea, ke kanu ʻana i nā manawa, nā kūlana kime a me nā kūlana e ulu ana.
ʻOi aku ma mua o 50% o ka nui o ka nui o nā mea kanu i ka lāʻau.
Aia kahi lua kahi'ōpiopio ke ulu. I ka XNUMX mau mahina mua, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka laina i ke kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaupaona o ke kūpaʻa. Ma hope o kēia kau, ua hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka huakaʻi a hiki i ke loli ʻole, a emi ka nui o ke kaumaha.
ʻO ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaumaha o ka mea kanu ka mea e pili ana i nā kūlana o ka kaiāulu a me ka genotype. I nā ʻōlapa mua, hiki i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hope he 140 cm, aʻo nā hua aʻe ma hope, ʻo ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 280 cm.
ʻO ka hopena, ma ka hopena o ka wā e ulu nei, ka nui o ka maloʻo o nā hua o ke ʻano o nā hua i ke oho he ʻelua manawa ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ʻano mua. Pēlā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā biomass o nā ʻano lahilahi pōpoki ma mua o nā ʻano o ka wā e pono ai. Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano o hope e mālama i ka ʻoi loa o ka lau lau i hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea maloʻo.
ʻOle-free Ierusalema artichoke
Ma muli o kona pale kūlohelohe a i ka salinization, hiki ke kanu ʻia ʻo Artichoke i loko o nā ʻōpala ʻaʻole kūpono no nā mea kanu a me ka maʻa. Ua ulu maikaʻi ia i nā lepo me ka pH o 4,4 a 8,6.
Inā hiki i nā pālepa nui a me nā lepo hydromorphic hiki ke hoʻopihapiha i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka wai o nā kō, i ia mau ʻano e hiki ke kanu ʻia ʻo Artichoke a hua i nā hua.
Ma ka laulā, ka hua, ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā kōpī hilinaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka lepo. ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻāina palu e hoʻomālamalama i nā ʻōpala nui, nā ʻāina momona e hāʻawi i nā hua maikaʻi maikaʻi ma muli o nā wahi maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana o ka lepo o nā lepo lepo.
ʻO ka mahana o ka mea kanu, no ka hapa nui o Ierusalema artichoke, kahi mea kanu lāʻau o ka liʻiliʻi o 125 mau lā ka nui o ka lā.
Ma ka laulā, mālama i nā mahana kanu ma ka pā 6 ° C e kiʻi i ka hopena maikaʻi loa.
ʻO ka lāʻau ke hoʻohālikelike pono i ka hau. I ka wā ulu mua, ʻaeʻole ka hōʻiliʻili i nā mahana a hiki i -6 ° C, ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa ke kumu o ka chlorosis lau. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o ka wā lohi, ʻo nā haki mai -2,8 ° C a ka -8,4 ° C e hoʻoneʻe i ka hana o nā acclimatization o ka tubers ma kahi anuanu. Hoʻomaikaʻi kēia i ko lākou momona ma muli o ka hoʻololi o ka inulin i ka fructose.
I loko o ka kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, kekahi mau meaola (microorganisms, nā pepeke a me nā mammals) pili me nā mea kanu artichoke o ka makahiki, e komo pū me nā ʻohana like ʻole o ka meli a me nā bumblebees.
Nui nā phytophages a me nā microorganisms i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Ierusalema artichoke, akā nui loa lākou e hiki ke hōʻino i ka moʻomeheu.
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka mahele o ka mea kanu i ka maʻi, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā kūpeʻe i ka wā o ka ulu a me ka mālama. ʻO nā mea huikala maikaʻi loa he Sclerotinia sclerotiorum a me Sclerotinia rolfsii, kahi e pala ai.
Hoʻomohala ʻia ka mea i ka mua o ka loea nitrogen nui, haʻahaʻa pH lepo a i ʻole nā hydromorphic lepo, a me ka hope e ka hui ʻana me ka wai kiʻekiʻe.
Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi pū ʻO ka helianthi Pucciniaa me ka palaʻai i hoʻoili ʻia e nā ʻO Erisyphe chicoracearum, e pili ana iā Artichoke iā Ierusalema, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka hopena, e like me ka lau lau ma muli o Alternaria helianthi.
Ke mālama nei i ka kōpō, iā lākou inā pōʻino lākou i ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, nā maʻi nā meinga ʻO Si cin Bottis cinerea, Nā nigricans Rhizopus, Fusarium и ʻO Pennicillum spp.. ^ E Ha yM. Eia naʻe, mālama pono nā kaʻina hana manuahi i kēia mau maʻi.
E like me nā pepelu, he nui kēia aphids, akā hiki ke pale ʻia ka hopena.
Maʻa ikaika ka lāʻau, a no laila, hiki i ka artichoke o Ierusalema ke lilo i pūkapa hoʻokūkū ma kāna iho. E like me nā mea ulu wikiwiki, ʻo ka hakakā ʻana iā lākou pono wale nō i ka wā e lūlū a hiki i ka pani ʻana o ka canopy. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau kūlohelohe a me ka mechanical (ʻoi ke kūlou, ʻahaʻī, a me nā mea like).
I ka manawa e noho ai ʻo Artichoke ma ke kula, ua paʻakikī nui ka lawe ʻana, no ka mea e noho mau ana ka pipi a ʻāpana paha i ka lepo, ka hoʻoilo ma ka ʻāina.
Koho o Ierusalema artichoke
ʻO ke kumukūʻai a me nā waiwai biochemical o Ierusalema artichoke ke kumu o kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka honua a me nā ʻoihana ʻenehana, pono ia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka genetic o ka hua.
ʻO ke kumu nui i ke koho ʻana aia ma ka hopena o nā kōpala a me ka ʻike inulin no ka ʻai a me ka mea hānai, a ʻoi loa, uaʻike nui ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana i ke ʻano biomass no ka hana biofuel.
Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻohana maʻamau ʻana o ka lāʻau artichoke o Ierusalema, a hiki i kēia lā, ua nui ka holomua i ka ulu ʻana. Hoʻololi kekahi mau kālā i loko o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a hilinaʻi ʻia i ka noi ʻana o nā poʻe hana ʻoihana ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina.
ʻO ka hoʻōla hou o ka makemake i Ierusalema artichoke i ka makahiki 1970 a me 1980, ua hoʻopili ʻia me ka pilikia o ka ikehu a me ka nele o ka meaʻai, ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻia i nā hana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a ikaika hoʻi e hana i nā ʻano hou e hoʻokō ai i nā pono e kū mai.
Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻomau nui ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā wahi kanu i ʻoi aku, akā ʻo ka hana i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala.
Kuhi i ka hoʻololi o ke aniani i kēia manawa, pono ka loaʻa o nā kumuwaiwai hou e hoʻonui i ka wahi no ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka meaʻai, nā mea hoʻopukapuka i ke koho ʻana o Ierusalema artichoke e ʻāpono ʻia.
ʻO ʻAmelika kekahi mea hoihoi paha iā Ierusalema artichoke
I kēia wā, ʻo nā huaʻai maʻamau e hoʻohana ʻia e hana ai i ka ethanol he palaoa, kōniha, momona sorghum, a me nā kō kō wai. Eia nō naʻe, hilinaʻi kēia mau ʻano i ka ʻāina ulu maikaʻi a, ʻoiai ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, pono nā ʻano waiwai o waho (i.e. wai.
ʻO ka United States a me Brazil ka mea nui loa o ka wahie o ka wahie bioethanol. Ua helu lākou no ka 84% o ka hana bioethanol honua ma 2018.
ʻO nā cereal a me nā kōkō nā waiwai kumu waiwai no ka hana ethanol i kēia mau ʻāina.
Hoʻololi ia ka hana Ethanol ma 2027 e 15 a me 18% o ka ulu palaoa a me ka kōkō.
ʻO ka United States, e like me ʻEulopa, e hoʻohana nui ana i ka mākeke palaoa a me ka palaoa no ka hana ʻana i ka bioethanol, aʻo ke kōlea kōleʻa e hoʻōla ʻia ma Brazil. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, loaʻa ka wai pākē ke kaena o ka huaʻai huaʻai ma mua o ka palaoa a me nā mea kanu e like me Ierusalema artichoke.
Eia nō naʻe, maikaʻi ka mūkō i loko o ke kai a me nā subtropical, akā, ʻaʻole i nā kika huhū. No laila, lawe aku ʻo tominabur i kāna wahi e kokoke ana i ka palaoa ma ka hana ʻana o ka waʻa Amerikana.